High-Skilled-Immigration-In-A-Global-Labor-Market.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

High-Skilled-Immigration-In-A-Global-Labor-Market.Pdf cover 11/19/10 1:37 PM Page 1 frontmatter 11/19/10 12:27 PM Page i High-Skilled Immigration in a Global Labor Market frontmatter 11/19/10 12:27 PM Page iii High-Skilled Immigration in a Global Labor Market Barry R. Chiswick, Editor The AEI Press Publisher for the American Enterprise Institute WASHINGTON, D.C. frontmatter 11/19/10 12:27 PM Page iv Distributed by arrangement with the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706. To order, call toll free 1-800-462-6420 or 1-717-794-3800. For all other inquiries, please contact AEI Press, 1150 Seventeenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, or call 1-800-862-5801. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data High-skilled immigration in a global labor market / Barry R. Chiswick, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8447-4385-1 (cloth) ISBN-10: 0-8447-4385-2 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-8447-4387-5 (ebook) ISBN-10: 0-8447-4387-9 (ebook) 1. Foreign workers. 2. Skilled labor. 3. Professional employees. 4. Labor market. 5. Emigration and immigration—Economic aspects. I. Chiswick, Barry R. HD6300.H54 2010 331.6'2—dc22 © 2011 by the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Wash- ington, D.C. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or repro- duced in any manner whatsoever without permission in writing from the American Enterprise Institute except in the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. The views expressed in the publications of the American Enterprise Institute are those of the authors and do not neces- sarily reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers, or trustees of AEI. Printed in the United States of America frontmatter 12/16/10 1:17 PM Page v Contents LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF THE CHAPTERS, Barry R. Chiswick 1 PART I: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 13 1. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED STATES, 1820–1920, Joseph P. Ferrie 15 High-Skilled Immigrants: The Numbers, 1820–1920 16 The Process of Assimilation 25 The Impact of High-Skilled Immigrants 31 High-Skilled Immigrants and the Transformation of U.S. Industry 36 Conclusion 41 Notes 47 References 48 2. RIGHTS-BASED POLITICS, IMMIGRATION, AND THE BUSINESS CYCLE, 1890–2008, James F. Hollifield and Carole J. Wilson 50 Politics Matters 52 Immigration and the Rise of Rights-Based Politics 56 Rolling Back Rights to Control Immigration 65 A New Emphasis on High-Skilled Immigration 68 Immigration and Security Concerns 69 Immigration and the Business Cycle 72 Conclusion 76 References 78 v frontmatter 11/19/10 12:27 PM Page vi vi HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRATION IN A GLOBAL LABOR MARKET PART II: FROM TEMPORARY TO PERMANENT STATUS 81 3. TRENDS IN FOREIGN-STUDENT ADMISSIONS TO THE UNITED STATES: POLICY AND COMPETITIVE EFFECTS, B. Lindsay Lowell and Pramod Khadka 83 International Students and Economic Cycles 86 The Cost of College 88 Student Policy and Visa Procedures 90 International Competition 93 Econometric Evaluation of Student Migration 95 Conclusion 101 Notes 103 References 105 PART III: THE ADJUSTMENT OF HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRANTS 109 4. EDUCATIONAL MISMATCH: ARE HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRANTS REALLY WORKING IN HIGH-SKILLED JOBS, AND WHAT PRICE DO THEY PAY IF THEY ARE NOT? Barry R. Chiswick and Paul W. Miller 111 Why Do Education Mismatches Occur? 114 Education Levels of the Native- and Foreign-Born Populations 117 Literature Review of the ORU Technique 119 Measurement of Mismatches and Data 122 Statistical Analyses 123 Conclusion 139 Appendix 4A: Definitions of Variables 144 Appendix 4B: Regression Analyses of Effects of Education on Earnings 147 Notes 151 References 154 5. PHYSICIAN MIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA: CRITERIA FOR ADMISSION, Linda G. Lesky 155 Medical Education in the United States and Canada 155 The Application Process for International Medical Graduates 156 International Medical Graduates in “the Match” 159 Implications and Future Trends 160 References 163 frontmatter 11/19/10 12:27 PM Page vii CONTENTS vii 6. EARNINGS, OCCUPATIONS, AND SCHOOLING DECISIONS OF IMMIGRANTS WITH MEDICAL DEGREES: EVIDENCE FOR CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES, James Ted McDonald, Casey Warman, and Christopher Worswick 165 Relevant Policy Differences between Canada and the United States 168 The Data and Estimation Sample 170 Estimation Results 182 Conclusion 193 Notes 197 References 198 PART IV: HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRANTS:IMPACT AND POLICY 199 7. HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRATION: THE LINK TO PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND PRIVATE INVESTMENTS, Volker Grossmann and David Stadelmann 201 Theoretical Considerations 204 Empirical Analysis 206 Conclusion 224 Notes 228 References 229 8. HIGH-SKILLED RUSSIAN IMMIGRANTS IN THE ISRAELI LABOR MARKET: ADJUSTMENT AND IMPACT, Sarit Cohen-Goldner and Yoram Weiss 231 Employment, Occupation, and Wages 233 Return Migration and Out-Migration 250 Macroeconomic Aspects of Immigration 254 Conclusion 258 Notes 260 References 262 9. HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRATION POLICY IN EUROPE, Martin Kahanec and Klaus F. Zimmermann 264 European Migration and Immigration Policies in Historical Perspective 270 European Policy Challenges: Institute for the Study of Labor Expert Opinion Survey 271 Current Approaches to High-Skilled Immigration in Europe 283 Scandinavian Welfare States 286 frontmatter 11/19/10 12:27 PM Page viii viii HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRATION IN A GLOBAL LABOR MARKET The Western European Core 290 Newly Emerged European Cores 298 New Member States 302 Policies Applied at the EU Level: The EU Blue Card 304 What Is Europe Doing to Attract High-Skilled Immigrants? 305 Conclusions and Policy Implications 306 Notes 309 References 313 APPENDIX: THE POLICY PANEL 315 INDEX 321 ABOUT THE AUTHORS 335 frontmatter 11/19/10 12:27 PM Page ix List of Illustrations FIGURES 1-1 Immigration to the United States of Adult Males Reporting an Occupation by Skill Level, 1820–1920 20 1-2 Immigration to the United States of Adult Males Reporting an Occupation by Skill Level, 1820–1920, Percentage of Total Immigration 21 1-3 Immigrants to the United States by Country of Origin, 1820–1920 23 1-4 Irish, German, Italian, and Russian Immigrants to the United States by Skill Level 24 1-5 High-Skilled Immigration to the United States and Business-Cycle Peaks, 1820–1920 26 1-6 Medium-Skilled Immigration to the United States and Business-Cycle Peaks, 1820–1920 27 1-7 Low-Skilled Immigration to the United States and Business-Cycle Peaks, 1820–1920 28 1-8 Estimated Probability of an Immigrant Attaining an Occupation Other Than Unskilled by Years since Arrival, Occupation at Arrival, and Source Country 29 1-9 Percentage of White, Adult Males in High- and Medium- Skilled Occupations in the United States, 1850–80 and 1900–20, U.S. Natives and Immigrants 33 1-10 Percentage of White, Adult Males in High- and Medium- Skilled Occupations in the United States, 1850–80 and 1900–20, by Origin 34 ix frontmatter 11/19/10 12:27 PM Page x x HIGH-SKILLED IMMIGRATION IN A GLOBAL LABOR MARKET 1-11 Percentage of Immigration-Induced Human-Capital Transfer Attributed to Each Skill Level upon Arrival in the United States 35 1-12 Change in per Worker Output 1870–80 versus Change in Share of Workers in Craft Occupations 1860–70, U.S.-Born Workers, by U.S. County 38 1-13 Change in per Worker Output 1870–80 versus Change in Share of Workers in Craft Occupations 1860–70, Foreign-Born Workers, by U.S. County 39 1-14 Change in per Worker Capital 1870–80 versus Change in Share of Workers in Craft Occupations 1860–70, U.S.-Born Workers, by U.S. County 40 1-15 Change in per Worker Capital 1870–80 versus Change in Share of Workers in Craft Occupations 1860–70, Foreign-Born Workers, by U.S. County 41 1-16 Change in per Worker Horsepower 1920–30 versus Change in Share of Workers in Craft Occupations 1910–20, U.S.-Born Workers 42 1-17 Change in per Worker Horsepower 1920–30 versus Change in Share of Workers in Craft Occupations 1910–20, Foreign-Born Workers 43 2-1 Immigration to the United States, 1890–2008 55 2-2 Foreign-Born Share of Total U.S. Population, 1850–2005 62 2-3 Annual Number of Immigrants to the United States by Legal Status, 1990–2004 68 2-4 Number of H1-B Visas Issued for Immigrants to the United States, 1992–2009 70 2-5 Actual Levels of Immigration versus the OLS Model Predictions 75 3-1 Actual and Linear Number of U.S. Foreign-Student Visas and Enrollments in the United States, 1970–2007 87 3-2 Change in Average Annual Tuition and Room and Board at Public and Private Four-Year Institutions in the United States, 1986–2006 90 frontmatter 12/16/10 1:14 PM Page xi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi 3-3 Foreign Students in English-Speaking Countries, 1997–2006 94 4-1 Total Legal Permanent-Resident Visas and Employment- Preference Visas Issued in the United States, Fiscal Years 1987–2007 112 4-2 Distribution of Educational Attainment Levels of Adult Males, by Nativity, 1999 118 4-3 Results from Flexible Specification of ORU Model in Equation (2) for Foreign Born, Based on Realized-Matches Procedure 135 4-4 Results from Flexible Specification of ORU Model in Equation (2) for Native Born, Based on Realized-Matches Procedure 136 4-5 Partial Effects of Education on Earnings by Duration of U.S. Residency, Skilled Foreign-Born Adult Males 139 4-6 Partial Effects of Education on Earnings by Duration of U.S.
Recommended publications
  • Gary Becker's Early Work on Human Capital: Collaborations and Distinctiveness
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Teixeira, Pedro Article Gary Becker's early work on human capital: Collaborations and distinctiveness IZA Journal of Labor Economics Provided in Cooperation with: IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Suggested Citation: Teixeira, Pedro (2014) : Gary Becker's early work on human capital: Collaborations and distinctiveness, IZA Journal of Labor Economics, ISSN 2193-8997, Springer, Heidelberg, Vol. 3, pp. 1-20, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40172-014-0012-2 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/152338 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence
    [Show full text]
  • "The Chosen Few: How Religion and Human Capital Shaped Jewish History C
    th December 13 , 2010 The Pinhas Sapir Center for Development Tel Aviv University Special Conference Debating: "The Chosen Few: How Religion and Human Capital Shaped Jewish History c. 70 ce - 1492" Princeton University Press (Book in Preparation) Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein Sunday, December 19th, 2010 The Eitan Berglas School of Economics Ofair Hall, Tel Aviv University Please confirm your participation to: Tel: + 972‐3‐6409712, +972‐3‐6409202 E‐Mail: [email protected] An updated program and the manuscript may be downloaded from The Sapir Center's website: http://sapir.tau.ac.il Parking will be available at the Smolarz underground parking lot adjacent to Campus Gate 16, George Wise Street, Ramat Aviv. Upon presentation of this program, the parking fee will be 16 NIS per day. 1 Program Sunday, December 19th, 2010 08:30-8:45 G a t h e r i n g 8:45-9:00 Joel Mokyr: Welcoming remarks 9:00-9:45 Introduction and chapter 1 Discussion leader: Peter Temin 9:45 -10:30 Chapter 2 Discussion leader: Avner Greif 10:30-10:45 C O F F E E B R E A K 10:45-11:30 Chapter 3 Discussion leader: Albert Baumgarten 11:30-12:15 Chapter 4 Discussion leader: Yoram Weiss 12:15-13:15 L U N C H 13:15-14:00 Chapter 6 Discussion leader: Mark Cohen 14:00-14:45 Chapter 5 Discussion leader: Zeev Safrai 14:45-15:00 C O F F E E B R E A K 15:00-15:45 Chapter 7 Discussion Leader: Barry Chiswick 15:45-16:30 Chapter 8 Discussion leader: Michael Toch 16:30- 16:45 C O F F E E B R E A K 2 16:45-17:30 Chapter 9 Discussion leader: Yannay Spitzer 17:30-18:15 Chapter 10 Discussion leader: Jacob Metzer 18:15-18:30 C O F F E E B R E A K 18:30-20:00 Panel Discussion on: "Religion, Human Capital and the Economic History of the Jews" Panelists: Menahem Ben-Sasson, Joel Mokyr, Nathan Sussman Manuel Trajtenberg Ofair Hall, The Eitan Berglas School of Economics Tel Aviv University Campus, Ramat-Aviv 3 List of Participants (Preliminary) Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Carmel Ullman Chiswick
    April 2014 CARMEL ULLMAN CHISWICK Curriculum Vitae MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Economics Phone: (202) 994-3161 George Washington University FAX: (202) 994-6147 Monroe Hall 363 2115 G Street, NW E-mail: [email protected] Washington, DC 20052 Web site: www.uic.edu/~cchis/ HOME ADDRESS: 3901 Connecticut Ave., #508 Phone: (202) 248-6257 Washington, DC 20008-6406 Cell: (847) 644-5912 EDUCATION Ph.D. Economics: Columbia University, 1972 M.A. Economics: Columbia University, 1971 B.A. Mathematics: Antioch College, 1964 FIELDS Economics of Religion, Economics of Ethnicity Economic Development (Human Resources, Employment and Income Distribution, Impacts of Immigration) Labor Economics; Economic Demography; Women and Work Applied Economic Statistics and Econometrics (esp. Census and Household Survey data analysis and methodology) Economic History Carmel U. Chiswick 2 April 2014 PUBLICATIONS A. Books Judaism in Transition: How Economic Choices Shape Religious Tradition. Stanford University Press, 2014. The Economics of American Judaism. London: Routledge, 2008. 177 pages. Jewish Society and Culture: An Economic Perspective (with Tikva Lecker and Nava Kahana). Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 2007. 206 pages. The Economics of Immigration and Social Diversity (ed. with Hillel Rapoport and Solomon Polachek). Special Issue of Research in Labor Economics, Vol. 24 (2006). 467 pages. The Economics of Judaism and Jewish Observance (with Tikva Lecker). Special Issue of Contemporary Jewry, Vol. 20 (1999). 242 pages. B. Articles “Immigrants and Religion.” Handbook on the Economics of International Immigration, Volume 1 (Barry R. Chiswick and Paul W. Miller, eds.), Elsevier 2014. (Forthcoming. Also downloadable as IZA Discussion Paper No. 8092.) “How Economics Helped Shape American Judaism.” In Aaron Levine (ed.), Judaism and Economics.
    [Show full text]
  • Labor Economics Mincer-Style
    Review of Economics of the Household 1, 273±304, 2003 # 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Manufactured in The Netherlands. Mincer's Overtaking Point and the Life Cycle Earnings Distribution* SOLOMON W. POLACHEK [email protected] Department of Economics, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA; Tel.: (607) 777-6866 Received December 24, 2002; Accepted August 26, 2003 Abstract. In 1958 JacobMincer pioneered an important approach to understand earnings distribution. In the years since Mincer's seminal work, he as well as his students and colleagues extended the original human capital model, reaching important conclusions about a whole array of observations pertaining to human well-being. This line of research explained why education enhances earnings; why earnings rise at a diminishing rate throughout one's life; why earnings growth is smaller for those anticipating intermittent labor force participation; why men earn more than women; why Whites earn more than Blacks; why occupational distributions differ by gender; why geographic and job mobility predominate among the young; why unemployment is lower among the skilled; and why numerous other labor market phenomena occur. This paper surveys the answers to these and other questions based on research emanating from Mincer's original discovery. In addition, this paper provides new empirical evidence regarding Mincer's concept of the ``overtaking age''Ða topic not currently well-explored in the literature. In this latter vein, the paper shows that Mincer's original finding of a U-shaped (log) variance of earnings over the life cycle is upheld in recent data, both for the United States as well as at least seven other countries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Elgar Companion to the Chicago School of Economics
    The Elgar Companion to the Chicago School of Economics Edited by Ross B. Emmett James Madison College, Michigan State University, USA Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA © Ross B. Emmett 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. William Pratt House 9 Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2009941413 ISBN 978 1 84064 874 4 (cased) Printed and bound by MPG Books Group, UK 02 Contents List of contributors vii Preface xi Introduction 1 Ross B. Emmett PART I ESSAYS ON THE CHICAGO SCHOOL 1 The development of post- war Chicago price theory 7 J. Daniel Hammond 2 Chicago economics and institutionalism 25 Malcolm Rutherford 3 Adam Smith and the Chicago School 40 Steven G. Medema 4 The Economic Organization, by Frank H. Knight: a reader’s guide 52 Ross B. Emmett 5 The Chicago School of welfare economics 59 H. Spencer Banzhaf 6 Chicago monetary traditions 70 David Laidler 7 On the origins of A Monetary History 81 Hugh Rockoff 8 Chicago and economic history 114 David Mitch 9 Chicago and the development of twentieth- century labor economics 128 Bruce E. Kaufman 10 Human Capital, by Gary S. Becker: a reading guide 152 Pedro Nuno Teixeira 11 Chicago law and economics 160 Steven G.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    May 2020 CARMEL ULLMAN CHISWICK Curriculum Vitae MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Economics Phone: (202) 994-3161 George Washington University FAX: (202) 994-6147 Monroe Hall 363 2115 G Street, NW E-mail: [email protected] Washington, DC 20052 Web site: cchis.people.uic.edu/ HOME ADDRESS: 3901 Connecticut Ave., #508 Phone: (202) 248-6257 Washington, DC 20008-6406 Cell: (847) 644-5912 EDUCATION Ph.D. Economics: Columbia University, 1972 M.A. Economics: Columbia University, 1971 B.A. Mathematics: Antioch College, 1964 FIELDS Economics of Religion, Economics of Ethnicity Economic Development (Human Resources, Employment and Income Distribution, Impacts of Immigration) Labor Economics; Economic Demography; Women and Work Applied Economic Statistics and Econometrics (esp. Census and Household Survey data analysis and methodology) Economic History Carmel U. Chiswick 2 May 2020 PUBLICATIONS A. Books Judaism in Transition: How Economic Choices Shape Religious Tradition. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014. 234 pages. The Economics of American Judaism. London: Routledge, 2008. 177 pages. Jewish Society and Culture: An Economic Perspective (with Tikva Lecker and Nava Kahana). Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 2007. 206 pages. The Economics of Immigration and Social Diversity (ed. with Hillel Rapoport and Solomon Polachek). Special Issue of Research in Labor Economics, Vol. 24 (2006). 467 pages. The Economics of Judaism and Jewish Observance (with Tikva Lecker). Special Issue of Contemporary Jewry, Vol. 20 (1999). 242 pages. B. Articles “Why the Jews Flourished in America” (with B.R. Chiswick) in B.R. Chiswick (ed.), Jews at Work: Their Economic Progress in the American Labor Market, Studies of Jews in Society 2. Springer (forthcoming 2020).
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 AJS Conference Program Book
    50TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE December 16–18, 2018 BOSTON 15 West 16th Street, New York, NY 10011-6301 Phone: (917) 606-8249 Fax: (917) 606-8222 [email protected] www.associationforjewishstudies.org EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE STAFF President Warren Hoffman Christine Hayes Executive Director Yale University Michelle Katz Vice President/Membership Membership and Conference and Outreach Content Manager Jeffrey Veidlinger Karin Kugel University of Michigan Program Book Designer, Vice President/Program Website Manager, Noam Pianko AJS Perspectives Managing Editor University of Washington Amy Ronek Vice President/Publications Marketing, Communications, Robin Judd and Public Engagement Manager The Ohio State University Heather Turk Secretary/Treasurer Director of Events and Operations Kenneth Koltun-Fromm Amy Weiss Haverford College Grants and Professional Development Past President Manager Pamela S. Nadell American University The Association for Jewish Studies is a Constituent Society of The American Council of Learned Societies Copyright © 2018 No portion of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the express written permission of the Association for Jewish Studies. The views expressed in advertisements herein are those of the advertisers and do not necessarily reflect those of the Association for Jewish Studies. Contents About the Association for Jewish Studies . 4 Thank You to Our Donors . 6 Institutional Members . 8 Message from the President. .10 Message from the Executive Director. .11 Message from the Vice President for Program . .12 Logistics ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 Conference Information . .16 Program Committee and Division Chairs �������������������������������������17 AJS Awards . .19 Sponsors . .21 AJS Distinguished Lectureship Program . .23 Exhibitors. .24 Floor Plans. .26 Sessions at a Glance . .30 Conference Program . .46 Film Festival Schedule �������������������������������������������������������������������188 Index of Advertisers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economics of Language: International Analyses, Barry Chiswick and Paul Miller Have Put Together Their finest Articles on the Topic
    The Economics of Language This book is primarily concerned with the determinants of dominant lan- guage proficiency among immigrants and other linguistic minorities, and the labour market consequences of this proficiency. Chiswick and Miller present a selection of essays from their Economics of Language research programme, published from 1988 to 2005. Concentrating on the United States, Canada, Australia, Israel and Bolivia, the authors use economic theory to develop models of the determinants of dominant language proficiency. They use econometric techniques to test these models and estimate the magnitude of the effects. The research demonstrates that dominant language proficiency is greater, with more exposure to the dominant language, with greater efficiency in acquiring dominant language skills and the greater economic benefits from proficiency. The effects of dom- inant language proficiency on labour market outcomes are also estimated. This book will be invaluable for anyone engaged in the contemporary issues regarding the adjustment of immigrants in their host economy and society, as well as students of economics, sociology and linguistics. It will also be invaluable for those interested in bilingualism and the assimilation of ethnic/linguistic minorities. Barry R. Chiswick is Distinguished Professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Paul W. Miller is Professor of Economics at the University of Western Australia. Praise for The Economics of Language This book contains an impressive collection of essays on the economics of language. Barry Chiswick and Paul Miller have addressed a wide range of areas on both the determinants of language proficiency, and the consequences of language proficiency for labour market outcomes. They offer a broad and international perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • NBER and the Evolution of Economic Research, 1920-2020” 2020 AEA Meetings, San Diego CA
    Version of December 17, 2019 For presentation at: “NBER and the Evolution of Economic Research, 1920-2020” 2020 AEA Meetings, San Diego CA The Incubator of Human Capital: The NBER and the Rise of the Human Capital Paradigm Claudia Goldin Harvard University and the NBER Lawrence F. Katz Harvard University and the NBER We dedicate this paper to Martin Feldstein, whose vision brought the NBER into the modern age and made 1050 Mass Ave the meeting place for economists and an incubator of human capital. We thank Jennifer Walsh for locating Library of Congress codes for all NBER volumes. The field of human capital was not invented by NBER researchers, but it was nurtured and expanded at the NBER. We explore how the NBER was an incubator of human capital research and the ways human capital theory brought the NBER into the modern era of economics. 1. What is Human Capital Theory? Human capital theory is the notion that an investment in human beings today has a payoff in the future. The investment can be in education, training, health, job search, migration, or anything that impacts income or productivity in the future. One implication of human capital theory is that individuals have a capitalized value (based on their expected future earnings) that can be augmented through investments, as well as reduced by depreciation, illness, injury, or job loss. The theory expands the static notion of the value of skills and places it in a dynamic framework. When aggregated across all individuals, human capital is the economy’s stock of intangibles embedded in individuals.1 Human capital is the wealth of a nation separate from the stock of land and physical capital.
    [Show full text]
  • Economist Letter Against Raising the Minimum Wage
    A Statement to Federal Policy Makers The “recovery” from the Great Recession has been anemic. Business growth, job creation, and consumer spending remain tenuous. Since the official trough in June 2009, median income has fallen, real wages have barely risen, unemployment remains elevated, and because so many Americans have left the workforce entirely, the fraction of the population working is below the pre-recession level. To address the very real concerns of out of work and low-wage workers, many of our nation’s policymakers point to raising the minimum wage as a “silver bullet” solution. Although increasing wages through legislative action may sound like a great idea, poverty is a serious, complex issue that demands a comprehensive and thoughtful solution that targets those Americans actually in need. As economists, we understand the fragile nature of this recovery and the dire financial realities of the nearly 50 million Americans living in poverty. To alleviate these burdens for families and improve our local, regional, and national economies, we need a mix of solutions that encourage employment, business creation, and boost earnings rather than across- the-board mandates that raise the cost of labor. One of the serious consequences of raising the minimum wage is that business owners saddled with a higher cost of labor will need to cut costs, or pass the increase to their consumers in order to make ends meet. Many of the businesses that pay their workers minimum wage operate on extremely tight profit margins, with any increase in the cost of labor threatening this delicate balance. The Congressional Budget Office’s (CBO) most recent report underscores the damage that a federal minimum wage increase would have.
    [Show full text]
  • Carmel Ullman Chiswick
    September 2018 CARMEL ULLMAN CHISWICK Curriculum Vitae MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Economics Phone: (202) 994-3161 George Washington University FAX: (202) 994-6147 Monroe Hall 363 2115 G Street, NW E-mail: [email protected] Washington, DC 20052 Web site: cchis.people.uic.edu/ HOME ADDRESS: 3901 Connecticut Ave., #508 Phone: (202) 248-6257 Washington, DC 20008-6406 Cell: (847) 644-5912 EDUCATION Ph.D. Economics: Columbia University, 1972 M.A. Economics: Columbia University, 1971 B.A. Mathematics: Antioch College, 1964 FIELDS Economics of Religion, Economics of Ethnicity Economic Development (Human Resources, Employment and Income Distribution, Impacts of Immigration) Labor Economics; Economic Demography; Women and Work Applied Economic Statistics and Econometrics (esp. Census and Household Survey data analysis and methodology) Economic History Carmel U. Chiswick 2 September 2018 PUBLICATIONS A. Books Judaism in Transition: How Economic Choices Shape Religious Tradition. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014. 234 pages. The Economics of American Judaism. London: Routledge, 2008. 177 pages. Jewish Society and Culture: An Economic Perspective (with Tikva Lecker and Nava Kahana). Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 2007. 206 pages. The Economics of Immigration and Social Diversity (ed. with Hillel Rapoport and Solomon Polachek). Special Issue of Research in Labor Economics, Vol. 24 (2006). 467 pages. The Economics of Judaism and Jewish Observance (with Tikva Lecker). Special Issue of Contemporary Jewry, Vol. 20 (1999). 242 pages. B. Articles “The Jewish State and State Judaism: An Economic Perspective.” In Sergio DellaPergola and Uzi Rebhun (eds.), Jewish Population and Identity, Studies of Jews in Society 1. Springer 2018, pp. 143-150. “Immigrants and Religion.” Handbook on the Economics of International Immigration, Volume 1 (Barry R.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae Harriet Orcutt Duleep
    Curriculum Vitae Harriet Orcutt Duleep 4417 Yuma Street, NW, Washington, DC 20016 202-364-8481 (voice); [email protected] (e-mail) Education Ph.D., M.I.T., Department of Economics, 1986. Fields of Concentration: Labor; Econometrics; Human Capital and Income Distribution. Advisers: Jerry Hausman and Lester Thurow, Doctoral Dissertation: Poverty and Inequality of Mortality B.A., University of Michigan, Economics, 1976. Oberlin Conservatory/College, 1973 Professional Experience Research Professor of Public Policy, Thomas Jefferson Program in Public Policy, College of William and Mary, 2007-present Research Fellow, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, 2000-present Senior Economist, Social Security Administration, Division of Economic Research, 2000-present Deputy Editor, Demography, 2004-2008 Principal Research Associate, Urban Institute, Population Studies Center, 1992-2007. Senior Economist, Acting Director (1990-91), Research Office, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1985-1991 Economist, Social Security Administration, Division of Retirement and Survivor Studies, 1982-1985; Division of Economic Research, 1979-1982 Economic Analyst, Abt Associates, Cambridge, Mass., 1977 Research Associate, Labor Force Behavior of Canadian Women Project, University of Alberta, 1976 Scholarship BOOKS Poverty and Inequality in Mortality: Individual Behaviors, Societal Solutions, book in progress A New Look at Human Capital Investment: A Study of Asian Immigrants and Their Family Ties, with Mark Regets, Seth Sanders, and Phanindra Wunnava, book in progress Immigrants and Immigration Policy: Individual Skills, Family Ties, and Group Identities, co-edited with Phanindra Wunnava. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1996 The Economic Status of Americans of Asian Descent, with Seth Sanders, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1988 (Abstracted in the Journal of Economic Literature, March 1990, pp.
    [Show full text]