CORNWALL BIRD-WATCHING AND PRESERVATION SOCIETY Fifty-Sixth Annual Report 1986

St. George Printing Works Ltd., . Tel: 217033 Officers 1987-88

President: Dr. C. J. F. Coombs, Greenwith Place, Perranwell, Chairman: Mrs M. P. Visick, Trendain, Perranwell Station, Truro Vice Chairman: L. A. Smith, 21 Vicarage Meadows, General Secretary: A. R. Pay, 13 Tregellas Road, Mullion Minutes Secretary: Vacant Treasurer and Registrar: A. F. Reynolds, 33 Treworder Road, Truro Field Meetings Officer: D. L. Thomas, Mirador, Whitecross, Nr. Conservation Officer: Vacant Assistant Conservation Officer: N. R. Phillips, 8 The Warren, St. Ives Newsletter Editor: F. M. Couch, 29 Roman Drive, Public Relations Officer: Vacant Officer for Youth and Education: Vacant Recorder and Editor "Birds in ": S. M. Christophers, "Emberiza", 5 Newquay Rd., St. Columb Major Assistant Editor: Vacant Secretary, Recorder and Editor for the M. J. Rogers, 4 Pentland Flats, St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly Committee Members: D. S. Flumm (), J. A. d'E. Miller (), retire 1988; S. C. Madge (), B. Wilson () retire 1989; R. Butts (Mullion), B. T. Craven (Launceston), A. C. Hathway (Crantock), R. J. Hooton () retire 1990; and the officers ex-officio.

2 CHAIRMAN'S REPORT 1987

It seems that some of the content of the opening paragraph in my last report remains true and constant as ever. A lot of work is repetitive, absolutely necessary, and persistance can be rewarded. The Executive and Committee work as keenly as ever. We have found it necessary to fit in extra informal meetings in order to find time to discuss at greater length special matters which have arisen.

This year our Hon. Secretary and our Minutes Secretary, Mrs Diana Inch and Mr Brian Inch, resigned when they moved, but with great consideration carried on until last November by which time we had a replacement. I expressed our thanks to them both.

We had the good fortune to meet and appoint Mr Andy Pay to take over the reins. Mr Pay came to Cornwall to live in Mullion with his family in 1985. He was Co-Editor of the Cheshire Bird Report and Area Recorder for the County of Cheshire. I am full of hope that he will enjoy a long, happy and absorbing time with the Society and the County of Cornwall. He is now representing our Society on the Scientific Committee of C.T.N.C. thus maintaining a good link between the Societies. Also having to resign for burgeoning business reasons, our Assistant Editor, Mr. Roger Smaldon. He has done sterling work in helping our Editor, Mr Stan Christophers produce the Annual Report over several years and he regrets having to sever these links, he had so enjoyed the association with the Society. In thanking him we wished him health and prosperity. It has given particular pleasure following an invitation twelve months ago to have two Junior Members, Mr Jonathan Jane and Mr James Millett, come first of all to meeting as observers and then to find them so keen that they were co-opted to the Committee. This interest augurs well for the future well-being of the Society. The Barn Owl Nest Box Scheme continues and it's success devolves largely on the efforts of Mr Vic Simpson and Mr Gilbert Thomas converting and delivering boxes. It would be a great help if some Members would get in touch with Mr Simpson at Blackwater, and undertake some of the delivery runs. There must be many Members who just go for a drive, but to get involved on behalf of not just the Society but also the Owls would add that little extra something to the outing. Could we aim at building up a list of Members willing to do this and, depending on where the enquiries came from, could be called on to collect and deliver. A list could be published in the Newsletter. North Cornwall District Council backed an M.S.C. scheme to make and deliver boxes in their district. We were relieved to hear this as it is always a task to cover that area. We need not have worried. Up to 26th February, 1987 and since September, 1986, they have received two hundred and ten enquiries from local farmers wishing to take part in the scheme, and seventy five nest boxes have already been situated in farm buildings. They hope that at least two hundred and fifty possible sites will have been created in the North Cornwall area. So, throughout the county if only a portion of the total numbers placed are successful, the next vital thing is to persuade landowners and the farming community to leave areas of old pasture and rough, and ungrazed and marshy ground, to maintain the sort of country over which the Owls can hunt and feed and, D.V. multiply. These beautiful birds are as much the farmers friend as binder twine; surely more. The Estates are certainly supporting the scheme. Incidentally, we have here at £3 per copy the excellent B.T.O. Nestbox book which covers just about everything and is full of practical ideas.

3 Last year I reported that we had submitted the outline of a project to the World Wildlife Organisation who were funding schemes throughout the U.K. to help restore and improve the diminished wetland areas. Our aim was to bring back our Walmesley Sanctuary at Trewornan Bridge to it's original state before the winding course of the River Amble was straightened by the Water Board over twenty five years ago, leading to a lowering of the water table and a general drying out of the areas. We had approached our tenant, Mr John Menhinick of Burniere Farm, and he had no objection. Quite the contrary, he was very encouraging. The application to W.W.O. failed to bring any response, so we decided to go it alone. Our Newsletter Editor Mr Francis Couch took over getting the operation under way. Following consultation with the South West Authority, we had the most immediate response, with work only held up for awhile by excessive rain. To quote Mr Couch; 'Mr John Woods of S.W.W.A. bent over backwards to help us to the full. The digger driver did everything possible that we requested and that he could do with his machine and, not forgetting the bank supervisor, who did the final skilled touches to the big bank. If ever we need to do any work at a later date in the Sanctuary and could have the same team, it would be ideal.' It was all finished before Christmas and is settling to it's new look. Old water courses have been dug out and cleared, banks and pools created, small sluices installed and crossing made so that at any time in the future maintenance vehicles can gain access. Mr Menhinick has not only kept a watching brief but has offered us a site to erect a Hide, with access, so that the area can be overlooked from a height without causing any disturbance to birds which may be in the Sanctuary. Francis Couch deserves not only our thanks and congratulations for doing such a splendid job but for being an excellent P.R. man. We hope that the White-fronts may return. Mr Anthony Polglase of Middle Amble Farm has seen small parties drop in for a few days, as in 1985, but they have not stayed as they did just a few years ago when we had one hundred and twenty or so wintering there until March. It casts a shadow to record that about last Christmas two Greylag Geese turned up but by New Years Day they were shot over the . Your Field Day Calender shows that we plan to have a Field Day to look over the Sanctuary on Saturday 20th June.

Our greatest anxiety came late in the year 1986 when we received a copy of proposals from S.W.W.A. outlining plans the Authority were considering to review all the recreational uses to which our reservoirs could be put with a view to making them a more viable proposition. Almost all the ideas would be destructive for conservation, not just for birds, far from it, but for both flora and fauna, the lot. We were able to arrange a meeting with Mr Stuart Bray the S.W.W.A. Recreation Officer on 13th December. I felt he had an unenviable task, but so did we in putting our views for the necessity to retain some of the most important wintering as well as breeding habitat in the County. Naturalists are not a strident body, but are concerned for the countryside and the future and it will be a bleak day were they to be ignored, and compromises can be difficult. We have submitted a complete Schedule of recorded species to S.W.W.A. Throughout the year we have requests from organisations and individuals for support by way of donations which we must consider and the Committee are not slow in putting their views either for or against and our Treasurer, Mr Alan Reynolds, duly records and reports.

Following reports of damage at sea caused by the miles of monofilament nets around all coasts trapping diving brids, the R.S.P.C.A. continues to note that birds brought to their hospital at are plump birds, which have drowned. We shall never be able to monitor their losses but I fear they are very great. One Member has especially requested that we help, where it seems practical, to resite at higher levels the nest of Mute Swans which get regularly washed away when unusually high tides occur. It has been successful I think at Wadebridge. Even if some of you did not see the stark film shown here three years ago I am sure that you

4 have all read of the enormous losses of Swans from lead poisoning through ingesting lead shot and lead split-shot fishing weights. Steps are being taken to prevent the latter being used. Please let us know if any nests in your area get flooded out. To make a move to help them to nest successfully and undisturbed would be a worthwhile exercise. Also we hope to undertake a Golden Plover Winter Survey which should cover two or three winters. To quote Mr Smaldon, 'A team of volunteer Society Members counting all likely sites four or five times a winter could prove that the area has international importance for wintering birds. This could obviously be very important and useful information to anybody protecting the Moor (Bodmin) in the future. The figure to achieve international importance is 10,000 and although that does appear to be a lot of Goldies, it is not too unlikely that this sort of figure may be present.' The Calendar of Field Days planned by Dave Thomas continues to be varied and interesting and the evening winter lectures arranged by Mrs Ruth Poynton have almost always drawn full houses. It is good to know that their efforts are rewarded. We are grateful to all our lecturers and to our Field Day leaders and we are always in need of more. We would like much more material to be sent to Mr Couch for the Newsletter. There must be so many interesting episodes and observations which never get recorded and which the Editor would like to get in to print. Almost invariably they are of a narrative nature which is exactly what is wanted but would have to be summarised for the Annual Report. This is a fair account of some of the work which has been tackled during the past year. I have not mentioned that as a result of a threat to St Johns Lake by the proposed building of a coal-fired power station our Editor has submitted a comprehensive schedule of the ornithological interest of the site. We must, as a Society, be one of the Rarities, we do not require our Members continually to be raising money. All the work we do is entirely voluntary. We would welcome new Members always. Please help to enlist friends and newcomers and with your support we will continue with the work of recording the Birds of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly and help with their preservation for future generations for which the Society was founded fifty six years ago. Peggy Visick Chairman

5 INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st DECEMBER, 1986

1985 £ £ P £ P INCOME Subscriptions 3,522 Annual Membership 1986 3,714.25 597 -Do- previous years 25.00 75 Life membership 300.00 530 Tax refund on covenanted subscriptions 1986 544.08 290 -Do- previous years - 5,014 4,583.33 94 Donations 210.80 350 Rent, Walmsley Sanctuary 350.00 Interest 32 War Loan 31.56 170 Cornwall County Council Bonds . 105.00 601 N.S.B. Investment Account 1,387.01 136 Charities deposit fund 443.29 643 Bank Deposit Account 53.04

1,582 2,019.90 Other Income 1,773 Sale of Annual Reports — Scilly .. 1,525.02 226 — Mainland 264.63 238 Other Sales and income 356.20

2,237 2,145.85

9,277 9,309.88 Less: EXPENDITURE Printing, Stationery and Postages Annual Reports, 1985: 1,650 Mainland 1,975.00 1,440 Scilly 1,346.00 225 News Letters 303.00 426 Other Printing and Stationery ... 300.54 821 Postages 754.41 127 Rents and licences 132.00 119 Insurances 140.00 54 Hire of rooms for meetings 65.90 40 Hide expenses 95.00 Subscriptions and donations 635 to Societies 46.00 113 Goods for resale 71.00 145 Miscellaneous 185.46 5,825 5,414.31 appeal 1,000 contribution _ Chough Research Grant 250.00 _ Swanpool Purchase — contribution 150.00 _ Millook Wood Appeal — contribution 50.00 - Royal Institution Bird Exhibit 75.00 1,000 525.00

6,825 5,939.31 £2,452 EXCESS OF INCOME OVER EXPENDITURE £3,370.57

6 BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31st DECEMBER, 1986

1985 £ £ P £ P INVESTMENTS £902.24 3.5°7o War Loan at market price at 319 31st December, 1986 314.65 Cornwall County Council Bonds: — 1,000 10.5% Repayable 31st March, 1987 1,000.00

1,319 1,314.65 185 DEBTORS 98.14 220 STOCK at cost 180.00 BANK BALANCES 10,409 N.S.B. Investment Account 13,795.53 3,000 Charities Deposit Fund 3,500.00 877 Bank Deposit Account 674.16 652 Current Account 389.02 _ Cash in Hand _

14,938 18,358.71

16,662 19,951.50 Less: LIABILITIES 285 Subscriptions received in advance 192.00 - Sundry Creditors 16.35

285 208.35

£16,377 NET ASSETS £19,743.15 ACCUMULATED FUNDS Balance at 31st December, 1985 16,377.10 Add: Excess of Income over Expenditure for year 3,370.57

19,747.67 Less: Decrease in Market Value of War Loan 4.52

£16,377 £19,743.15

NOTE: The Society also owns land at Trethias Island and Walmsley Sanctuary in addition to the assets shown in this Balance Sheet.

REPORT OF THE AUDITORS TO CORNWALL BIRDWATCHING AND PRESERVATION SOCIETY

We have audited the above Balance Sheet and attached Income and Expenditure Account in accordance with approved auditing standards. In our opinion, the above Balance Sheet and attached Income and Expenditure Account give a true and fair view of the state of the Society's affairs at 31st December 1986, and of its surplus Income over Expenditure for the year then ended. Whitaker, Redfearn, Pappin & Co.

7 EDITORIAL and REVIEW of the YEAR

273 species and 12 distinctive sub-species or races were reported during 1986 and found to be acceptable. As always a few records of very rare species are not included but details have been forwarded to BBRC for consideration. About 240 observers submitted records for inclusion in the Report and almost without exception they were of a high standard. Unfortunately, a few observers, including some of the better birders in the County ignored requests for descriptions of county rarities. They may be disappointed to find that some of their observations have been omitted. Conversely, those observers considered the very best in the county, invariably submit details of their county rarities without having to be pestered. King Eider and Lady Amherst's Pheasant (where did that come from?) were new species for Cornwall, whilst a Shag of the Mediterranean race 'desmarestii' is a first for Britain. The county received its third Red-throated Pipit and amongst other rarities, a splendid Gyr Falcon. Other highlights included good numbers of terns both in spring and autumn, small influxes of Glossy Ibis, Gray-cheeked Thrushes and Yellow-browned Warblers. There were a fair number of good sea watches, particularly in autumn. At the beginning of the year the weather was exceptionally mild but this was soon to change with cold and mild weeks alternating to the end of the month. Overwintering birds included the regular Spoonbill on the Lynher, Green-winged Teal at Stithians, Ring-necked Duck at Drift, the Waxwing and amazingly a Turtle Dove at Mullion and a Lesser Whitethroat at Torpoint. Towards the end of January high pressure centred over Scandinavia, resulting in bitterly cold weather enveloping the country for the next 6 weeks. Mortality during this spell was heavy with Lapwing, Grey Wagtail, Redwing and Stonechat particularly badly affected. The thaw, when it came, early in March, induced a good passage of divers and grebes and in mid-month an obvious movement of Buzzards. Spring was again very cold and damp and consequently most migrants were late arriving with many not appearing until late April. May was characterized by cold damp conditions but several days of southerly-biased gales brought rewards for south coast sea-watchers in the shape of skuas and terns. Any semblance of summer weather did not arrive until the middle of June. There were then three weeks of fine warm weather, but few birds to go with it. Breeding successes included Great Crested Grebe, increasing Lesser Whitethroats and Pied Flycatchers, but there were declines in the numbers of Swallow, Sand Martins and Woodlarks, whilst Cirl Buntings continued to cause alarm. Unsettled, cold weather then persisted through the remainder of July and August. There were gales August 7th and 26th producing good sea-watching conditions on the north coast. September was much more settled and proved to be the best of the autumn months. A south-easterly squall on 13th dumped good numbers of Ruff, terns and many passerines in the county. American waders, normally a feature of the month, were conspicuous by their absence. October, proved to be a major disappointment. The mini-invasions of Glossy Ibis, Gray-cheeked Thrushes and Yellow-browed Warblers were well documented but there was little else to enthuse over. Several days of gales late in the month produced good sea-watching off St Ives and Pendeen. North-easterlies on Nov 2nd provided a good passage of passerines including a record Chaffinch count at Porthgwarra. A north westerly gale on 23rd resulted in the latest ever county records of both Cory's Shearwater and Arctic Tern. December was again abnormally mild resulting in few wildfowl or winter thrushes but records of Swallows and House Martins remaining to the end of the year.

8 Thanks To all who made a contribution to this Report but especially; John Cook for assistance in finishing the summaries. Bob Salmon for the Ringing Report Dave Flumm for the Wildfowl Count summary. Renfred Hathway for the cover drawing. Daniel Cole, Dave Flumm, Mark Golley, Jeff Hazell and Thelma Sykes for drawings. Dave Flumm, Ted Griffiths, Roger Smaldon and Vic Tucker for assistance with county rarities and contentious records. Submission of Records Records for 1987 should be sent to the Editor by the 15th January 1988 at the very latest. However to assist with the early publication of this report, I would be pleased to receive the bulk of records at any time during the year.

Rarities Reports of national rarities must be accompanied by a full description, preferably notes made in the field. Sketches and photographs can be of great assistance but these are not normally returnable. These descriptions should be submitted to the Editor as soon as possible after the occurrence and should, wherever possible be submitted on the BBRC Rarities Form obtainable either from the Editor or from M. J. Rogers, 4 Pentland Flats, St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly, TR21 OHY. Reports of County rarities must be accompanied by a full description — too often it is necessary to disregard reports not substantiated by field notes. County Rarities requiring descriptions include: Red-necked Grebe Sabines Gull Black-necked Grebe Iceland Gull Leach's Petrel Glaucous Gull Cory's Shearwater Roseate Tern Great Shearwater Arctic Tern Bittern Black Guillemot Purple Heron Little Auk White Stork Long-eared Owl Garganey Woodlark Scaup Richards Pipit Velvet Scoter Tawny Pipit Smew Waxwing Ruddy Duck Nightingale All grey Geese Bluethroat Honey Buzzard Cetti's Warbler Red Kite Savi's Warbler Harrier Aquatic Warbler Montagu's Harrier Barred Warbler Goshawk Yellow-browed Warbler Hobby Wood Warbler (migrants) Spotted Crake All Hippolais Warblers Little Ringed Plover Red-breasted Flycatcher Dotterel Willow Tit Temminck's Stint Golden Oriole Pectoral Sandpiper Tree Sparrow Buff-breasted Sandpiper Serin Red-necked Phalarope Scarlet Rosefinch Pomarine Skua Lapland Bunting Long-tailed Skua Ortolan Bunting Mediterranean Gull Cirl Bunting

9 Additionally, the Recorder may at any time request full details of an unusual occurrence. Records should follow the order shown in this report, and not in alphabetical or diary form. Adherance to these basic guide lines will greatly facilitate the extraction of information from your notes.

Stan Christophers Contributors

Abbott, S. Christophers, S.M., Hanlon, V.J. Agg, G & S.L. Mrs. A.D., & H.M. Hannaford, R. Akers, P.G. Christophers, B.T.S. Harrison, P. Aley, P.H. Chugg, B. (BCh) Harrop, A.H.J. Allen, Mrs. B. Clarke, R.M. Harvey, H.J. Anderson, I. Clemo, N.P. & Mrs. B. Harvey, N. Anderson, Mr. & Mrs. Conway, G.J. Hasson, P.H. Andrew, R. Cook, E.J. Hathway, A.C. Ansell, W.F.H. Cottle, N.W. Hathway, R.J. Anstee, Miss. J. Cotton, D.J. Hawkey, J. Appleyard, W.T. Courtnell, D.R. Hazell, J.A. Archer-Lock, A. Cox, B.R. Hillmer, J.C. Babbington, J.F. Cox, S.J. Honeychurch, F.H. Bailey, M.R.A. Craven, B.T. Hopkins, P. (PHo) Barker, D.J. & Mrs. D.C. Darke, T.O. Hormbrey, N.F. Barnard, C.C. Davey, A.M.J. Hudd, M. Barwick, G. Davies, Mrs. P. Inch, B.T. & Mrs. D.F. Bassett, T. Davis, P. Jackson, G.C. Bawden, P. Deal, H.A. James, R.M.R. Bayley, J. Dennis, M.C. Jane, J.A. Belcher, Mrs. J. Dingle, T.J. Jenkins, D. (DJe) Birch, A.R. & M.P. Duboisson, D. Jerram, Miss. R.M. Birkin, M.J. Dustow, J. John, A.W.G. Blatchford, M. Dwyer, P.J. Johns, Mrs. S.D. Bond, A.J. Edwards, R. Jones, Miss M.J. Borlase, Mrs. H. Edwards, S.B. Julian, D. Bottomley, J.B. & Mrs. S. Ellicott, P.W. Keater, P. Bowden, N.A.G. & Eva, D. Keay, H.C. Mrs. P.N. Evans, J.R. Kelly, D. Bray, N.D. Excell, Miss. L.F. Kendall, F.H.C. Bray, P.K. Exelby, N.B. Kendall, I. Brooks, P. Field, B.R. Kenefick, M. Brown, F.R. Fisher, S.P. & P.E. Ladbrook, D. Bryden, J.M. Flumm, D.S. Lane, R. Burden, C.G. Ford, R.W. Langdon, A. Burns, R.W. Frost, M.P. Lauezzari, Miss. P. Burton, A. & Mrs. B.E. Gendall, R. Lawrence, C.G. & Butts, R. Gilbert, J.S. Miss. M.E. Buxton, Mrs. M. Gillam, Mr. & Mrs. J. Lawson, M. Cabbie, N.J. Golley, M.A. Lewis, Lieut. G.D. Carne, T.M. Gould, R.W. Lewis, Mrs. V. Cave, B. Grace, E. (EGe) Litholand, Mr. & Mrs. Chesborough, P.C. Griffiths, E. Lord, N.A.G. Chown, D.J. Gulland, Mrs. D. Lowndes, R.L. & Christmas, S.G. Gynn, G.G. & Mrs. E.G. Mrs. L.M.

10 McCall, Mrs. L. Rogers, R.H. Turpitt, L.W. McCartney, P. Rosier, A.B. Tyzzer, J.G. Madge, S.C. Rowson, W.M. Upton, G.J. Mann, S. Rundle, P. Visick, Mrs. M.P. Marr, B.A.E. Rutter, P.A. Wagstaff, W.H. Miller, J.A. dE. Salmon, R.J. Wake, R.E. Millett, J.E. Salter, F.C. Warman, S. & Mrs. C. Noble, K. Sayers, C.R. Weake, M.S. Norman, S.D. Sillifant, P.T. Webb, B.L. Norman, T.E. Smaldon, R. Webb, Miss. G.A. Odell, D. Smith, A. Webb, L. Pattenden, B. Smith, Miss. C. White, G.R. & M. Pay, A.R. Smith, D.F. Whiteley, W. Pearman, P. & S. Smith, J. Wicks, D. Penhallurick, R.D. Smith, L.A. Wicks, S. Perkins, R.J. Speak, P.W. Wilcox, P.R. Phillips, N.J. Stuart, N. Wilkins, A. Phillips, Miss. R.M. Stubbs, Lt. Cdr. P.L. Williams, K. Powell, A.C. Sutton, G.P. Williams, L.P. Fowell, L.S. & E.M. Swindell, D. Wilmott, B. Poynton, Mr. & Mrs. R. Taylor, B. Wilson, J.H.W. Puchrin, I. Taylor, R.J. Wolfenden, W.A.R. & Randall, J.M. Thomas, G.H. Mrs. M. Rayment, M.D. Tonkin, R. Wood, Mr. & Mrs. J. Reay, P.J. Thurgood, G. Wood, J.C. Rigby, D.J.F. Tonking, C.N. Wotton, B. Roberts, Mrs. T.D. Tout, Mrs. M.C. Yelland, D.M. Rogers, M.J. Tribe, M.J. B.B.R.C. Rogers, V. & B. Tucker, K. B.T.O. Rogers, Dr. N.R. Tucker, V.R. R.S.P.B.

11 Species List for 1986 The following species are in the order shown in 'The British Birds List of Birds of the Western Palearctic'. Please note the following definitions: (a) Reference to "Porthgwarra" includes the area south of a line drawn from Cam Les Boel to St. Levan. (b) "Mount's Bay" refers only to that part of the bay between Mousehole and . (c) "" refers to the bay east of and not the bay of a similar name at Sennen. (d) "Pentire Point" — north of Polzeath. (e) "Porth Mear" — Porthcothan, and not the cove of a similar name near St. Ives. All species noted on the Cornish mainland during the year, and found to be acceptable, are included in this report. Where a record has been accepted by British Birds Rarities Committee, (BBRC) this fact is stated. Under the majority of species, sightings are listed in date order, i.e. localities with January sightings are listed first, locations with December sightings are listed last. This avoids dividing the County into geographical or topographical areas, which can cause considerable confusion when extracting data from reports. RED-THROATED DIVER — Uncommon winter visitor. Passage migrant.

In the first winter period there were records from 39 sites, 25 on the south coast and 11 on the north coast and 3 inland. In the second winter period there were records from only 7 sites, 1 on the south coast and 6 on the north coast. Only 6 sites held birds in both winter periods. In January there were singles at 7 sites. The only large numbers were 3 flying west off Newquay January 23rd and 7 January 3rd increasing to 9 by January 5th in Widemouth Bay. Nearby at Bude, up to 6 were noted regularly until February 2nd. Rather more started to appear from about the beginning of February with the Widemouth Bay flock peaking at 18 on February 2nd. Birds moving with the cold weather were evident from about February 11th with most arriving from 15th on. Most reports were of well-scattered ones and twos but 7 were in St. Ives/Carbis Bay on 19th, 15 at Mullion and 6 off on 21st and 10 in Carrick Roads on 28th. As the thaw set in there was a noticeable arrival. 6 were at Loe Pool March 1st, 5 in Cawsand Bay March 9th and 4 at Sennen March 8th. In Bay 10 arrived March 10th, where only 2 had previously been noted, with a further increase to 12 by 18th. The vast majority had moved on by the end of the month and there was little further movement until April 24th when the first of a late spring passage commenced. All reports were of singles except for 5 in Gerrans Bay April 24th and a total of 8 west and 2 east off between May 3rd and 26th. The first autumn bird was one flying west off St Ives on the very early date of August 7th. Next came 2 off St Ives August 26th and then no more until October 19th. Autumn passage was very poor with none noted off the south coast until November 30th. At St Ives a total of 15 flew west between August 7th and November 23rd whilst 4 flew west off Newquay between October 20th and 29th. Elsewhere there were only singles. In the second winter period one flew west at Newquay on December 19th, 5 flew north off Bude December 24th and one was in St Austell Bay December 31st — surely one of the poorest wintering totals for many years. The inland records were one at College Res. February 17th, 2 at Drift Res February

12 17th to 21st with one to March 2nd and one on the River Camel at Polbrock March 22nd.

BLACK-THROATED DIVER — Winter visitor. Passage migrant.

In the first winter period and spring there were records from 39 sites, 21 on the south coast, 14 on the north coast and 4 inland. In autumn and the second winter period there were records from 10 sites, 8 on the south coast and 2 on the north coast. There were the regular large flocks in Gerrans and Veryan Bays with monthly maxima as follows: Gerrans: January — 6, February — 7, March — 35, April — 33, May — 9, June — 6, July — 1, November — 7, December — 22. Veryan: January — 55, February — 4, March — 50, April — 65, May — 12, November — 3, December — 48. The highest combined single day count was 85 March 10th. This high total coincided with the thaw and succeeded a very poor February for the species. The only other flock of note during January was 10 in Mounts Bay on 25th, increasing to 11 the next day. There was a small influx of ones and twos at many localities in mid-February but most moved quickly through. Of particular interest at this time, and simultaneous with the withdrawal of birds from Gerrans and Veryan Bays, was the increase in the size of the flock sheltering in Carrick Roads. From 2 on February 18th there was an increase to 13 on 19th and 14 on 25th. With the thaw came a big increase in birds generally. Apart from the Gerrans and Veryan Bay birds there were also 7 in St Austell Bay and 8 in Mounts Bay. The county total was probably in the region of 130 birds. Most moved east quickly. For instance a total of 19 between Rame Head and Pentewan March 8th to 10th had decreased to 4 by March 11th. A light spring passage was noted April 24th to May 21st. Most reports concerned single birds but 8 flew west off Porthgwarra betweeen April 24th and May 8th, 4 flew west and 1 east at Rame Head between May 5th and 21st and 4 flew west off Bass Point, May 8th. Birds apparently summering included 3 in Veryan Bay June 1st, 6 in Gerrans Bay the same day, 5 at the same location June 8th and one to July 4th. This late bird may account for the one seen in St Austell Bay on the early date of August 17th but even this one was preceded, by one west at St Ives August 7th. Autumn passage was poor. A total of 15 flew west off St Ives October 22nd to December 7th and the Veryan Bay flock peaked at 48 December 26th. Elsewhere numbers were unremarkable. The inland records were one at Siblyback February 15th, 1 at Drift Res. February 17th increasing to 2 February 20th to April 1st, 1 at Trenance Boating Lake, Newquay February 18th to March 4th and one at Porth Res. March 1st to April 19th.

GREAT NORTHERN DIVER — Winter visitor. Passage migrant.

In the first winter period there were records from 31 sites, 22 on the south coast and 9 on the north coast. In the autumn and second winter period there were records from 20 sites, 13 on the north coast, 5 on the south coast and two inland. 18 sites held birds at both ends of the year. This was by far the most widespread diver species in January but many had disappeared by early February. However, as with the other divers, there was a small influx in mid February and another from about March 9th. Whilst many had left the county by April there were nonetheless several reports of birds assuming summer plumage and remaining into May and even June. St Austell Bay was again the main haunt of the species with monthly maxima of: January — 14, February — 8, March — 16, April — 10, May — 7, June — 3,

13 August — 1, October — 6, November 12, December — 18. Elsewhere maximum numbers included 6 in Looe Bay January 4th, 4 in Mounts Bay the same day, 6 at Camel Est January 8th with 8 there March 17th, 11 in St Ives/Carbis Bay January 25th with 14 there March 10th, 10 in Gerrans Bay February 19th and March 10th, 12 in Carrick Roads February 28th, 8 in Veryan Bay March 11th, 4 off Mevagissey March 31st and 5 at Helford the same day. In addition to those birds lingering from the winter there was a light spring movement April 25th to June 6th. These included a total of 11 west of Rame Head May lst-25th, 5 west off Porthgwarra during May and 3 west off Mevagissey May 21st. Last in spring were 3 in Veryan Bay June 1st and one in St Austell Bay until June 16th. In autumn the first was one in St Austell Bay August 17th with no more until October 4th when there was one in Whitsand Bay. Only in St Austell Bay did birds 'take up' their wintering stations. All others apparently moved through the county quite rapidly. Rather more arrived in November. 3 were in Mounts Bay on 13th, 4 flew west off Newquay on 19th and good numbers were noted off St Ives where there was 8 on 19th, 12 on 22nd, 7 on 23rd and 29th and 8 on 30th. These persisted into December but dispersed after 3rd. Towards the end of the year larger numbers were being noted at other sites with maxima of 3 in Mounts Bay on 19th, 4 at Pentewan on 20th, 5 at Gerrans Bay on 22nd increasing to 9 next day, 18 in St Austell Bay on 27th and 4 in Carrick Roads on 31st. This is by far the least likely of the diver species to appear inland in Cornwall, thus two in one year were exceptional. The first was at Stithians December 6th and the other stayed at Crowdy Res from December 15th into 1987.

LITTLE GREBE — Breeds in low numbers. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Breeding probably occurred at Stithians Res, where an adult was seen accompanying a juvenile July 30th JAJ and may have occurred at Crowdy Res, where a pair were seen with a juvenile in September. AMJD.MPF.JAdEM. In the first winter period and spring there were records from 24 sites and in the autumn and second winter period there were records from 18 sites. The bitter weather in the first winter period ensured that numbers were higher than in 1984 and 1985. At Hayle Est. complex there were 13 January 12th decreasing to 10 by the end of the month. There was then an increase to 21 by February 9th but a curious lack of records from then until March 1st when there were 9 present increasing to 15 the next day. Elsewhere there were 7 at Fowey Est. January 5th and February 24th, 15 at Percuil February 11th with 18 there February 28th, 15 at Camel Est February 27th, 6 at Drift Res March 5th, 6 at St Johns Lake March 9th/10th and 7 at Lynher Est March 10th. The St Johns Lake and Lynher Est birds occurred parallel with a sizeable influx of Great Crested Grebes to the area. Maxima of 5 were reported from Par, Truro, Swanpool and Pool with lesser numbers elsewhere. Away from the possible breeding sites the first for autumn was one at Loe Pool August 11th. A few arrived late in the month but as with the divers there was little movement throughout September. In October there was a small arrival of about 10 birds on 4th and 7 at Tresillian on 11th had increased to 9 by 26th. Numbers increased gradually and generally during November but with mild weather persisting there was no influx before the New Year. Maximum numbers at this time included 7 at St Johns Lake November 18th, 9 at Camel Est November 28th, 10 at Hayle December 3rd, 11 at Percuil December 6th and 7 at Lynher Est December 29th. 6 were noted at Loe Pool and 5 at .

Correction to 1983 Report The maximum count in Cornwall is not the 35 at Hayle Est complex as suggested in Birds in Cornwall 1983, but 50 at Stithians in late November 1968. per PMcC.

14 GREAT CRESTED GREBE — Breeds in low no's. Winter visitor. Passage migrant.

After the unsuccessful breeding attempt at College Res. last year, a nest was located at an undisclosed locality during May. A pair was present showing interest in the nest but not sitting. Both birds were still present June 15th but showing no interest in the nest. JRE. Fortunately, a pair which nested at Lower Tamar Lake were more successful. A bird which had overwintered was later joined by another and a nest was seen on April 22nd. 2 young hatched, one of which survived. GPS.BTI.DFI.RMRJ.FHCK. The Lower Tamar Lake success is marvellous news. It is only the second occasion that the species has bred successfully in Cornwall — the previous occasion also being at Lower Tamar Lake, in 1930. As suggested in the 1985 report, overwintering birds were scarce. The 2 birds at St Johns Lake were still present but the 4 at Lynher Est had reduced to 1. A small passage of about 10 birds occurred January 17th to 25th with a maximum of 5 at Lynher Est on the last date. Apart from the regular 2 or 3 birds on the St Johns Lake/Lynher Est/Tamar Est complex there were no more records until one arrived at Drift Res February 12th. The freeze forced reasonable numbers into the county from February 18th. 4 appeared at Camel Est and the Lynher flock increased to 5. Elsewhere singles appeared but there were 2 at Carrick Roads February 25th increasing to 7 by 28th. The first ten days of March enticed even larger numbers into the county. The vast majority occurred in south-east Cornwall. 8 were noticed at St Johns Lake on 2nd and 15 were at Tamar Est on 6th. On 9th there were 16 on St Johns Lake, 9 on Lynher Est and 2 in Cawsand Bay. On 10th there were 12 on Tamar Est, 9 at St Johns Lake and 7 at Lynher Est and with all birds thought to be different the maximum count was 28 individuals — a very high total for Cornwall. With the exception of the moorland reservoirs, singles were noted at virtually all freshwater localities and at many coastal sites. Large concentrations included 6 at Fowey Est. and 3 at Porth Res on 3rd, 3 at Mounts Bay on 10th and 3 at Camel Est. Whilst most of south-east Cornwall birds dispersed there was a simultaneous increase at other sites. Carrick Roads again supported 7 birds on 12th, 4 were at Mounts Bay on 13th and the Camel Est flock reached a peak of 7 March 24th. Most had left by mid April but 3 remained at Lynher Est until May 5th and one summered here. In autumn, one at Stithians June 11th may have been a failed breeder from the Penryn reservoir complex pair. The next bird was one at St Johns Lake August 30th, and 3 in Whitsand Bay September 29th. Up to 4 were noted at Lynher Est and 2 at St Johns Lake from late October into 1987 but the only other wintering report concerned one of the Lower Tamar Lake birds.

RED-NECKED GREBE — Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant. A good year with a notable influx in mid-February, record numbers in spring and an unprecedented influx in autumn. In the first winter period there were singles at St Austell Bay January 6th, Helford February 12th, Hayle Est February 18th to March 7th and Camel Est February 19th to 27th and March 15th to 24th. In Gerrans Bay there was one February 10th to 18th, 5 March 7th and 3 March 13th. Nearby in Carrick Roads there were 2 February 18th increasing to 4 on 19th, 6 on 21st and 8 on 25th to 28th but only 2 remained March 4th. Other spring records included one at St Ives March 5th to 31st, 3 in Veryan Bay March 11th and singles at Loe Pool April 2nd to 19th, Falmouth April 18th, Lynher Est April 20th, Crowdy Res Apri 25th to May 2nd and St Austell Bay on the exceptionally late date of June 10th RL. The first for autumn was again in St Austell Bay — a single on September 14th. This bird remained into October and was joined by another October 13th but only one remained into November. Elsewhere there were singles at Whitsand Bay September 30th to October 11th and November 2nd, Drift Res October 10th, Lynher Est

15 October 17th, Carrick Roads the same day and one at Mevagissey October 28th was joined by a second November 8th. 2 were seen together in Carbis Bay October 2nd with one in St Ives Bay October 23rd. In the second winter period there were singles in St Ives Bay November 29th to December 6th, St Austell Bay December 2nd to 22nd, Mevagissey December 4th, Veryan Bay December 5th (but 2 December 21st) and 22nd and St Johns Lake December 31st. There were also 2 at Gerrans Bay December 31st but these were undoubtedly the Veryan birds. SLAVONIAN GREBE — Winter visitor. Passage migrant.

In the first winter period there were records from 21 sites, 14 on the south coast, 5 on the north coast and 2 inland. In the second winter period there were records from 10 sites, 7 on the south coast, 2 on the north coast and 1 inland. Few birds had remained from 1985 and unlike the preceding species there was a less pronounced arrival in early March. Most had left by early April with the last at Sennen April 26th. Maximum numbers at the beginning of the year included 4 at Camel Est. and 4 at Carrick Roads. In St Austell Bay there were 5 January 1st increasing to 9 January 17th but decreasing to 3 February 2nd. Elsewhere on the south coast there was a decrease as birds sought refuge from the bitter onshore winds. Coincidental with this general decrease there was an increase in Carrick Roads where the flock peaked at 17 February 18th and 18 February 25th to 28th. With the thaw, these birds dispersed and were probably the same which re-appeared at other localities such as Gerrans Bay where there were 10 March 7th, Veryan Bay where there were 6 March 11th and St Austell Bay where there were 10 March 21st. On the north coast the maximum were 6 at Camel Est Jan 25th and 5 at Sennen March 15th. Inland there were singles at Argal Res January 7th to 30th and Bussow Res February 8th. In mid-summer there was a very strange record of one in full breeding plumage at Gillan Creek June 22nd to July 3rd GA.SLA.AW.JCH. (Photo received). In autumn the first was one inland at Stithians Res September 28th to October 11th. This was followed by 2 in Gerrans Bay October 8th but there were very few noted until the end of December. The maximum were 4 at Camel Est December 16th, 4 at St Austell Bay December 24th and 4 at Veryan Bay December 26th.

BLACK-NECKED GREBE — Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant. Several reports lacking descriptions are omitted. Lynher Est: one Jan 12th RWG St Ives Bay: one Feb 5th CCB and one Apr 3rd EGG Carrick Roads: 3 Feb 25th. 4 Feb 28th (at least 5 birds involved) RL Crowdy Res: one Apr 25th BTC Drift Res: the 1985 bird was noted until Mar 31st MO Stithians Res: 2 Aug 29th PRW and one Nov 19th to 21st FHH MSW Par Beach Pool: one Sept 16th to Oct 11th SMC.BTSC.TMC. et al. : immature Sept 27th to Oct 19th MPF et al. FULMAR — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Breeding reports included the following; Port Isaac to Ranice Point 118 nests but possibly 150 ML, Rumps Point to Carnweather Point — 27 pairs (22 in '85) DJC, Porthmissen — 50 pairs prospecting May 1st but only 10 pairs on ledges May 13th RL. VJH, Trevarrian — 3 occupied ledges January 12th MPV, Beacon Cove — 16 occupied ledges January 12th MPV, Lusty Glaze to Towan Head — 40 pairs on ledges February 4th PJD, Towan Head — 13 or 14 pairs Apr 18th PJD, Ralphs Cupboard — 15 birds around Kittiwake colony (0 in 1985) RJP, Godrevy to Derrick

16 Cove — at least 7 sub-colonies containing 3 to 18 nests, totalling 60 occupied nests (9 in 1985) RJP, Head to — 28 pairs DE, Poldhu to Polurrian — 20 birds Apr 19th NBE Portloe — 52 on ledges March 11th RL. Biggest increase was at Western Cove, Porthreath where there was a 50% increase on 1985 to 154 nesting pairs. RJP. The only sizeable numbers reported for the first winter period were 150 west off Mevagissey in 1^ hours January 1st and 100 off Newquay February 15th. In spring 200 per hour were noted flying west off Newquay April 17th and 350 flew west past Rosemullion Head in 8 hours May 17th. In autumn the largest numbers off the north coast were 1220 west at Pendeen between 1030 and 1600 hours August 26th and 300 west off St Ives in 1^ hours September 7th. Off the south coast 920 were noted off Rosemullion in 9 hours August 25th whilst 850 were noted off Nare Head, Helford the same day. First returning bird after moult was one off Newquay October 19th. The only large passage at the end of the year was 300 at Pendeen November 23rd. 'Blue phase brids were more in evidence this year with singles at Gurnards Head March 30th, Newquay April 17th, Rosemullion May 17th and August 21st ('D' phase), Looe May 21st ('D') and St Ives August 26th. The only inland record was one found injured at Angarrack January 15th.

CORY'S SHEARWATER — Scarce passage migrant with occasional 'good' years. Pentewan: one west Jul 21st RL Porthgwarra: one Jul 26th. JFB.SJC.MAG. 9 Jul 27th JFB.SJC.DSF.AHJH.CCB 3 Jul 28th DSF PH 2 Aug 6th PHA.JFB.SJC. one Aug 22nd DJC and 2 Aug 25th PGA On Aug 22nd DJC noted 36 other large shearwaters flying west which were not specifically identified but were thought to be this species. Bass Point: 3 west Jul 28th, one Jul 30th and one Aug 2nd. ARP Rame Head: 5 west Jul 30th DRC Pendeen: 2 west Aug 2nd CCB JFB BRF. 2 west Aug 23rd and one west Aug 24th PGA one west Nov 23rd at 1135 hours RA PH VRT St Ives: one west Nov 23rd at 1020 hours PHA JFB SJC DSF JH The bird of November 23rd is the latest ever county record. From the times recorded at St Ives and Pendeen VRT has calculated a flight speed of 12.4 km per hour.

GREAT SHEARWATER — Scarce passage migrant. The species remains much scarcer than Cory's. Porthgwarra: one west Jul 28th DSF PH St Ives: one west Aug 7th DSF et al. Pendeen: 3 west Aug 7th CCB and one west Aug 24th PGA

SOOTY SHEARWATER — Uncommon passage migrant. Occasional 'good' year. St Ives: one Jul 20th. In August a total of 165 with max of 126 on 7th. In October singles on 19th and 22nd with 5 on 25th. Porthgwarra: In July a total of 115 with max. of 63 on 28th. In August a total of 56 with max. of 35 on 6th. Pendeen: one Jul 26th. In August a total of 272 with max. of 43 on 2nd, 46 on 7th, 100 on 23rd and 77 on 26th. One Sept 23rd. Bass Point: 14 in July and 15 in August with max. 10 Jul 28th and Aug 6th. 3 Oct 24th. Rosemullion Head: 6 Aug 1st, 1 Aug 21st and 4 Aug 25th Trevose Head: 2 Aug 7th. Cape Cornwall: 2 Aug 7th.

17 Bude: singles Aug 11th and 15th. Newquay: one Aug 24th, 2 Sept 2nd and one Oct 22nd. Rame Head: one Aug 25th. Nare Head: 4 south Aug 25th. Mevagissey: 3 Aug 25th. Perranporth: 2 Aug 26th and one Sept 21st. Rumps Point: one Aug 26th. R.M.V. Scillonian: one Aug 30th, 2 Oct 2nd and 10th.

MANX SHEARWATER — Passage migrant. Feeding parties in summer.

First noted Mar 20th when 500 were seen off St Ives and 6 off Newquay. Off the south coast the first was off Looe March 22nd. Spring movements were light and apart from 1000 west at Bude May 11th most reports came surprisingly from the south coast. Many records came from Rame Head during May and June with peaks of 409 west May 18th, 240 per hour west June 21st and 392 west in one hour Jun 25th. At Looe 500 flew west in 1.5 hours May 18th. Summer movements were more evident off the north coast and included 600 west in \ hour Jul 13th and 554 west in 1^ hours Jul 27th at Trevose Head. At Bass Point 416 flew west in 4^ hours Jul 28th and 605 west in 3£ hours Jul 30th. Similar sized flocks were also recorded at Porthgwarra at the same time. Heaviest passage of the year was noted during the gales of August. Off Bude there were 1000 Aug 2nd and 1500 on 5th and 15th. On 7th 6000 flew west off St Ives and on 26th 1000 were noted off Pendeen. September records were sparse but there were regular reports of small numbers throughout October. In November one was noted off Newquay on 20th, one flew west at St Ives on 9th, followed by 2 on 22nd and 8 on 23rd whilst the surprisingly high total of 22 were noted at Pendeen the same day.

BALEARIC SHEARWATER — Uncommon passage migrant.

Birds showing characteristics of the Western Mediterranean race of Manx Shearwater (P.p. mauretanicus) were noted as follows: Rame Head: one Jul 26th, 2 Aug 2nd and 25th Porthgwarra: a total of 25 during July with max 9 on 27th and 7 on 28th. 7 in August. Bass Point: 8 Jul 28th, 2 Jul 30th, 2 Aug 1st and 3 Aug 2nd. Rosemullion Head: 7 Aug 1st Pendeen: 4 Aug 2nd, 3 Aug 23rd, 8 Aug 26th and 2 Nov 23rd. Bude: one Aug 2nd. St Ives: 16 west during August with max. of 9 on 7th, 16 west during October with max. 5 on 25th, 3 Nov 19th and one Nov 23rd. Nare Head, Helford: 4 west Aug 25th. Newquay: 2 west Sept 2nd. Perranporth: 10 west Sept 21st

WILSON'S PETREL — Rare vagrant. St Ives: 2 west Aug 26th DSF. R Burridge. IP et al. The sixth and seventh county mainland records. Previous records were in 1838, 1967, 1979 and 1983 (2). It is also worth noting the following birds seen by observers on Peter Harrisons' pelagic boat trips. 45 miles south-west of Bishop Rock: one Aug 10th PH et al. 44.4 miles south-west of Bishop Rock: 2 Aug 13th PH et al. 54.4 miles south-west of Bishop Rock: 5 Aug 13th PH. J. Hazell et al.

18 Wilsons Petrels and Storm Petrel Jeff Hazell

19 STORM PETREL — Uncommon passage migrant. Small feeding parties in summer. A good year with a better than average scatter of records from the south coast, and a huge passage off the north coast on August 26th. Porthgwarra: one on the very early date of Mar 26th CCB. A total of 95 west between Jul 26th and Aug 6th with max. of 51 Jul 27th. Newquay: 56 west during May including 34 on 20th, 30 during June including 28 flying around the carcass of a dead whale on 10th ACH. BW R.M.V. Scillonian: 3 May 24th and 2 Aug 30th. St Ives: singles May 25th and 28th. 757 Aug 7th DSF, 120+ Aug 8th, 1000+ Aug 26th, 500+ Aug 27th DSF.EGG. and singles October 23rd and 26th and November 1st and 23rd PHA.SJC. Pentewan: 10 west Jun 10th. Rame Head: one west Jul 27th Bass Point: 5 Jul 28th, 8 Jul 30th, one Aug 6th, 4 west and 3 east Aug 9th and 26 west Aug 25th. Pendeen: 13 Aug 2nd, 73 Aug 7th and a massive 3850 in 12^ hours Aug 26th VRT et al. Trevose Head: 2 Aug 7th Cape Cornwall: one Aug 7th Godrevy: 28 Aug 7th Mevagissey: 18 Aug 25th Nare Head, Helford: 3 Aug 25th Gurnards Head: 110 Aug 26th Perranporth: one west Aug 26th and one found dead on beach Oct 26th DC Rumps Point: 30 Aug 26th. LEACH'S PETREL — Scarce passage migrant. St Ives: one west Oct 20th DSF.BP 5 west Oct 22nd SMC.DSF.SM.BP. 7 west Oct 23rd DSF.JAJ.PTS and 9 west Oct 25th DJB.SMC.DSF.EGG et al. Bude: one west Oct 25th MAG.

GANNET — Passage migrant. Winter and summer visitor. As always, poorly reported. First winter reports included 300 off Towan Head, Newquay Jan 15th, 80 per hour west at Mevagissey Jan 19th and a tight flock of c.1000 approx. 1/4 mile offshore in Mounts Bay Feb 2nd.

Storm driven Gannets off Pent ire Head Thelma Sykes

20 In spring there were no reports of any consequence from the north coast but 600 were noted flying west at Rosemullion Head May 17th. Autumn numbers were again low with max. of 500 off St Ives Aug 7th and 1000 off Pendeen Aug 26th. In October 870 flew west past St Ives in 5.5 hours on 20th. Unusual reports included one standing at the waters edge on Porthkidney Beach Apr 27th JSG and one on Long Rock Pool Oct 24th PRW.

CORMORANT — Breeds. Resident. Breeding was reported from:- Looe Island — 5 nests June 4th BLW, Hells Mouth — 5 nests with young (9 in 1985) RJP (although 6 nests were noted by MSW on Jun 1st) and 7 to 9 nests at The Moules Jun 26th DJC. Roosts were noted at Polbrock where there were 7 in a tree at dusk Feb 7th RL and at Egloshayle where 10 used a dead tree DJn. Inland records were received for all the major reservoirs with a max. of 14 at Colliford and a high total of 9 on College Feb 17th. Other inland records included 2 at Jan 28th, one at Nanstallon Feb 28th, singles at Upper Fowey Valley Sept 3rd and 17th and a flock of 43 flying south over land at St. Erth Sept 25th. Elsewhere the max were 41 at Camel Est Mar 21st with 50 there Sept 30th and 37 flying north at Bude Apr 9th. White-headed birds were noted at Portscatho Feb 23rd, Mar 23rd and Gannel Est Mar 24th.

Shag showing characteristics of the race 'desmarestii' with two birds of the nominate race 'aristotelis' at St Anthony Head in February 1986 Dave Flumm.

21 SHAG — Breeds. Resident.

Breeding was reported from: Looe Island — 5 nest Jun 4th BLW, Porthleven to Trewavas Head — 20 pairs DE, Rinsey Head — 3 pairs, DE, Navax Point to Derrick Cove — 8 sub-colonies varying in size from one at Hells Mouth to 8 at Hudder Cove with a total of 24 (31 in 1985) RJP, Western Cove — 8 nests (16 in 1985) RJP, Samphire Island — 1 nest RJP, Carters Rocks — 40+ nests Apr 21st PJD, The Moules — 13 4- nests with young DJC, Newland Island — at least 3 prs with young DJC, Pentire Point — 2 nests with young DJC and Trevalga — NJC (No details) Maximum numbers included; 100 at St Anthony Head Feb 19th and 21st, 180 in a flock at Kynance Sept 10th, 150 off Gerrans Oct 6th, 300+ off Maenporth Nov 4th and 170 in Falmouth Bay Nov 19th. Off St Ives 50 were noted flying west Aug 7th, 61 Aug 23rd and 90 Oct 25th. Of particular interest was a bird noted by DSF and CCB at St Anthony Head on 19th February. This bird differed from normal plumage in four respects: 1. White underparts 2. Pale upper wing coverts. 3. Yellow bill with black culmen. 4. Bright pink-orange legs and feet. Following much research by DSF and after consulting P.R. Colston of sub-dept of Ornithology at the British Museum (Natural History) it was concluded that the bird appeared to be of Mediterranean race 'P.a. desmarestii' or the north­ west Africa race 'P.a. riggenbachi'. PRC continued that whilst he was unaware of any previous record of these races occurring in British waters there is probably no reason why it should not bearing in mind the regular appearance of 'sinensis' Cormorants and Balearic Shearwaters which originate from the same waters.

BITTERN — Rare winter visitor.

Lostwithiel: one Mar 10th per JFB A very poor year particularly in view of the freeze in the first winter period.

CATTLE EGRET — Rare vagrant.

Luxulyan: one found dead Nov 22nd. R.Tonkin. GJC The fifth county mainland record — all since 1980 and all very late in the year. LITTLE EGRET — Rare passage migrant. Has 'wintered'. Mawgan Creek/: one June 8th to 11th Mr Hudd. RWB.ARP et al Par: one flew in off sea and then west Aug 31st SMC. BTSC. Hayle Est: singles Sept 1st and 19th CCB. DSF Ruan Lanihorne: one Sept 5th per BBRC The last three refer, no doubt, to the same bird. With this in mind the county mainland total moves on to 31. All accepted by BBRC.

GREY HERON — Breeds. Resident. Scarce passage migrant. Breeding was reported as follows: Trenant, East Looe (8 out of 9 nests occupied), Lerryn (6 nests), Percuil (2 nests with 8 other birds present), Borlase Wood, Philleigh (3 nests out of 8 occupied), Malpas (6 out of 17 nests occupied), Marazion (3 nests in conifer plantation and 3 in reedbed — the latter apparently having moved due to disturbance from potato planter. 8 young seen), Pinskin Creek, Camel Est. (14 nests in use). At Halvana no nests were located despite diligent searching. Of the old heronry at Bude Canal IK comments that as far as he is aware breeding no longer occurs there and of the Tamar Lake birds which apparently bred there in 1962 and 1963 he now reports that the species breeds just south of the lake in . The evidence suggests that the species was little affected by the prolonged cold spell at the beginning of the year. Max no's reported:

22 St Johns Lake: 21 Jan 5th and 16 Dec 29th. Malpas: 22 Apr 21st Percuil: 16 Jan 28th and Nov 30th Marazion: 19 Sept 19th Camel Est: 22 Sept 25th

PURPLE HERON — Vagrant

Perranporth: 2 adults flew west Sept 10th DFS The 12th and 13th county mainland record. Two together is most unusual. Full details received. WHITE STORK — Vagrant.

Goonhilly Downs: one May 31st to June 2nd ARP.EGe.MAG. The 19th county mainland record. Now recorded in three consecutive years after a six year gap.

White Stork at Polkerth, The Lizard on 2nd June 1986 Mark Golley

GLOSSY IBIS — Rare vagrant Bude : one Oct 7th and 8th GPS. Hayle Est: 5 Oct 8th. BT.ABR. St Merryn: one Oct 9th to 17th Mr R Hicks. SMC.HMC.ADC. et al. Upper Tamar Res: 2 Oct 10th to 12th with one to 20th GPS.TJD. A remarkable influx of this declining species. There are 22 previous county mainland records including a flock of 10 at Marazion in 1920. Recently there have been records only in 1975 and the famous Camel Est bird of 1964/5. Probably 6 or more birds were involved in this years influx. All accepted by BBRC.

23 SPOONBILL — Rare passage migrant and winter visitor.

Lynher Est: The 1985 bird remained until January 25th EG.SCM et al Presumably the same bird which has wintered here in each of the last 6 winters. Unfortunately it did not return at the end of the year and because of the early departure date in January it is thought that it may have perished. There have been none away from the Lynher since 1983.

MUTE SWAN — Breeds. Resident (declining?). Moulting herds in autumn. Breeding was reported as follows: 3 pairs in the Camel Est area (at Wadebridge 3 young seen May 31st but all gone June 12th. Polbrook — nest deserted. Amble Dam — nested twice — both unsuccessful, the second nest being flooded). 2 pairs at East Looe (4 and one young) . 2 pairs at Lostwithiel (1 young and success not known). Stithians Res (total of 4 young). Single pairs at Millbrook (7 young), Par (4), St Clement (4), College Res. (6), Amenity Area (7), Loe Pool (4). At Long Rock Pool 4 young hatched but owing to people feeding them bread at the new sluice, two young were swept away to the sea where they were rescued by the R.S.P.C.A. The adults took the other two cygnets to where they fledged. BP. Nests were also built at St Johns Lake, Lynher Est., West Looe River, St Andrews Pool (Par), Pentewan, Caerhays, St Just in Roseland, Swanpool, Helston Park Lake and Bude Canal but details of success are not known. At Froe Creek a nest was built and eggs laid but the pen was shot by vandals. EMP.LSP. Maximum numbers included 46 at Looe Jan 14th with 43 there Oct 14th. At Hayle Est there were 19 Jan 12th and 17 Nov 29th whilst at Camel Est there were 13 Jan 11th and 16 Dec 20th. Rather more than usual were noted at Mevagissey with a max of 18 Sept 18th. At St Johns Lake numbers were again low with no autumn build-up. 26 here Sept 27th probably included 20 from the Wye Valley released here by M.A.F.F. Unusual were 2 at Siblyback Feb 15th and 4 juveniles at Porth Res Nov 3rd to 19th.

BEWICK'S SWAN — Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant. Drift Res: adult Feb 13th ARB MPB Near Sennen: adult Feb 16th to Mar 19th LPW et al Porth Res: 2 Mar 2nd PJD Another poor year.

WHOOPER SWAN — Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant.

Marazion Marsh: immature flew over with 5 Mute Swans Mar 17th BP. Another very poor year.

WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE — Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant

Upper Tamar Res: 2 from 1985 remained until Jan 26th with one to Feb 2nd. One, probably both were Greenland race. TJD.AHJH.IK Landulph: 3 (Eurasian race) Feb 10th to 23rd PSC.RS. et al Gwithian: 4 (Greenland race) Apr 4th PAR

GREYLAG GOOSE — Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant. Camel Est: one Nov 28th to 30th and the same or another Dec 14th of the race 'A.a. anser'. PGA. DJC. SMC.

24 GREY GOOSE Sp.

Tamar Est: 4 flew north east Feb 8th PSC

SNOW GOOSE — Vagrant. Possibility of escapes and wanderers from feral stock. Lower Tamar Lake: 2 Sept 16th GPS

CANADA GOOSE — Breeds. Resident. Winter visitor and passage migrant. Crowdy Res: A pair raised 8 young PGA There were no records for January but 15 were present Feb 8th. Throughout the summer numbers remained static at 30 to 33 birds with a peak of 38 Aug 8th. There was then a decrease with none remaining Aug 26th and no further reports until 9 Nov 6th. 22 were present Dec 23rd. Tamar Lakes: No report of breeding but present all year. Maximum numbers were 25 throughout January, 18 Sept 21st and 44 Sept 29th. 38 remained at the end of the year. Colliford Res: 2 Mar 6th to Apr 5th increased to 4 the next day. On Apr 13th a nest was noted and on May 15th a pair was seen escorting 5 young. These were still present Jul 19th but not thereafter. JAdEM et al. Fleardon Fish Farm, near Launceston: 4 Mar 8th and 2 Mar 23rd. One sitting on nest Apr 22nd and a pair with 4 goslings May 4th. All six still present Jul 26th BTC. Lynher Est: Up to 42 during January but the majority absent from February to October although 6 adults were noted with 4 young Jul 12th. 41 were present during November and 52 at the end of the year. Tamar Est: 2 Apr 20th Camel Est: 5 flew over Feb 28th Par Beach: 2 Apr 11th At Helston Park Lake one was present throughout the year.

BARNACLE GOOSE — Uncommon winter visitor. Upper Tamar Res: one Sept 16th to 29th GPS. TJD Camel Est: 2 Oct 7th D.J. Cotton Porthgwarra: 2 flew south west Oct 11th DSF et al

BRENT GOOSE — Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant. In view of the weather, surprisingly few in the first winter period. Another very good — size gaggle of light-bellied birds in spring. Dark-bellied birds were recorded as follow St Johns Lake: one from 1985 to Jan 3rd. 7 Feb 27th and 12 Mar 6th. Singles Nov 15th/16th and Dec 20th to 26th. Hayle Est: 2 from 1985 to Jan 12th and one to Feb 18th. Singles Nov 1st and 30th. Mounts Bay: one Feb 21st, one Apr 27th to 29th and one west Nov 29th. Godrevy: one Feb 27th to Mar 3rd. St Just in Roseland: one Mar 4th to 17th Mawgan Porth: one Mar 15th Trevose Head: singles Mar 16th, Oct 12th and Nov 5th. Looe: one Mar 22nd and one Oct 14th to Nov 2nd. Camel Est: one Apr 30th 4 Oct 15th. Rame Head: one on the very early date Aug 30th RWG Penlee Point: 3 flew west Sept 25th St Ives: one flew west Oct 23rd Maer Lake, Bude: one Nov 18th Par and Porthpean: one Dec 28th

25 Light-bellied birds were recorded as follows St Johns Lake: 6 Jan 5th and 5 remaining to Feb 27th BW.SCM.MDR.KT et al 4 (3 definitely pale) Dec 23rd AHJH Camel Est: one Apr 21st JMB.SMC. 2 Nov 23rd SMC.ADC.HMC.BTSC.MJC Par Beach: 18 May 1st SMC.ABR. one May 4th SMC.AHJH. Marazion: one Sept 20th/21st CCB.SMC.EJC.BP.LW.

RUDDY SHELDUCK — Vagrant. Escapee from collections. Par: female/juvenile Aug 8th and 17th to 21st RL SHELDUCK — Breeds. Resident. Winter visitor. Passage migrant.

Breeding reports were received from: St Johns Lake (broods of 7 and 4), Lynher Est (12 young), Polbathic (5) Ruan Lanihorne (16), Percuil, Calenick (3), Gweek (9), Creek Stephen (8), Mawgan-in- Meneage (4), Hayle Est (23 + ), Copperhouse (10) and Camel Est (35+ from 5 + broods). Max no's: Lynher Est: 150 Jan 25th. 167 Dec 23rd. St Johns Lake: 323 Jan 25th. 307 Mar 13th. 260 Dec 28th. Percuil: 132 Feb 4th. 52 Dec 27th. Truro River: 150 Feb 26th Camel Est: 342 Feb 10th. 120 Dec 14th Elsewhere there were 60 at Devoran Jan 20th to Feb 4th, 65 at Ruan Lanihorne Mar 9th and 94 at Hayle Est Mar 9th, although there was a combined total of 132 at Hayle Est/Copperhouse Mar 15th. None were noted from Oct 17th to Nov 13th and apart from those sites listed there were no other gatherings in excess of 30. The most unusual report of the year concerned two juveniles on Davidstow Airfield Aug 26th.

WIGEON — Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Despite the long freeze there was no repeat of the 1985 influx. In fact there was a decrease on the numbers present late in 1985. At Hayle Est where there had been 1500 Dec 22nd 1985 there had been a massive reduction to 720 Jan 12th and only 439 Feb 9th. At Lynher Est where there had been 500-600 in December 1985 there were only 200 Jan 12th and 460 Jan 26th. Elsewhere the max were: St Johns Lake: 260 Jan 6th. Colliford Res: 140 Jan 6th. 220 Jan 25th. 301 Mar 3rd. Stithians Res: 450 Jan 2nd. 370 Feb 19th. 350 Mar 1st. Camel Est: 360 Jan 8th. 510 Feb 19th. Ruan Lanihorne: 250 Feb 2nd. 500 Feb 18th. Maer Lake: 120 Jan 21st. 131 Feb 2nd. Loe Pool: 200 Jan 30th. Almost all birds had left by mid March but there were the usual late spring stragglers. A male remained at Stithians until May 13th, one stayed at Hayle Est until Jun 1st and one dropped in at Colliford on the unlikely date of Jun 29th. First in autumn were 4 at Camel Est Jul 15th followed by one at Stithians Res Aug 14th. There were several more reports for August including a record count for the month of 250 at Hayle Est on 27th. These moved quickly on, but there was another small influx in mid September. Both of these influxes followed gales. Max no's in second half of the year: St Johns Lake: 550 Oct 12th. 600 Oct 27th. 700 Oct 31st. Lynher Est: 500 Oct 15th. There was a combined total of 1250 Dec 14th at these two sites.

26 Hayle Est: 810 Nov 20th. 1000 Dec 7th to 21st. 1200 Dec 29th. Elsewhere flocks were very small with max. of 77 at Camel Est and 96 at Stithians. AMERICAN WIGEON — Rare vagrant Hayle Est/Copperhouse: immature male Nov 2nd into 1987. PGA.DJC.RJT. et al The only previous county mainland records occurred in 1981. Those records have recently been reviewed and a summary appears under BBRC decisions.

GADWALL — Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Regular reports were received for both winter periods for the following sites: Hayle Est: noted until Mar 9th with max 11 Mar 4th and from Sept 14th with max 5 Dec 27th. Loe Pool: up to 5 January. 3 May 3rd and 3 Nov 16th to Dec 6th. Upper Tamar Res: 5 Jan 4th, 6 Feb 2nd. 3 Nov 20th. Camel Est: noted until Feb 27th with max 16 Jan 15th and from Aug 28th with max 4 on that date. Stithians Res: up to 5 until Feb 2nd male Mar 13th. Up to 4 Sept 7th to Oct 25th. Elsewhere in the first winter and spring there were regular reports from Drift Res (max 20 Feb 20th to 22nd ), Par (max 4), Tamar Est (4), Colliford Res (1), Par (4), Truro River (4), Hayle Kimbro Pool (6), Marazion Marsh (14 Mar 5th) and Crowdy Res (2). Last in spring were two at Colliford Jun 29th and first in autumn was a female at Stithians Aug 18th. Elsewhere in the autumn and second winter period there were regular reports from: Tamar Est (7 Dec 29th), Lynher Est (1), Dozmary Pool (6 Oct 17th), Colliford Res. (4 Oct 17th), Par (2), Hayle Kimbro Pool (2), Helston (1), Pendeen (one flew east Sept 13th) and Crowdy Res (4).

TEAL — Occasionally breeds. Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Breeding may have occurred at Crowdy Res. where a pair were noted May 13th with the male present to at least Jun 12th. Maximum numbers: Truro River: 200 Jan 2nd. 100 Nov 20th. Stithians Res: 170 Jan 2nd. 200 Feb 4th. 80 Sept 11th. Maer Lake: 127 Jan 2nd. 105 Dec 25th. Upper Tamar Res: 160 Jan 4th. 100 Oct 11th. Hayle Est: 370 Jan 12th. 175 Oct 4th. 283 Nov 29th. 320 Dec 3rd. Colliford Res: 406 Jan 12th. 100 Sept 3rd. 127 Oct 9th. 263 Dec 14th. Lynher Est: 200 Jan 25th. 120 Dec 24th. Elsewhere in the first winter period the following max were recorded: Millbrook (70), Devoran (70), Drift Res (59), Porth Res (40) and Camel Est (42). Elsewhere in the second winter period the following max were recorded: Millbrook (63), Ruan Lanihorne (110 Oct 17th), Devoran (50), Restronguet (73), Loe Pool (220 Dec 6th but only Dec 26th), Camel Est (45) and Crowdy Res (74).

GREEN-WINGED TEAL — Vagrant. Drakes showing characteristics of the North American race of Teal 'A.c. carolinensis' were noted as follows: Stithians Res: the 1985 bird remained until Jan 29th and from Apr 21st to 27th. No reports were received for the intervening dates. Also Nov 15th RL Porth Res: one Mar 8th JD St Johns Lake: one Oct 19th AHJH All accepted by BBRC.

27 MALLARD — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

There were reports of breeding from the regular sites with max of 6 broods at Crowdy Res and 5 broods at Colliford Res. Maximum numbers: Upper Tamar Res: 200 Jan 4th. 155 Sept 12th. Colliford Res: 245 Jan 12th. 100 Jun 28th. 200 Aug 7th. 300 Sept 3rd. 302 Oct 9th. 233 Dec 14th. Camel Est: 75 Feb 10th. 79 Dec 4th. Stithians Res: 100 Jan 20th to Feb 4th. 152 Oct 9th. Looe: 75 Jan 11th Loe Pool: 70 Jan 13th. 229 Dec 6th. Par: 60 Feb 1st. 85 Aug 31st. Crowdy Res: 73 Jun 6th. 144 Aug 3rd. 282 Aug 23rd. 300 Sept 12th. 50 Nov 1st. Ruan Lanihorne: 148 Sept 13th. Porth Mear: 87 Oct 13th.

PINTAIL — Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Occasionally breeds. The run of poor years continues. No information received on the breeding birds at Tresillian this year. Lynher Est: max of 21 Jan 11th and 20 Dec 31st. Stithians Res: female Jan 2nd. drake Apr 8th to 18th and a female Dec 22nd. Upper Tamar Res: 2 drakes Jan 3rd and 4th. Camel Est: female Jan 8th. 2 Sept 30th/Oct 1st. drake Oct 16th to 20th. 2 females Dec 15th. St Johns Lake: 12 Jan 19th. one Feb 16th and 4 Mar 8th. one Sept 10th. Marazion Marsh: regular Feb 21st to Mar 9th with max 7 on last date. Drift Res: 2 Feb 24th. Hayle Est: 2 drakes Mar lst/2nd. Hayle Kimbro Pool: female Mar 15th. Ruan Lanihorne: 14 Mar 9th. (possibly a record count here). Crowdy Res: drake Oct 16th to 31st. Pintail x Mallard hybrids Birds considered to be hybrids of these two species were noted at Millbrook Lake Apr 19th to Jun 1st AHJM.SCM et al and Crowdy Res: Apr 29th BTC. The Millbrook bird has been resident on the River Plym, Devon since early 1984.

GARGANEY — Scarce passage migrant with numbers fluctuating from year to year. Occasionally breeds. Another poor spring but fair numbers in autumn. Upper Fowey Valley: drake and duck Mar 11th JAdEM Scadghill, Bude: one flew over Apr 28th TJD Marazion Marsh/Long Rock Pool: one Aug 31st to Sept 14th DSF.JGT. et al and one Oct 17th MK Hayle Est: one Sept 19th DSF. Eclipse drake and duck Oct 11th with one to 14th. PGA.DSF.CCB. Stithians Res: 2 females Sept 22nd to 28th and one to Oct 5th. JD.JAJ.JEM.PWS. Drift Res: one Oct 18th DSF. No doubt there was a good deal of duplication of the same birds at the various sites.

BLUE-WINGED TEAL — Rare vagrant. Near Sennen: two Sept 26th to Oct 5th with one to at least Oct 9th. DSF et al.

28 The eleventh and twelfth county mainland records — all since 1976. Accepted by BBRC.

SHOVELER — Winter visitor. Passage migrant.

In the first part of the year few were noted in January, with even less in February. There was a fair-sized influx early in March and a very small spring passage in April. In autumn there were several reports in August, very few in September and October and no winter arrivals of note until mid December. Regular reports in both winter periods came from: Par Beach Pool: up to 6 until Mar 26th but only one record of a female Sept 11th in the second half of the year. Loe Pool: one Jan 4th. 16 Mar 8th. one Apr 12th. 2 Dec 6th. Marazion Marsh: noted Jan 18th to Apr 15th with max of 29 Feb 16th but up to 19 regular, one Aug 27th to Sept 11th. 4 Nov 16th. Tamar Lakes: 3 Jan 4th. 2 Aug 20th to 23rd. Hayle Est: 2 Mar 2nd. one Oct 2nd. 4 Nov 29th, 2 Dec 3rd and 6 Dec 7th. Elsewhere in the first winter period the max were: Colliford (2), Crowan Res (2), Hayle Kimbro Pool (15 Mar 8th), Drift Res (2) near Sennen (one), Trevose Head (2), Camel Est (two singles). In spring possibly the same pair were noted at Duckpool, Maer Lake and Tamar Lake Apr 4th. First in autumn was a female at Crowdy Aug 3rd. At Camel Est there were up to three Aug 18th to Sept 4th, 3 Nov 19th and Dec 15th to 23rd. The only other sites attracting the species in the second winter period were Lynher Est. (6) and St Johns Lake (5).

POCHARD — Winter visitor. Passage migrant.

After high numbers in 1985 a return to normal this year with max. Par/St Andrews Pools: 54 Jan 1st. 32 Dec 26th. Stithians Res: 27 Feb 2nd. 40 Dec 24th Upper Tamar Res: 90 Jan 4th. 30 Dec 22nd. Colliford Res: 100 Jan 6th. 188 Mar 3rd. 83 Nov 15th, 134 Dec 14th. Loe Pool: 50 Jan 15th. 117 Nov 16th. 45 Dec 6th. Drift Res: 25 Jan 28th. No other sites held more than 25 birds in either winter period. There were several reports of birds turning up in unusual places including eight drakes on the sea off Pendennis Point, Falmouth Feb 21st. Several birds stayed late into May and June and a female remained at Par throughout the year, whilst two or three drakes summered at Stithians. Surely it is only a matter of time before a pair breeds in the county. (A pair was suspected of breeding at Crowdy Res. in 1977 after young were seen accompanying a female and three drakes). In the autumn and second winter period unusual reports included 9 flying west at St Ives Oct 10th and 13 flying east at Trevose Head Nov 5th.

RING-NECKED DUCK — Rare vagrant. The first four records refer no doubt to the same wandering individuals. Drift Res: the two birds from 1985 remained here until Mar 2nd. MO Trevorrian Pool: pair Jan 5th, Mar 2nd and 27th. Female Mar 16th. Marazion Marsh: drake Jan 19th and 23rd. Pair Mar 24th to 28th. Female Mar 31st. Skewjack: Pair Mar 15th, drake Mar 16th. In December a drake was at Drift Dec 21st and 27th into 1987, DSF.BRF. The first winter records accepted by BBRC.

29 TUFTED DUCK — Breeds in low no's. Winter visitor. Passage migrant. Breeding occurred at Crowdy Res where a female with 7 duckling was seen Jul 13th and another brood of two were seen Jul 26th. DJC.JAdEM Largest concentrations this year occurred in January with a substantial decrease in February and a very light spring passage. In addition to the breeding site, Par Stithians and Colliford Res held birds in mid-summer. Autumn passage was slow and apart from the late August flock at Loe Pool, large numbers were scarce until December. Max no's. Par: 26 Jan 1st. 12 Dec 26th. Upper Tamar Res: 101 Jan 4th. 63 Mar 30th. 34 Dec 22nd. Loe Pool: 50 Jan 4th. 31 Apr 1st. 55 Aug 31st. 58 Dec 6th. Drift Res: 37 Jan 4th Colliford Res: 60 Jan 6th. 80 Jan 25th. 55 Mar 3rd. 40 Dec 4th. Swanpool: 39 Feb 10th. 20 Dec 30th Porth Res: 42 Feb 12th. 33 Dec 17th. Siblyback Res: 26 Feb 24th. 15 Nov 28th Stithians Res: 34 Apr 18th. 24 Jul 29th 35 Dec 14th. No other site held more than 20 in either winter period.

SCAUP — Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant.

Another good year with a substantial influx in the first winter period, most notably in mid-February. Most moved quickly through with few remaining at the end of that month. Highest numbers were recorded in March after the thaw. 21 sites attracted birds in the first winter and spring. The total number of birds involved was 40 to 50, mainly singles, but with higher concentrations as follows: Regular at Drift (max 6 Feb 22nd and 7 Mar 27th), Marazion (max 2 Mar 5th to 16th), Trevorrian (max 5 Mar 16th to 23rd) and St Johns Lake (max 2 Mar 9th to 16th). Single day maxima were 5 at Stithians Jan 11th and 4 at Skewjack Mar 15th. Last in spring were single drakes at Loe Pool May 25th/26th and Camel Est Jun 18th to 20th. First in autumn were two females at Loe Pool Aug 16th. There then followed reports from 10 localities involving not more than 15 birds. All reports were of singles with the exception of up to 3 at Lynher Est Nov 20th into 1987, two females at Camel Est Oct 25th and two, one a drake, at Porth Res Nov 19th to 26th.

EIDER — Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant. A few summer. St Austell Bay: 3 from 1985 until Jan 28th. Immature drake remaining to May 20th. 2 females May 1st. Immature drake again Sept 17th. Drake Dec 21st. 5 (one drake) Dec 26th and joined by another drake Dec 28th. Newquay: female from 1985 was joined by another Feb 8th and both stayed to Mar 30th. Mounts Bay: 2 females Jan 3rd to Feb 9th. Drake Feb 19th. Up to 9 regular Mar 11th to May 3rd with 4 to Jun 3rd. 2 females Dec 6th. Mevagissey: (3 (2 drakes), Jan 5th. St Ives Bay: one Jan 10th to 17th. 2 (one drake) Feb 12th to Apr 18th. Camel Est: female Jan 12th to Apr 10th. Imm. drake Dec 7th. 3 Dec 11th and 4 Dec 20th. Carrick Roads: 5 (2 drakes) Jan 12th to Feb 12th. 3 Feb 19th, 4 Feb 25th to 28th, 6 Mar 4th and 4 Mar 6th. : 9 Feb 2nd. Portscatho: 2 Mar 16th. Hemmick Beach, Gorran Haven: 2 drakes Mar 17th. Pendennis Point, Falmouth: 6 (one drake) Apr 1st. : female Jul 6th.

30 : 2 females Aug 15th. Perranuthnoe: 10 Dec 26th;

KING EIDER — Exceptionally rare vagrant. Portscatho: female Jan 17th to Mar 16th. RL.SMC.ADC.HMC.PR.RS. et al The first record of this high Arctic species for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. This is an exceptionally rare species in with probably less than 10 records this century. (It is an annual vagrant to a number of localities in Scotland.) Accepted by BBRC. LONG-TAILED DUCK — Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant. A strange year. Several had overwintered from 1985. There were two late spring records, none in the second winter but an unseasonal July record. Whitsand Bay: one from 1985 to Apr 3rd. Siblyback: one from 1985 to April 13th. Porthpean: one from 1985 to Apr 25th. Caerhays: one from 1985 to Jan 31st and at nearby Portholland Feb 18th before returning to Caerhays Feb 26th. Loe Pool: 2 from 1985 to May 3rd. Mounts Bay: one frequented Harbour from 1985 to Feb 4th. Camel Est: one from 1985 to Mar 24th Cot Valley: 3 Jan 6th DJS Dozmary: drake Jan 20th was probably the Siblyback bird. BTC Sennen Cove: 3 Jan 26th to Mar 11th were no doubt the Cot birds. LPW.CCB.DSF.RL. Gerrans Bay: drake Feb 2nd. AHJH. Mullion Cove: drake Mar 12th/13th. EGe Colliford Res: drake May 1st DJC Carluddon Clay Pit. Stenalees: drake in summer plumage May 15th SMC St Johns Lake: one Jul 29th KT

COMMON SCOTER — Winter visitor. Passage migrant. A few summer. A very interesting year. In the first winter period and spring there were reports from 22 sites, 17 on south coast and 5 on the north coast. In the second winter period and autumn there were reports from 26 sites, 15 on the south coast and 11 on the north coast. In St Austell Bay there were records in every month but numbers were generally low with max of 20 Jan 1st and 25 June 4th and Aug 10th. In the Whitsnad Bay/Rame Head area there were records for every month except October and December with max of 25 Jan 25th, 34 May 25th, 60 west Jun 7th and 17 Sept 3rd. Elsewhere in the first winter the max were 30 in Mounts Bay, 14 in Veryan Bay and 15 in Gerrans Bay — all Jan 17th and 22 off Bossinney Feb 18th. Spring passage was evident from Mar 12th to May 25th with max of 21 at Bude Apr 12th and 30 there May 11th, 30 of Porthgwarra Apr 24th and 30 east off Newquay May 9th. Autumn passage apparently commenced with the 60 west at Rame Head Jun 7th and proved to be particularly pronounced this year. At Pentewan 9 were first noted Jun 4th to 10th. On 11th 45 were present, sitting on the sea whilst 150 in flocks of 40, 50 and 60 flew west in 1/4 hour. High numbers were then noted here until Jul 28th with max of 180 Jul 14th, 105 Jul 19th and 100 Jul 24th RL. Elsewhere there were some fair-sized concentrations including 49 at Rosemullion Head Jun 20th, 72 west at Bass Point Aug 7th, 22 west at Cape Cornwall and 42 west at St Ives the same day and 23 west at Pendeen Aug 26th. September/October flocks were much smaller with a max of 33 west at St Ives Oct 23rd.

31 In the second winter period the species was notably scarce with regular reports only from St Austell Bay. Other max included 12 west in Gerrans Bay Dec 23rd and 24 west at Bass Point Dec 27th.

VELVET SCOTER — Rare winter visitor and passage migrant.

A very good year with possibly the widest scatter of records ever and the best year total in more than 20 years. In the first winter period there were birds at: Whitsand Bay: the 5 from 1985 remained to Mar 8th and 3 to Apr 12th MO Percuil: drake Jan 29th to Feb 1st. One Feb 18th to Mar 2nd. CCB.RL.GRW.MW. St Just in Roseland: 2 drakes Feb 12th to 17th with 3 Feb 18th CCB.DSF.LSP.EMP St Anthony Head: 3 drakes flew east Feb 19th. 3 different drakes around until Mar 4th and 4 drakes Mar 8th. RL.DSF.CCB St Austell Bay: 2 (one drake) Feb 6th to 21st with the drake remaining to 27th. 4 Mar 10th RL.EG. Newquay. 2 (one drake) Feb 13th with the drake remaining to Mar 1st. TMC.SMC.EJC.JH. et al Veryan Bay: drake Feb 14th to 18th PHA.SJC.RL St Johns Lake: 2 drakes Feb 16th SGC St Ives/Carbis Bay: 2 drakes Feb 16th. 3 drakes Feb 19th to 26th, 2 to Mar 10th and one to Mar 13th. LPW.CCB.DSF.TMC. Mounts Bay: drake Feb 16th to 21st and 2 to Mar 7th PGA.DJC.CCB et al In late autumn 3 flew west in Veryan Bay Nov 2nd RL, a drake flew west off Trevose Head Nov 5th, SMC one was on the Lynher Est Nov 23rd AHJH, a female was off Bude Dec 22nd IK and a male flew north in Widemouth Bay Dec 26th IK.

GOLDENEYE — Winter visitor. Passage migrant. There were records from 27 sites in the first winter period and spring and from 15 sites in autumn and the second winter period. There were regular reports at both ends of the year from: Carrick Roads: noted until Mar 29th with max of 25 Jan 29th increasing to 42 Feb 18th and 46 Feb 25th but only one after Mar 12th. Also one Nov 15th, 6 Dec 28th and 25 Dec 30th. The ratio of males to females in both winter periods was roughly 1 to 8. Camel Est: noted until Apr 10th with 8 Jan 25th increasing to 18 Feb 7th, 19 Feb 19th and 22 Feb 27th. Noted from Oct 22nd with max of 5 Dec 14th. Hayle Est: noted until Mar 9th with max 7 Jan 25th increasing to 12 Feb 11th. Noted from Nov 16th with max of 3 Dec 20th on. Stithians Res: noted until Apr 24th with max of 9 Feb 4th and 14 Mar 13th and from Oct 17th with max 8 Nov 15th. Loe Pool: noted until Mar 1st with max 4 Jan 30th and from Nov 3rd with max 5 Nov 16th. Upper Tamar Res: 15 Feb 2nd. 15 Mar 30th. 14 Apr 9th. 9 Dec 22nd. Elsewhere in the first winter period there were regular reports from. St Johns Lake (max 6), Colliford (15), Tresillian (3) and Drift Res (2). Last in spring were 4 at Crowdy Res Apr 29th and one at Colliford May 1st. First in autumn were 2 at Par and one at Millbrook Sept 28th. There were no more until Oct 17th. Apart from the sites already mentioned there were few reports with the only other gathering of note being 5 at Ruan Lanihorne Dec 29th.

SMEW — Scarce winter visitor.

A return to normal after the excesses of 1985. Colliford Res: redhead Jan 12th. 4 (one drake) Mar 3rd. 5 (one drake) Mar 4th with one redhead to Mar 16th JAdEM.JH.BTC.RL Siblyback Res: redhead Jan 13th to Feb 5th (no doubt the above bird). 3 (one drake)

32 Feb 24th. 2 redheads Mar 2nd and one Mar 9th AMJD.JAdEM.REW.RL.MPF et al Loe Pool: redhead Jan 30th JRE Lynher Est: 2 (one drake) Feb 9th SCM Other reports recieved but lacking description.

RED-BREASTED MERGANSER — Winter visitor. Uncommon passage migrant. There were reports from 18 sites in the first winter period and spring and 9 in autumn and the second winter period. As in 1985 the number overwintering was low but there was a reasonable influx in mid February and a big increase in Carrick Roads late in March. Regular reports in both winter periods came from: Carrick Roads: noted until Apr 16th with max of 45 Jan 29th, 48 Feb 25th, 65 Mar 25th and 35 Apr 1st. From Nov 3rd with max 52 Dec 31st. Camel Est: noted until May 2nd with max 6 Feb 27th to Mar 2nd and 5 Apr 18th. There was also a brownhead Nov 8th into 1987. Lynher Est: noted until Apr 3rd with max of 10 Jan 25th, 15 Feb 20th and 8 Mar 9th. From Nov 10th with max Dec 21st. St Johns Lake: noted until Mar 13th with max 7 Feb 1st and from Nov 18th with max 7 Dec 31st. Elsewhere in the first half of the year there were regular reports from Percuil, involving, no doubt, birds from Carrick Roads and peaking at 25 Feb 11th. In the Truro and Tresillian River area there were almost daily sightings from Jan 26th to Apr 19th with a max of 7 at Truro Mar 2nd. Most other reports concerned singles although there were 6 at Feb 14th to Mar 18th and 3 at Mar 3rd. Last in spring was the Camel Est bird of May 2nd and first in autumn were 2 at St Johns Lake Oct 12th. Apart from those previously mentioned and 2 in St Ives Bay Nov 30th, all reports in the second winter were of singles.

GOOSANDER — Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant. Another good year but not in the same league as 1985 and 1979. Brownheads unless stated otherwise: Siblyback Res: the five from 1985 had increased to 6 Jan 2nd and all remained to Jan 25th. There was a decrease to 4 until Feb 2nd and only 2 Feb 5th. There were no more reports until a male arrived Mar 2nd. JAdEM.EG.RS.MPF. et al. Colliford Res: Jan 11th and Mar 8th to 16th. JAdEM Quintrell Downs Res: 2 Jan 23rd PJD (A most unusual locality). Upper Tamar Res: Feb 2nd IK and Dec 28th/29th BRF.IK. Stithians Res: Feb 2nd to Mar 13th. CNT.JAJ.JEM Porth Res: drake Feb 12th PJD.RP Par: drake flew north Feb 16th KT Newlyn: drake Mar 3rd ARP.GRW.MW Drift Res: Mar 7th to 9th CCB.LPW. Crowdy Res: 2 (one drake) Mar 10th increasing to 6 (3 drakes) Mar 17th but only 3 (one drake) Mar 30th. JAdEM.BTC.AMJD. 4 Dec 26th AMJD Camel Est: Oct 17th to 24th PGA.DJC.DJn.ML Unfortuntely it has once again been necessary to omit a few reports which were not accompanied by a description. 1985 Record Crowdy Res: one brownhead Oct 26th MRAB RUDDY DUCK — Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant. Siblyback Res: female Jan 2nd to Feb 24th. JAdEM.RL.SMC. et al

33 Loe Pool: fem/immature Feb 15th to Mar 2nd. JSG.ARP Marazion Marsh/Long Rock Pool: 2 fems/imms. Mar 2nd to Mar 12th and one Mar 13th. BP.CCB.RL.MSW Recorded in every year since the first county record in 1977.

HONEY BUZZARD — Rare passage migrant. Morwenstowe: one flew east May 3rd Mr & Mrs BL Rame Head: a pale bird flew north May 31st AHJH Perranporth: 2 adults with 3 immatures thought to be juveniles feeding in a field Sept 10th to 19th DFS Full details have been received of this amazing record. A report of 11 flying west over Forrabury, Boscastle the same day was unfortunately not sufficiently well documented for complete acceptance, despite the observers familiarity with the species in Europe, but is worthy of note in view of the Perranporth record. CGL.MEL.

RED KITE — Rare passage migrant and winter visitor. Bodmin: one Mar 6th NFH. St Germans: 2 Mar 15th and 16th with one to Mar 26th. AHJH.EG.RS.JH. Near Lostwithiel: one Apr 13th EJC.R.Lee Near : one Jun 2nd BA Gunnislake: one Aug 7th Mr & Mrs J. Gillam per SCM

MARSH HARRIER — Scarce passage migrant. Cot Valley: fem/imm. May 2nd RA.DSF.PH.VRT Trevose Head: fem/imm. May 3rd GJU Ladock Wood: fem. May 11th GHT Skewjack: fem. May 30th DSF. M.Latham Other reports received with little or no description.

HEN HARRIER — Scarce winter visitor. Uncommon passage migrant. Records are grouped into the four main wintering areas, followed by casual sightings at other localities. Mid-Cornwall moors: The Tregonetha roost was used regularly until Mar 16th with a maximum of 6 (4 males) Feb 1st. One of the males was at Castle-an-dinas Jan 6th and one of the ringtails was at Jan 14th. Presumably a male from this roost was at Whitecross Jan 25th. In the second winter period the first bird was a male Dec 3rd. At least four birds were then noted to the end of the year. : Very poor first winter with only one female regular until Feb 14th and single ringtails Mar 30th and Apr 25th. In autumn a single male at Upper Fowey Valley Sept 29th. West moors: The roost near Zennor was apparently used only by a ringtail in January and March but 5 including 2 males were regular throughout February. At Boswednack there were single females Jan 8th and 22nd, Feb 7th and Apr 8th whilst a male was noted Feb 25th and Mar 2nd. Males were also noted at Trevorrian Jan 9th, St Buryan Jan 16th and Feb 1st. Ringtails were noted at Amalveor Downs Jan 23rd, Sennen Mar 15th and 16th, Whitecross, Penzance Mar 15th and 17th. In autumn and the second winter the first was a male at Boswednack Sept 28th and possibly the same bird at Trewey Oct 4th. There were no more reports until Nov 22nd when three first winter males were at the roost site. On Dec 6th there were 2 males and a ringtail at the roost but on Dec 29th only a ringtail. Lizard peninsula: A poor year here with regular reports of single males to Apr 4th and a single female/ringtail Jan 16th, Feb 2nd and Mar 8th. There were no reports in the latter half of the year. Elsewhere there were single ringtails at Stithians Jan 5th, Upper Tamar Res. Feb

34 2nd, Camel Est Feb 9th, Smith Mar 3rd and Black Rock Mar 16th and 17th whilst a male was at Pitt, near Jan 31st. Spring migrants included a ringtail at Stithians Apr 4th, a male and a female at St Agnes May 2nd and a male at Penlee Point May 3rd. In autumn a male was at Camel Est Oct 17th and 18th and a ringtail was at Porth Mear Nov 12th.

MONTAGU'S HARRIER — Rare passage migrant. Has bred.

North Cliffs: male May 1st PAR Madron: female May 4th RA.PH.VRT Near Zennor: ringtail May 15th CCB Gwithian: female May 15th LPW Porthgwarra: one May 18th CCB.LPW.

GOSHAWK — Rare passage migrant and winter visitor. Skewjack: two (a male and a female displaying) Apr 26th CCB. Several other reports received, but despite the calibre of the observers concerned none was considered to be sufficiently well documented for acceptance. All reports were circulated for consideration by a number of very experienced birders.

SPARROWHAWK — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Apparently remains well distributed throughout the county apart from in the Helston and Lizard area where records are sparse. Kills reported included a Chiffchaff at Par Apr 10th LAS, a Collared Dove at Quintrell Downs Jul 2nd PJD and a Redshank at Camel Est Jul 10th DJC Other interesting reports included one chasing a Green Woodpecker Mar 16th RDP and one on a Woodpigeon in the road at Colan Aug 27th PJD.

BUZZARD — Breeds. Resident Passage migrant. No reports of any decline. At St Just in Roseland EMP.LSP. Report that the strong position has been maintained. Most interesting were a number of reports from east and south east Cornwall of larger than normal gatherings in March and April. On Mar 16th there were 25 at Clapper, near ., 18 at Grove, Saltash, 12 at Cotehele, 11 at Callington and 10 at Halton Quay. The following day there were 10 in the air over Camel Est. Other concentrations included 9 at Harrowbarrow Apr 13th, 8 at Upper Fowey Valley Mar 8th and 7 at Apr 24th. EG.PSC.RS. et al. RS comments that many of these birds were probably returning to high-ground breeding areas having been pushed off by the freeze. Near up to 22 were watched feeding in a field which had been planted with a forage crop of rape or turnip and which had only recently emerged. CGB. At Marsland Mouth 20 birds were in a field Nov 10th. Lesser numbers were present into December with none Dec 23rd. At Keybridge, near a distinctive individual with several secondaries missing was seen for the eleventh consecutive year JGT. There was a small influx of very pale birds, particularly in autumn. There were singles at Colliford May 13th, Par from Sept into 1987, St Eval September into 1987, Egloshayle Sept 22nd, Camel Est and Mount Joy.

OSPREY — Scarce passage migrant. Tamar Est: one Aug 31st RS Rame Head: one flew west Sept 5th JAdEM et al Hayle Est: one Sept 12th SMC Fish Farm: one Sept 15th NS per EGe

35 Camel Est: one Oct 10th to 16th. PGA.PJD.EGe. 1985 Hayle Est: one Apr 8th MAG KESTREL — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Very little information received. Migrants may have included two very tired birds at Lizard Oct 8th. The maximum reported were 7 at Trevose Head Sept 9th and 6 at Rame Head Sept 26th.

Kills reported included a Slow Worm at Porthleven May 27th DE.

MERLIN — Winter visitor. Scarce passage migrant. In the first winter period there were reports from 15 localities but the species was regular only at Tregonetha where one or two were noted until Mar 2nd and in the Colliford to Upper Fowey Valley area where singles were noted on several dates until Mar 16th. At Treisaac, near St Columb, where there was a very large finch flock up to two were noted in close attendance Jan 7th to 19th. Elsewhere in January singles were reported from St Johns Lake, Camel Est., Ennisworgey (St Columb), Cape Cornwall and Trelissick. In February there were singles at Kynance, Ladock, Portscatho, Liskeard and Gyllyngvase (Falmouth). There were more in March after the thaw with singles at 10 sites and in April with seven sites. The last in spring were one at Colliford Apr 24th and a female at Crowdy Res. May 21st. The first in autumn was also a female at Crowdy Aug 22nd followed by a small influx of seven birds from Sept 14th to the end of the month. Autumn passage was the poorest for many years with records of c.32 birds at 24 localities. All records were of singles apart from 2 at Lizard Oct 12th and 2 at Colliford Nov 2nd. Of the 32 birds, 6 moved through on Oct 4th and 5 moved through on Oct 11th. This passage persisted to mid-November. Although there were records from Goonhilly, Barripper, Pendeen, Camel Est and Copperhouse during the last week of November, the only December sightings were singles at the last named site on 5th and at Tregonetha where a male was regular from 13th into 1987. HOBBY — Scarce passage migrant. Occasionally breeds.

A very good year, but with no evidence of breeding. All singles: Cot Valley: May 8th LPW and a juvenile Sept 6th CCB : May 19th ARP Helman Tor: May 26th, Jun 12th, Jul 18th, 22nd and 24th, Aug 27th RL Goonhilly: Jun 2nd and 13th ARP Lanivet: Jun 2nd SMC Near Zennor: female Jun 5th CCB Camel Est: Jun 6th DJC Bodmin Moor: Jun 22nd JD Near Kynanace: Jun 29th and 30th EGe ARP and a juvenile Sept 26th BC.ARP Marazion Marsh: one in off the sea Jul 2nd BP St Columb: adult Jul 21st SMC.CM Zennor: Aug 22nd CGL.MEL Navaz Point: Aug 23rd PAR Landulph: Aug 28th NJC St Eval: Aug 30th SMC Porthgwarra: Sept 10th to 18th and Oct 1st DSF.NRR.CCB.LPW et al Crowdy Res: immature chasing Starlings Sept 11th IK Near Rame Head: adult catching butterflies Sept 11th IK Perranporth: adult Sept 21st DFS

36 Freathy: Sept 26th RWG The Lizard: Oct 17th BC As usual it has been necessary to omit a number of reports because of insufficient or complete lack of documentation.

GYR FALCON — Very rare vagrant Penlee Point: adult Greenland race Oct 16th RWG Accepted by BBRC. The ninth county mainland record and the first since 1965.

PEREGRINE — Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Very well reported as always, with records from over 90 localities in all corners of the county. 'Kills' reported include Song Thrush and Oystercatcher. At St Ives on Aug 26th an immature arrived off the sea and made 21 unsuccessful attempts to catch a Storm Petrel, before continuing westwards. DSF Probably the same bird was also noted chasing a Storm Petrel off Pendeen the same day. VRT On Jan 15th one was seen to stoop on a Shag which just managed to dive in time. BP At Camel Est on Oct 2nd a juvenile was seen to stoop at a Black-tailed Godwit which was feeding in shallow water on the mudflats. The godwit crouched down and appeared to immerse completely in the water. This occurred three times before the Peregrine gave up. The godwit was apparently stunned. AL

Peregrine Daniel Cole

RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE — Breeds. Scarce resident. Feral release.

Trobus Farm, Ladock: singles Jan 22nd and Mar 30th. JD

37 Trevemper, Newquay: a pair Feb 17th SMC Near Trerulefoot: 5 Mar 8th KW (The first Caradon record — although Chukar was not eliminated). St Anthony Head: one Mar 12th RL Near Tideford: singles Mar 16th and Aug 27th EG.PSM. (The second and third Caradon records. In the case of the second bird Chukar was again not eliminated). Rumford: pair reared 5 young. SMC Launceston: one Oct 5th AMJD Crantock: one Oct 6th and 9th ACH.BW. Navax Point: one Oct 30th CNT Leedstown: one picked up from the road but flew off again Nov 28th. RB Davidstow: 2 mid-December into 1987. AJB All Cornish birds need to be carefully scrutinised owing to the fact that the very similar Chukar is being widely put down for shooting purposes in southern England. SCM.

GREY PARTRIDGE — Breeds. Declining resident. The general decline continues — 1986 being exceptionally poor for the species. Wet, cold springs and summers combined with a loss of breeding habitat could lead to the virtual disappearance of the species in Cornwall. 60°/o of all records received referred to birds seen in the north coast belt between Goonhavern and Pentire Point. There were no reports from the Lands End peninsula and the only report from The Lizard involved a pair near Kynance Aug 20th. The largest coveys reported were 25 at Camel Est (no date), 10 at St Eval Jan 11th, 10 at Bedruthan Steps Sept 7th, 12 at Ruan Lanihorne Dec 6th.

QUAIL — Occasionally breeds. Scarce passage migrant and summer visitor. Rame Head: singles May 10th and 21st. RWG.AHJH. Another very poor year despite a relatively good year nationally.

PHEASANT — Breeds. Resident. Ferel release. Very few records received. Oddly plumaged birds included a melanistic male at Caerhays Jan 31st, a cream female at Nare head during April, an all-white female at St Germans May 3rd, Nov 30th and early December and two leucistic females at Black Rock.

GOLDEN PHEASANT — Feral release Lamorran: female in April RL

LADY AMHERST'S PHEASANT — Feral release? St Eval: male found dead at roadside May 23rd PHH.JMB.SMC The first county record of this fine pheasant, but where did it come from. All enquiries with local farmers and shooting enthusiasts have drawn a blank. WATER RAIL — Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor Breeding was proved at Marazion where up to 5 pairs are thought to breed and up to 100 may winter BP. A young bird was seen at nearby Long Rock Pool Jun 30th and two thought to be juveniles were seen at Swanpool Aug 20th. Certainly, at least two birds were heard at the latter site Jun 10th BP.JRE. In the first winter period there were regular reports from Landulph, Par, Swanpool, Loe Pool, Marazion and Bude Marshes and singles at Tresemple, Mullion and Gwithian. Possible spring migrants included singles at Bude arid Hayle Millpond in April.

38 At Gunwalloe the species was heard late in June and through July to August and may have bred. Elsewhere the first for autumn was a single at Cargreen Jul 12th. At Par the first arrival was Aug 22nd increasing to 2 Sept 7th and 3 the next day. Autumn numbers were quite high from late September to mid October with max of 6 at Skewjack and 3 at Loe Pool. However at the last locality there were 12+ Nov 2nd. December records were sparse but there were at least 5 at Loe Pool, 4 at Par and 3 at Bude Marshes.

SPOTTED CRAKE — Rare passage migrant (mainly autumn) and very rare winter visitor. Marazion Marsh: one Aug 31st and Sept 5th. DSF.MK.NAGL.PGA Par: one Sept 8th to Oct 3rd. SMC.BTSC. et al The Par bird proved to be exceptionally obliging and found its way on to dozens of life lists. It was trapped and ringed Sept 17th. MOORHEN — Breeds. Resident. Winter visitor. Breeding was reported from fourteen areas. By far the most interesting was the successful breeding at Long Rock Pool where BP saw his first young for many years. Success was due to the early departure of the resident Mute Swans. In the first winter period above average numbers were noted at several sites with max: Caerhays: 50 Jan 17th, 40 Mar 22nd and 35+ Apr 3rd. Pentewan: 20 Jan 3rd and Mar 10th. Drift Res: 28 Jan 4th and 20 Mar 5th to Apr 18th Pendarves Nature Reserve: 29 Jan 31st. 20 Mar 9th. Tresemple: 25 Feb 19th. Skewjack: 20 Mar 6th Second winter numbers were much lower with only one double figure count — 16 at Tresemple Dec 2nd.

COOT — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Breeding was reported as follows: Colliford — 3 pairs, Siblyback — 1 pair, Crowdy — 1 or 2 pairs, Upper Tamar Res. — 3 or 4 pairs, Lower Tamar Lake — 3 pairs probable, Stithians — 3 pairs and Marazion — 2 pairs. Despite the cold weather in the first winter period numbers were generally lower than might have been expected. The max were: Siblyback Res: 91 Jan 8th increasing to 111 Feb 15th and 100/105 to Mar 3rd. Colliford Res: 60 Jan 25th but only 31 Feb 16th. There were no records from here during the latter half of the month, probably because much of the reservoir was frozen over, but 105 had returned Mar 2nd. Upper Tamar Res: 66 Jan 6th, 70 Feb 2nd. Stithians Res: 91 Jan 6th. No other site held more than 30 and the only unusual report concerned four at Hayle Est. Jan 22nd decreasing to 2 by 25th. In autumn birds started to arrive from the last week of August with most occurring after mid-October. Second winter gatherings were smaller than those in the first winter period. Max numbers: Stithians: 50 Jul 31st. 75 Aug 30th. 114 Sept 28th. 80 Nov 15th. Dozmary Pool: 34 Sept 14th. Loe Pool: 90 Oct 18th. 42 Dec 6th. Siblyback Res: 50 Oct 19th. Despite the good number at Dozmary the highest count at Colliford Res. was a mere 18. The only unusual report concerned a single at Camel Est Sept 20th.

39 OYSTERCATCHER — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

Breeding was reported from Port Isaac — pair + 2 young Jun 22nd, Trevalga — nest May 19th, The Rumps — pair + one young Jun 26th, Hells Mouth — 2 pairs, Crane Island, Reskajeage — pair + 3 juveniles Jun 22nd and St Georges Island, Looe — 2 pairs with young Jun 4th. Max numbers: St Johns Lake: 250 Jan 3rd. 108 Mar 8th. 100 Jul 17th. 260 Aug 10th. 300 Sept 14th. Truro River: 170 Jan 20th. Camel Est: 320 Jan 25th. 295 Feb 10th. 268 Jul. 361 Aug 3rd, 579 Oct 1st with 500 to 550 regular to the end of the year. Hayle Est: 62 Feb 9th. 87 Aug 10th. 100 Sept 14th and Oct 29th. Par: 84 Apr 14th. 90 Aug 17th to 25th. Ruan Lanihorne: 200 Aug 22nd. Inland there were singles at Drift Res. Mar 8th, Stithians Aug 8th and 27th and Porth Res Dec 30th. There were 3 at Crowdy Jul 26th.

BLACK-WINGED STILT — Rare vagrant. Millbrook: a female or first summer bird Jun 13th to 23rd. B.Chugg. SCM JAdEM et al. The incredible record of six in the last 8 years continues. The fourteenth county mainland record. Accepted by BBRC.

AVOCET — Winter visitor. Rare passage migrant.

Tamar Est: noted in the first winter period until Apr 13th with max of 65 Jan 3rd and 57 Jan 26th. The April bird had been the sole survivor since Feb 23rd. In the second winter period the first report was of 19 Nov 26th. There were 70 Dec 13th but 97/100 the following day. Only 55 were seen Dec 31st. Camel Est: the 1985 bird was noted until Apr 10th. Lynher Est: 3 Nov 15th. COLLARED PRATINCOLE — Rare vagrant Camel Est: one Oct 16th and 17th. PGA.AL.PJD.SMC.DJn. et al. The sixth county mainland record — the previous four having been singles in 1976, 1970, 1956, 1874 and 1811. Accepted by BBRC.

LITTLE RINGED PLOVER — Uncommon passage migrant.

Camel Est: two Apr 13th DJn Hayle Est: one Apr 27th. CCB Another abysmal year.

RINGED PLOVER — Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Another poor year for this species: First winter max no's were 38 at Hayle Est Jan 21st with 42 there Feb 9th and 60 at Camel Est Jan 25th to Feb 19th increasing to 100 Mar 8th. No other locality attracted more than 25. Late spring passage was again almost non-existent with max of 15 at Hayle Est May 4th and 5 at Camel Est May 30th. Inland there was one at Crowdy Res Apr 25th and 3 at Davidstow Airfield May 13th. 3 at Camel Est Jul 12th were probably the first for autumn. Autumn max were: St Johns Lake: 49 Aug 3rd. 80 Aug 20th. 43 Nov 11th. Mounts Bay: 79 Aug 9th.

40 Hayle Est: 122 Aug 10th. Camel Est: 50 Oct 19th. 62 Nov 13th. 168 Dec 14th. Inland there were records only at Stithians Res., near Kynance, Crowdy Res, Lower Tamar Lake and Davidstow Airfield with a maximum of 10 at the last locality Sept 29th. KENTISH PLOVER — Rare passage migrant. Par Beach: a male May 1st. SMC.ABR. The 25th county mainland record. Recorded in consecutive years at this site.

DOTTEREL — Scarce passage migrant (mainly autumn)

Near Kynance: two juveniles Sept 20th and 21st EG.ARP. Navax Point: one Nov 15th CNT Hayle Est: one Dec 16th to 27th DSF.AHJH.DMY. The Hayle bird is the first ever December record for the county. Prior to 1968 there were only two county mainland records this century, but since, there have been records in every year. GOLDEN PLOVER — Passage migrant. Winter visitor. First winter max: Stithians: 600 Jan 2nd. 1000+ Jan 5th. 700 Jan 23rd and 2000 Jan 29th. Siblyback Res: 600 Jan 2nd. Near Kynance: 600 Jan 5th. Philleigh: 250 Jan 8th. Crowdy Res: 1500 Jan 11th. 500 Jan 20th. St Agnes: 425 Jan 12th. Camel Est: 900 Jan 25th. Tamar Est: 450 Jan 26th. Hayle Est: 810 Jan 27th. Most of the large flocks dispersed after the first few days of February. Whilst the majority obviously left the county there were innumerable reports of one to ten birds throughout the county. Many birds frequented beaches, headlands and even large lawns in search of food, but despite their opportunism many died. A few moved back through the county Mar 8th to 23rd and there was a late spring passage Apr 1st to May 13th. The largest flock reported was 300 at Crowdy Res Apr 1st. Northern race birds were reported from Colliford Res — 22 Apr 13th and Camel Est — several Apr 18th. Last was one at Marazion May 13th. The first in autumn were two at Davidstow Airfield Aug 29th and 9 at Camel Est Aug 31st. Autumn migration was abnormally late with no flocks of any consequence until after mid-October. Second winter numbers were about average. Autumn and second winter max: Stithians: 600 Oct 18th. 1300 Dec 13th. Near Kynance: 367 Oct 24th Camel Est: 630 Nov 18th. 600 Dec 6th. Colliford Res: 1500 Oct 26th. 1200 Dec 6th. Davidstow Airfield: 400 Oct 28th. Hayle Est: 380 Dec 16th to 26th.

GREY PLOVER — Passage migrant. Good numbers during January but an exodus (apart from Camel Est) after the first week of February and an increase again early in March. Max no's: St Johns Lake: 90 Jan 12th. 23 Feb 16th. 66 Mar 8th. Hayle Est: 79 Jan 14th. 90 Feb 9th. 106 Mar 8th. Camel Est: 110 Jan 15th. 230 Jan 25th. 150 Feb 27th. 120 Mar 7th. 300 Mar 8th. 260

41 Mar 14th. 100 Mar 22nd. Other double-figure counts included 31 at Looe Jan 26th and 25 at Portscatho Jan 25th. A few remained into April and May but migrants were scarce. Of note were 8 flying east at Rosemullion Head May 17th. Birds apparently summering included up to 5 at St Johns Lake, 2 or 3 at Hayle and one at Camel Est. First return birds were 3 at Mounts Bay Aug 9th. Very few were noted until Sept 13th when small flocks were reported from several sites and 90 were flying in Falmouth Bay in the squally E.S.E. gale. Numbers remained low to the end of the year with maximum of 52 at St Johns Lake Dec 14th, 41 at Camel Est the same day and 37 at Hayle Est Dec 29th.

LAPWING — Breeds, Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Breeding was reported from seven sites on Bodmin Moor with a total population of 13+ pairs. On The Lizard two sites were occupied. In the first winter period there were several large flocks with max: Bude: 500 Jan 2nd. Camel Est: 2500 Jan 8th. 5000 Jan 25th. Hayle Est: 800 Jan 12th. Davidstow Airfield: 1000 Jan 2th Colliford Res: 600 Jan 25th Marazion: 900 Jan 23rd. 1000 Jan 28th. Stithians Res: 800 Jan 23rd. 3000 Jan 29th. Lizard: 5000 Feb 2nd. Par: 500 in sand Feb 7th. The very large numbers recorded towards the end of January and the beginning of February were soon on the move again as the arctic conditions swept down across

PARTIAL ALBINO LAPWING at Hayle Est. 25th January 1986. Wings wholly white except for small black spot at carpal of left wing and similarly on underside of both wings. Underwing also showing black bar across secondaries D. S. Flumm 42 the county. Large cold weather movements were noted almost daily from Feb 6th to the end of the month. Many thousands undoubtedly perished during the freeze. Many roads and roadside verges were littered with corpses, as were beaches and other accessible areas. This visible evidence of mortality was pathetic but can only have been a small percentage of the total with the vast majority having succumbed out of sight. Autumn migration was very slow and apart from Davidstow Airfield where there were 550 Jul 26th flocks were very small until the latter half of October. Max no's: Colliford Res: 500 Oct 19th. 600 Nov 15th. 1000 Dec 14th. Camel Est: 620 Nov 16th Davidstow: 1000 Dec 9th Tamar Lakes: 500 Dec 26th Unusual was a bird at Hayle Est Jan 25th with much white in the wings — see sketch. DSF

KNOT — Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

Despite the cold weather there was no report of any large numbers apart from at St Johns Lake where the flock peaked at 83 Jan 12th. Only 9 remained here Feb 11th but 32 had returned Mar 8th. At Camel Est, one to three were noted during January with an increase to 17 Feb 19th and 30 Mar 8th. Elsewhere there were no other reports for January, singles only at Ruan Lanihorne, Newquay and Portscatho in February and similar numbers in March. Spring passage was virtually non existent. A single was noted at St Johns Lake Apr 27th, 24 were at Camel Est Apr 17th and one there May 5th. The first in autumn was one flying west with Manx Shearwaters off Porthgwarra Jul 30th. August records were sparse but there was a widespread but small movement Sept 12th to 15th. This movement involved c.43 birds with a max of 19 at Camel Est. The species was even scarcer at the end of the year. At St Johns Lake there was a maximum of 35 Dec 4th and singles at Camel Est., Ruan Lanihorne and Hayle Est.

SANDERLING — Psssage migrant. Winter visitor. The only site attracting birds in the first winter period was Mounts Bay where the monthly peaks were 120 Jan 25th, 150 Feb 22nd and 170 Mar 8th. Spring passage was noted May 1st to 25th with birds appearing at Par — max 7, Bude — 2, Hayle Est — 4 and Rosemullion — 17 flew south May 17th. Last were 2 at Par Jun 6th. First in autumn was one at Hayle Est Jul 13th. Autumn passage was more widespread than usual with most moving through Aug 7th to 18th and 25th to 27th. The max at this time included 14 at Camel Est Jul 28th increasing to 24 Aug 7th and 25 Sept 18th, 35 in Mounts Bay Aug 27th and 25 at Falmouth Sept 13th. Ten to fifteen were noted at Par, Hayle Est and Gwithian. In the second winter period there was a good flock of 40 at Hayle Est Nov 23rd, a single there Dec 23rd, a single at Camel Est to Dec 8th and 100 in Mounts Bay Dec 26th. LITTLE STINT — Passage migrant. Rare winter visitor.

No winter records and a dreadful autumn passage. St Johns Lake: one Jul 26th. Hayle Est/Copperhouse area: one Aug 9th. Regular Sept 12th (2) to 27th (1) with max of 6 Sept 16th to 19th. Maer Lake, Bude: one Aug 25th to 27th. Marazion: singles Sept 6th and 18th. Par: 2 Sept 13th. one Sept 19th Widemouth Bay: 4 Sept 13th. Davidstow Airfield: juv. Sept 14th. Lower Tamar Lake: 2 Sept 16th to 19th. Camel Est: 2 Sept 18th. one Oct 28th. Millbrook Lake: 2 Sept 20th and 21st with one to Oct 2nd. Trevose Head: one Sept 20th to Oct 3rd. Devoran: 2 Sept 24th. Trewey Common: one Oct 4th Upper Tamar Res: one Oct 12th.

LEAST SANDPIPER — Rare vagrant Portscatho: one Feb 9th to Apr 20th, but between Feb 22nd and Apr 4th reported only on Mar 19th. SJC.EG.MAG.AHJH.MRAB. et al. This bird was moulting from first winter to first summer plumage). An amazing find! This little bird was 'ticked' by hundreds as it fed on the windswept cliff-edge near Portscatho Harbour. The fifth county mainland record — previous records having been 1983, 1966, 1890 and 1853. Accepted by BBRC.

Least Sandpiper Renfred Hathway

44 CURLEW SANDPIPER — Uncommon passage migrant. Rare winter visitor. After record numbers in 1985, this was to prove a very poor year. Upper Tamar Res: one May 4th. (The first spring record since 1982). Camel Est: noted Aug 1st (adult) to Oct 27th (1) with max 3 Sept 22nd. Devoran: 2 Aug 14th. Par: one summer plumage Aug 19th and 20th. Up to 5 regular Sept 7th to 19th. Hayle Est/Copperhouse: 3 Aug 25th with one to Sept 9th. 2 or 3 regular to Oct Oct 9th but 5 Sept 13th. Maer Lake: 2 Aug 27th. Davidstow Airfield: one Aug 29th 2 Sept 13th. Marazion: singles Sept 6th, 9th and 18th. Millbrook Lake: one Sept 12th to 30th. 2 Oct 2nd. Crowdy Res: one Sept 12th. Restronguet: one Sept 23rd.

PURPLE SANDPIPER — Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

Slightly more reports received this year with records from 14 localities in the first winter period and from 12 localities in the second winter period. The largest flock was the traditional Mounts Bay gathering which frequented the Penzance Bathing Pool area. Here there were 46 Jan 4th and 45 Mar 22nd. Birds started to disperse from the end of March with the last being one May 21st. The first return birds here were two Sept 18th. The flock built up to a second winter maximum of 40 during November. Elsewhere in the first winter period and spring there were regular reports from Looe — max 6, Par — 10, Portscatho — 4, Godrevy — 3, St Ives — 2, Newquay — 14 and Bude — 12 (although the norm here was only 1 or 2). There were less regular sightings at Cape Cornwall — 12 Feb 16th, Pendennis Point — 4, Millbrook — 2, Perranuthnoe, Constantine Bay and . Last in spring was one at Bude Jun 7th and possibly the same bird was present Jul 19th. In autumn and the second winter period there were regular sightings at Looe — max 14, St Ives — 12, Newquay — 6, Camel Est — 5 and Trebetherick — 3. Less regular were birds at — 3, Pennance Point, Falmouth — 3, Rosemullion Head — 3, Newlyn — 3, Constantine Bay — 6 and Bude — 1. DUNLIN — Very rare breeder. Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

Breeding was proved at a Bodmin Moor site where there has been very encouraging signs for many years. A pair was flushed from a nest containing four eggs on May 30th. On Jun 10th one chick approximately 10 days old was noted. On Jul 19th two fledged juveniles were seen accompanying two adults which were throught to be the breeding pair. The adults were distinguishable on their belly markings. PGA.DJC. This is the first proof of breeding in the county since 1960. First winter max. St Johns Lake: 600 Jan 3rd increasing to 2800 Jan 12th. Tresillian: 500 Jan 4th, Feb 8th and 23rd. Camel Est: 700 Jan 8th. 1400 Jan 25th. 1500 Feb 27th. 1000 Mar 8th. Hayle Est: 640 Jan 12th. 600 Mar 5th. Portscatho: 500 Jan 18th although the norm was less than 150. Truro River: 364 Feb 4th. Ruan Lanihorne: 1200 Feb 18th. Marazion: 600 Feb 19th. Spring passage lasted from mid April to the end of May and was very light. In June there was a single at Camel Est on 7th and 6 at Hayle Est on 22nd. Autumn passage apparently commenced Jul 9th when 30 appeared at St Johns Lake. There was a reasonable passage during August but a dearth of birds in September and October. Winter flocks started to build up from late October. Autumn and second winter max:

45 Hayle Est: 160 Aug 10th. 500 Nov 29th to Dec 16th. 1000 Dec 21st. St Johns Lake: 280 Aug 11th. 2500 Nov 29th and a grand total of 4500 here and in the Lynher Est area Dec 14th. Camel Est: 335 Aug 14th. 629 Dec 14th. Par: 200 Aug 21st. With very high water levels on the reservoirs in autumn, inland records were few. The maximum was 26 at Colliford Aug 31st and a huge total of 270 on grassland near Kynance Dec 30th.

BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER — Vagrant.

Davidstow Airfield: one Aug 26th BTC. JAdEM Recorded in each of the last ten years but this is the lowest total in that time. 1985 3 were present at Davidstow Airfield Sept 11th J. Waldon RUFF — Passage migrant. Scarce winter visitor. In the first winter period there was one or two at Stithians Res. Jan 17th to 25th. As the cold weather set in there was a single at Egloshayle Feb 8th, one which landed on the frozen pool at Par Beach Feb 15th and one or two at Marazion Feb 27th to Mar 8th. Spring passage was evident Mar 9th to May 16th. There were 3 at Tamar Est, a total of 3 at Marazion, 2 at Hayle Est, Lower Tamar Lake and Camel Est and singles at Par and Crowdy Res. In mid-summer there was a male at Crowdy Res. Jun 27th, possibly the same at Colliford Res. Jul 5th and another at Camel Est Jul 2nd to 12th. The first in autumn was one at Camel Est Aug 2nd. There then followed a very good autumn movement with a small influx Aug 8th to 10th involving c.46 birds and another Aug 23rd to 31st involving c.47 birds. Even these numbers were eclipsed by the passage of Sept 13th when large flocks were disorientated by the appalling weather. Most moved quickly through but there was a liberal scatter of small parties for several days thereafter. There was another light movement involving not more than a dozen birds in mid-October but all had left by November 16th and there were no reports for the second winter period. Max. no's. Camel Et: 16 Aug 9th. 5 Sept 13th. Crowdy Res: 14 Aug 10th. 5 Sept 12th. Hayle Est: 9 Aug 9th. 12 Aug 25th. 68 Sept 13th IK but c.50 were also noted flying west the same day SPF.PEF. and may have been different. Stithians Res: 4 Aug 16th to 19th. Davidstow Airfield: 20 Aug 26th. Maer Lake, Bude: 4 Aug 27th. Porthgwarra: 30 flew over Sept 13th GJU Near Kynance: 72 Sept 13th EGe Ruan Lanihorne: 6 Sept 29th The Kynanace and Hayle Est flocks of Sept 13th are the second and third largest flocks respectively, ever recorded in Cornwall. Marginally the largest flock was 75 on Camel Est in 1969.

JACK SNIPE — Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. Another poor year. Singles unless stated otherwise: Copperhouse: Jan 12th to 28th. Nov 27th. Amalveor, St Ives: Jan 23rd. Bodmin Moor Nature Observatory: Jan 29th. Nov 12th, Dec 12th and 17th. Wacker Quay: Feb 2nd. 2 Dec 24th. Near Kynance: Feb 2nd. Par: Feb 5th.

46 Angarrack: Feb 8th. Colliford Res: Feb 16th. Porth Mean Feb 21st. Hayle Kimbro Pool: Feb 24th. Gwithian: Feb 27th Cargreen, Tamar Est: Mar 9th. Rough Tor Marsh: Sept 24th. Caerthillian: Oct 17th Landulph: 2 Oct 19th Lower Tamar Lake: 2 Oct 25th SNIPE — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Breeding was proved in the Upper Fowey Valley where a nest containing four eggs was located Jul 24th. On Aug 9th one pullus approximately 10 days old was noted. DJC.JAdEM. One or two pairs were present at Colliford, a pair was noted at Fox Tor and 'drumming' and 'chipping' was noted at Crowdy Res. In the first winter period the species seemed little affected by the freeze with far fewer noted than in the corresponding spell of 1985. The max. were: Maer Lake, Bude: 350 Jan 2nd. 200 Jan 19th. 100 Feb 2nd. Pentewan: 100 Jan 3rd. 50 Feb 8th and 9th Bude Marshes: 60 Jan 4th. Stithians Rs: 50 Jan 20th. Lynher Est: 47 Jan 25th. Hayle Est: 47 Feb 9th. 54 Mar 9th. Gwithian: 41 Feb 17th. Harlyn Bay: 60 Fe 21st. Camel Est: 150 Feb 23rd. Last in spring were two at Hayle Kimbro Pool Apr 12th and single at Skewjack Apr 29th. First in autumn was one at St Erme Aug 3rd. Autumn passage was very poor and numbers remained abnormally low until late in December. The maximum were 40 at Camel Est Dec 14th, 50 at Pentewan Dec 21st and 200 at Maer Marsh Dec 25th increasing rapidly to 300 by 31st.

LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER — Rare vagrant. Camel Est: adult summer plumage arrived Aug 9th and remained into 1987, by which time it had moulted into winter plumage. DJC.SMC.DJ.ML et al The origin of this bird is not known but it seems likely that it may have 'summered' in Europe because it arrived with an influx of Greenshank, Redshank and Ruff. The seventeenth county mainland record with records in eleven of the last twelve years. Accepted by BBRC. WOODCOCK — Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

An exceptionally poor year with records from 26 localities in the first winter and spring but a meagre 7 localities in autumn and second winter. Only three birds were reported during January but the freeze evidently pushed a few through the county during February. These did not stop for any length of time but there was a small return movement early in March. All reports were of singles except 2 at Tregorrick, St Austell Feb 7th, 4 at Egloshayle the same day, 2 at Upper Fowey Valley Mar 3rd and 3 at Mar 13th. Last in spring was one at Smallacombe Mar 23rd. First in autumn was one at Redmoor Nov 4th followed by one at Mabe Nov 7th. There were reports of singles from 5 more sites but none was reported after Dec 6th.

47 BLACK-TAILED GODWIT — Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Numbers were again about the average of recent years. Formerly considered more catholic in its choice of site in the county, this species now occupies as many localities as Bar-tailed Godwit during a year. There was a light spring passage during May with the last being one at Crowdy Res Jun 6th. The first return bird was one at St Johns Lake Jul 9th followed by a small influx Jul 11th to 23rd. Flocks increased in size throughout autumn but at many sites had decreased again by the end of the year. Regular reports (with max): Tamar Est: 34 Mar 30th. 5 Jul 23rd. 44 Nov 2nd. Lynher Est: 8 Jan 3rd. 12 Sept 6th to 20th. 18 Oct 23rd. St Johns Lake: 38 Jan 11th. 13 Sept 28th. 31 Oct 29th. 49 Nov 7th. 58 Nov 10th. 30 Dec 29th. Ruan Lanihorne: 6 Feb 2nd. 50 Aug 23rd. 100 Aug 27th. 106 Sept 13th. 144 Sept 19th. 13 Dec 6th. Tresillian/Truro River: 100 Jan 3rd. 116 Feb 4th. 78 Mar 1st. 35 Sept 29th. 77 Nov 30th. Restronguet: 22 Jan 11th. 20 Oct 5th. 33 Oct 18th. 39 Nov 11th. (PMcC comments that regular watching at this site throughout autumn has led him to believe that the flock here is independant of the remainder of Fal Est. complex birds). Devoran: 50 Jan 30th. 40 Feb 26th. 45 Apr 1st to 13th. 30 Oct 17th. 56 Dec 29th. Elsewhere there were records in both winter periods from Hayle Est (max 3 and one) and Camel Est (3 and 19). Inland there were 2 at Stithians May 29th and singles on many dates Aug 3rd to Nov 19th and a single at Lower Tamar Lake Aug 23rd.

BAR-TAILED GODWIT — Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Numbers in the first winter period were again about average, but scarcer after the second week of February with a return passage early in March. Spring movements were insignificant with most moving through May 1st to 15th. Summer birds were noted during June and July at Camel Est, Hayle Est and St Johns Lake. Autumn passage was extremely sparse with the majority noted during October. Second winter numbers were exceptionally low with reports in December only from Camel and Hayle . Regular reports (with max): Camel Est: 39 Jan 18th. 70 Jan 25th. 46 Feb 19th. 43 Mar 5th. 49 Mar 19th. 40 May 9th. 18 Aug 14th. 40 Oct 18th. 27 Nov 16th. 18 Dec 2nd. Hayle Est: 25 Jan 25th. 35 Feb 9th. 36 Mar 9th. 16 Oct 2nd. 6 Dec 16th. St Johns Lake: 15 Jan 12th. 36 Mar 9th. 16 Oct 2nd. 6 Dec 16th. St Johns Lake: 15 jan 12th. 36 Mar 8th. 13 May 4th. 3 Sept 14th. Other max included 26 at Devoran Jan 20th increasing to 31 Feb 27th, 90 at Restronguet Jan 24th and 23 at Marazion Mar 6th. In spring there were 13 at Mounts Bay May 4th and in autumn 19 at Perranporth Sept 9th.

WHIMBREL — Passage migrant. A few winter.

In the first winter period there were two at St Johns Lake Jan 20th, with a single there Mar 2nd and 29th. Singles were at Looe Feb 16th and Zennor Mar 31st whilst at Turnaware 3 were noted Feb 10th and one Mar 30th. The first in spring was one at Camel Est Apr 10th followed by one at Tamar Est Apr 15th. There was a small influx of 29 birds at widely scattered localities Apr 18th. There was then a rapid build up with 89 present in the county on 19th, 109 on 20th, 220 on 21st and 400 on 22nd. Numbers then fluctuated almost daily with further max of 221 Apr 27th and 191 Apr 29th and a minimum of 18 Apr 25th. Passage

48 petred out during May with max of 55 on 4th and 44 on 10th. Very small flocks continued to pass through during June and autumn passage apparently commenced early in July. Most autumn birds moved through late in July and early in August. Very few were reported for September/October. In the second winter there were singles at Camel Est., Tamar Est and St Johns Lake. Max no's: Marazion: 88 Apr 19th. 140 Apr 27th. Par: 51 Apr 21st. 102 Apr 22nd. 40 May 7th. Mevagissey: 90 Apr 21st. Carlyon Bay: 125 Apr 22nd. Falmouth: 80 Apr 22nd. 140 Apr 29th. Camel Est: 62 Apr 22nd. 80 Apr 26th. 40 May 10th. 45 Jul 29th. Lizard: 35 Apr 27th. Hayle Est: 45 Apr 27th. St Johns Lake: 46 Jul 20th.

CURLEW — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. On Bodmin Moor pairs were noted during the breeding season at Upper Fowey Valley, Temple Tor Pools, , Rushyford Gate and Colliford (2). Single birds were also noted at Witheybrook and Hawkstor. Elsewhere pairs were noted at Goss Moor, Beacon, Goonhilly and Croft Pascoe. Regular reports were received from the following sites: Tresillian: 200 Jan 4th. 275 Mar 8th. 425 Aug 30th. 200 Nov 26th to Dec 2nd. Camel Est: 481 Jan 8th. 310 Mar 17th. 640 Jul 18th. 808 Aug 3rd. 700 Nov 4th. 600 Nov 23rd. 220 Dec 27th. Hayle Est: 480 Jan 12th. 150 Feb 9th. 138 Mar 8th. 253 Sept 19th. 300 Oct 27th. Truro River: 250 Jan 20th. 200 Jul 26th. 150 Oct 17th. Ruan Lanihorne: 500 Feb 10th. 500 Jun 23rd. 483 Aug 16th. Elsewhere in the first winter period there were 210 at Maer Lake Jan 19th and 101 at St Johns Lake Feb 16th and Mar 8th whilst in autumn and second winter there were 370 at Devoran Aug 14th to Sept 5th, 300 at Helford Sept 6th, 300 at Restronguet Oct 6th, 208 at St Johns Lake Oct 26th and 220 at Maer Lake Dec 27th. The Par roost attracted 92 Jan 22nd and 110 Aug 25th, a roost at Croft Pascoe Pool held 30 birds Jun 5th and a roost at Trevail held 150 birds Jul 30th.

SPOTTED REDSHANK — Passage migrant. Uncommon winter visitor.

Birds were regular during the first winter period at Lynher Est where the max was 13 Jan 25th to Feb 22nd and at Tresillian where up to 4 were noted. One or two were also seen at Tamar Est., St Johns Lake, Ruan Lanihorne, Truro River, Restronguet and Camel Est. Spring passage would have gone unnoticed had it not been for one or two at Devoran Apr 1st to 30th and one at Tamar Est Apr 8th. First return birds were 3 at Ruan Lanihorne Jun 23rd. Autumn passage was much more evident than spring with a noticeable peak in the two weeks following the squalls of Sept 13th. There were regular reports with max from: Ruan Lanihorne: 5 Jul 20th. Camel Est: 5 Aug 24th. 6 Sept 22nd. Hayle Est: 4 Sept 17th. Lynher Est: 11 Sept 20th. 18 Sept 26th. 17 Oct 23rd. Tresillian: 9 Sept 29th. 10 Oct 28th. At Ruan Lanihorne none was reported after Aug 25th and at Hayle none was noted after Oct 6th. Second winter max. were 16 at Lynher Est into 1987 and 8 at Tresillian Dec 23rd.

49 At Looe SCM had his first record here Aug 27th. He noted it flying high over the with its legs tucked up under its body as described in British Birds vol 76 pps. 136-137. It looked remarkably like a dowitcher with its exaggerated bill length and markedly short body. Thank goodness it was calling, otherwise it could have proved a pitfall for the unwary.

REDSHANK — Passage migrant. Winter visitor. First winter months were well down on late 1985 and there was a further decrease early in February followed by a return passage after the freeze. Max no's. St Johns Lake: 70 Jan 3rd. 53 Mar 8th. Camel Est: 150 Jan 11th. 70 Feb 7th. 150 Mar 15th. Hayle Est: 50 Jan 14th. 55 Feb 9th. 55 Mar 9th. Truro River: 50 Jan 20th. 50 Feb 2nd. Tamar Est: 100 Feb 5th. Ruan Lanihorne: 90 Feb 2nd. 60 Mar 9th. Spring passage was insignificant apart from 10 at Camel Est Apr 24th. Several singles and twos were noted from Jun 20th when two appeared at Camel Est. Numbers increased rapidly with peaks in mid-July, mid-August, late September and mid-October. Second winter flocks were about average although the Camel Est. gathering was the largest for many years. Maximum no's: St Johns Lake: 200 Jul 9th to 12th and Aug 16th. 250 Aug 20th. 320 Oct 5th. 260 Oct 26th. 200 Nov 16th. Tamar Est: 200 Jul 16th. 150 Jul 23rd. Camel Est: 103 Jul 28th. 113 Aug 10th. 115 Oct 8th. 204 Nov 19th. 228 Dec 11th. Hayle Est: 87 Aug 9th. 63 Oct 23rd. Ruan Lanihorne: 65 Aug 10th. 90 Dec 6th. Tresillian: 80 Aug 24th to 30th. Lynher Est: 200 Sept 5th 150 Sept 27th. Restronguet: 146 Sept 22nd. 175 Oct 14th. Devoran: 150 Oct 17th to Nov 1st. Truro River: 100 Oct 17th. 120 Nov 13th. Inland there was a single at Stithians Jan 30th, 2 Aug 8th and 27th and a single Sept 8th. At Crowdy Res there was one Aug 10th and 4 Aug 23rd and a single at Upper Tamar Res Oct 11th.

GREENSHANK — Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Apart from Helford Est. where there were no records in the first winter period, all of the county's estuaries attracted the species in both winter periods. Numbers in the first winter were average with a decrease at the time of the freeze followed by a return movement with the thaw. Spring passage was light but evident from Apr 7th to May 9th. The first in autumn was one at Camel Est Jun 18th. Many moved through in mid- July but there was then a dearth until the beginning of August. Autumn passage proved to be fairly good and second winter numbers average. Max no's: Camel Est: 9 Jan 8th. 8 Feb 7th to 15th. 8 Mar 19th. 14 Apr 7th. 7 Jul 13th. 10 Aug 7th. 25 Aug 20th. 24 Sept 3rd. 28 Oct 10th. 21 Nov 4th. 18 Dec 8th. Retronguet: 9 Jan 11th. 12 Oct 14th. 11 Nov 25th. 7 Dec 14th. St Johns Lake: 7 Mar 12th. 10 Jul 12th. 12 Aug 9th. 18 Aug 16th. 30 Sept 20th. 25 Oct 2nd. 16 Nov 15th. Dec 12th. Devoran: 9 Apr 26th. 21 Oct 6th. Elsewhere in the latter half of the year there were max. of 7 at Tamar Est Aug 15th, 10 at Drift Res. Aug 23rd and 8 at Truro River nov 28th. With the exception of the 10 at Drift, very few were noted at other reservoirs, due no doubt to the high water levels. 50 GREEN SANDPIPER — Passage migrant. A few winter. Another very poor year — the sixth in succession. One which had overwintered at Hayle was joined by another Jan 8th but neither was reported again until Mar 1st. This bird then stayed until Mar 21st. There was one at Egloshayle Feb 3rd to 7th and Mar 20th to 21st. This was probably the Camel Est. bird of late 1985. A single was seen at Cargreen Jan 26th but there were no sightings at College Res. or Loe Pool where birds had been present in December 1985. Only three spring records were received, singles at Porth, Newquay Apr 7th, Egloshayle Apr 21st and Treskilling Clay Pit Apr 30th. Autumn passage commenced with 2 at Landulph Jul 5th and lasted until Oct 12th. There were reports from 29 localities. July records were very sparse. In August most birds moved through 9th to 11th with 15 on 10th the highest single day count. Max no's: Hayle Est: 4 Jul 18th and Sept 20th. Stithians Res: 5 Aug 4th. Loe Pool: 7 Aug 9th. St Erth: 6 flew south-east Aug 10th. Camel Est: 5 Aug 11th. Late in November and early December there were singles at Upper Tamar Res., Argal Res., Camel Est., Cargreen, near Manaccan, Goonhilly and Hayle Est. Only the Argal and Hayle birds were reported as overwintering.

WOOD SANDPIPER — Uncommon passage migrant (mainly autumn). No spring record and once again pitifully few in autumn. Stithians: noted from Aug 3rd to Sept 15th with max of 3 Aug 19th and 2 Sept 4th. Probably 7 birds involved. Trewey Common: 2 Aug 10th. Camel Est: singles Aug 10th and 22nd. Maer Lake, Bude: singles Aug 13th to 15th, Aug 24th to 28th and Sept 14th. Hayle Kimbro Pool: singles Aug 15th, Sept 11th and 19th but 2 Sept 20th to 26th. Marazion Marsh: one Aug 18th. 2 Aug 20th to 24th. Lower Tamar Lake: one Aug 23rd. 2 Aug 24th. Hayle Est: one Aug 25th and 26th. Copperhouse: one Sept 5th and 6th. Loe Bar: 2 Sept 27th. (No doubt the Hayle Kimbro birds) COMMON SANDPIPER — Passage migrant. Uncommon winter visitor.

Single birds were noted during January and February at Looe, Lerryn, Fowey Est., St Just in Roseland, Turnaware, Mullion, Hayle Est and Camel Est. Spring passage apparently commenced with 3 at Drift Res Apr 12th and continued until May 21st when one was at Charlestown. Records were widespread but numbers low. Peak day count was 8 Apr 25th and 30th with a max. of 8 at Crowdy Res. Apr 25th and 6 at Drift Res. May 2nd. Autumn passage commenced with one at Colliford Res. Jun 28th followed by 2 at Camel Est Jun 30th and lasted until Oct 17th Most birds were noted Jul 26th to Aug 9th and passage generally was an improvement on 1985. Max no's included: Camel Est: 12 Jul 12th. 24 Aug 7th. 14 Aug 18th. Hayle Est: 10 Jul 26th. 19 Aug 24th. Stithians Res: 35 Aug 2nd. 19 Aug 5th to 8th. Colliford Res: 7 Aug 3rd. Tresillian: 16 Aug 5th. Loe Pool: 18 Aug 9th. Marazion Marsh: 13 Aug 9th. Tamar Lakes: 6 Aug 23rd.

51 Helford Est: 8 Sept 6th. In the second winter period there were singles at Gweek Nov 10th, Camel Est Dec 8th. Looe Dec 14th to 20th whilst at Tresillian there was 4 Nov 30th and one or two to Dec 23rd.

TURNSTONE — Passage migrant. Winter visitor. A few summer.

After good numbers in 1985 there was a further improvement in 1986. In the first winter period the max were: Hayle Est: 55 Jan 14th. 46 Feb 9th. 61 Mar 9th. Marazion: 61 Jan 25th. Looe: 100 Mar 13th. 150 Mar 24th. 40 Apr 1st to 19th. St Johns Lake: 83 Apr 5th. In spring there were up to 45 at Camel Est., 66 at Hayle Est Apr 13th, 55 at Portscatho Apr 20th, 50 at Landulph Apr 21st and 70 at Par Apr 22nd. There was an exodus during May but birds still remained at 6 sites in June with the last 8 at Hayle Est. Jun 23rd. First return birds were 6 at Penzance Jul 16th. Few arrived until the second week of August with the largest flock 40 at Par Aug 7th. Autumn and second winter max: St Johns Lake: 80 Aug 16th. 88 Oct 25th. 110 Dec 13th. Par: 50 Aug 22nd. 40 Oct 1st Looe: 40 Aug 26th. 50 Oct 23rd. Camel Est: 90 Oct 9th. 97 Nov 10th. 95 Dec 9th. Hayle Est: 61 Oct 22nd. Portscatho: 51 Dec 29th. Porthleven: 42 Dec 30th. Inland records included 50 near Kynance Jan 5th, one at Crowdy Res Jul 19th with two there Aug 23rd and 5 at Stithians Res Aug 27th. GREY PHALAROPE — Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. A very poor year despite the first February record since 1982. Towan Head, Newquay: one Jan 2nd. EJC.LW. 2 west Sept 3rd SMC. 3 Oct 25th RL Pennance Point, Falmouth: one Feb 12th BC Navax Point: 2 west Sept 3rd DE RMV Scillonian: 2 off Lands End Sept 3rd JEM St Ives: 2 Oct 23rd DSF.ARP.PTS. 9 Oct 25th DJB.SMC.DSF et al. one Nov 22nd JH. 6 Nov 23rd PHA.SJC.DSF.JH. Bude: 2 west Oct 25th MAG

POMARINE SKUA — Uncommon passage migrant. Rare winter visitor. A fantastic year with just rewards for south coast sea-watchers, particularly in spring. The St Ives sea watch of Oct 25th was memorable with superb close-up views of the species giving ample opportunities to make the best use of identification criteria. Porthgwarra: 3 Apr 29th. 2 May 1st. 3 May 5th. 7 May 8th. 1 Oct 10th. 2 May 27th. 4 Jul 26th. 6 Jul 27th. 2 Jul 30th. 2 Aug 6th. 1 Aug 16th. MO. Rame Head: 2 east and 3 west May 4th. 19 east and 4 west May 5th. 11 May 6th. one May 8th. one east May 17th. 10 west May 18th. 2 west Aug 2nd. 1 west Aug 6th. 2 pale adults Sept 13th. 1 juvenile Nov 9th. MO. Gribbin Head: one west May 10th. SMC.EJC. Bass Point: one light phase west May 14th and one dark phase May 23rd. ARP.BC. St Ives: 1 Jul 20th. 2 Aug 7th. 3 Aug 26th. 1 Aug 27th. 1 Oct 19th. 2 Oct 20th. 1 Oct 22nd. 1 Oct 23rd. 31 Oct 25th. 1 Oct 26th. 4 Nov 22nd. 3 Nov 23rd. MO Pentewan: 2 Aug 6th RL Pendeen: 6 Aug 7th. 1 Aug 23rd. 4 Aug 26th. 1 Aug 27th. juv. Nov 22nd. 2 adults

52 Nov 23rd CCB.PGA.VRT.PHo.RA.PH. Rosemullion Head: 2 south Aug 21st. 1 south Aug 25th. BC Mevagissey: singles Aug 25th and Oct 24th RL Towan Head. Newquay: 1 light and 1 dark Aug 26th. 1 light Sept 2nd. 1 light Oct 20th and 1 Nov 26th. SMC.LW. Davidstow Airfield: light phase adult grounded by gales Aug 26th BTC.JAdEM.RMRJ At Par a large flock of unidentified skuas were watched flying east across the bay about two miles offshore on May 4th. They were soaring and shearing in the manner of Sooty Shearwaters. Owing to severe gales counting them was difficult as evidenced by a first count of c.60 and a second count of 28, although many may have settled on the sea. About two hours later there was an unconfirmed report of over 30 Pomarine Skuas passing the coast just east of Plymouth. These and the Par birds may well have been the same. SMC.

ARCTIC SKUA — Passage migrant. Regular sea-watching in spring provided the most widespread scatter of records so far. Passage commenced with 3 off Pentewan Apr 22nd and continued until Jun 20th when 3 flew south past Rosemullion Head. Birds were noted off Rame Head on 9 dates between Apr 30th and Jun 8th. At least 35 birds were involved with peaks of 12 May 4th, 7 May 5th and 7 May 17th. In Par Bay the regular flock of feeding terns attracted marauding Arctic Skuas on May 8th (2), May 17th (1) and Jun 11th (2). Off Lands End 6 flew west Apr 28th whilst at nearby Porthgwarra there was one May 1st, 4 May 8th and another May 10th. 1 to 3 birds were noted off Looe, Pentewan, Mevagissey, Rosemullion, Bude and RMV Scillonian. Autumn passage commenced with 3 west at Rame Head and 4 west at Porthgwarra Jul 27th. There were records from 21 sites with peak passage on the south coast oh Aug 25th and Sept 13th. On the north coast the peak passge was recorded Aug 26th. There were regular reports from: Rame Head: 3 west Jul 27th. 13 Aug 25th. 2 Aug 27th. 10 west and 5 east Sept 13th. Porthgwarra: 48 west between Jul 27th and Sept 12th with max. 8 Jul 28th, 6 east Aug 21st and 22 west in 2.5 hours Aug 25th. Bass Point, Lizard: 3 west Jul 28th. 1 Aug 9th. 92 south in 7 hours Aug 25th. Rosemullion Head: 3 south Aug 1st. 1 Aug 21st. 125 south in 9 hours Aug 25th. 20 south in 8.5 hours Sept 13th. Pendeen: 170 west during August with peaks of 20 Aug 23rd, 9 Aug 24th and 136 Aug 26th. 1 Oct 20th and 2 adults Nov 23rd. St Ives: 150 west during August with peaks of 100 on 26th and 38 on 27th. 30 west during October with peaks of 6 on 20th and 23rd and 14 on 25th. 3 Nov 23rd. Newquay: 24 Aug 26th. 7 Aug 27th. 3 Sept 3rd. singles Oct 19th and 20th. There were small numbers at several other sites but 12 at Pentewan Aug 6th, 53 + west off Mevagissey Aug 25th and 18 west off Perranporth Aug 26th.

LONG-TAILED SKUA — Rare passage migrant.

Another excellent year with three in spring and 7 to 9 in autumn. Several other records have been omitted because of lack of detail. Looe: adult west May 18th EG. First summer east May 20th SCM Pentewan: adult west Jun 14th RL Rame Head: one juv/first wint. west Aug 25th PHA.SJC. St Ives: 2 juvs west Aug 26th. DSF. one juv. Oct 20th DSF.BP.ARP. Pendeen: 5 juvs. Aug 26th RA.PHA.SJC.EG.VRT.

53 GREAT SKUA — Passage migrant. Scarce winter visitor. In the first winter period there were singles at Mevagissey Jan 1st, Looe Jan 4th with 2 at St Ives Jan 10th and 14th. Spring passage was noted Mar 28th to May 26th. Most regular site was Rame Head where a total of 11 were noted between Apr 20th and May 26th with max, of 4 May 4th. Elsewhere there were 3 off Lands End Apr 28th, 4 off Rosemullion Head May 17th and 3 at Mevagissey May 21st. Singles were noted at Newquay, Par, Porthgwarra and Pentewan. Autumn passage commenced with 2 off Porthgwarra Jul 26th. Peak passage on the south coast was noted Aug 25th but off the north coast the highest counts came on Aug 26th/27th with good numbers late in October and November. There were autumn records from 18 localities with regular reports from: Porthgwarra: 45 west between Jul 26th and Sept 1st with max 11 Jul 27th and 19 the next day. Bass Point, Lizard: 12 west between Jul 28th and Aug 9th with max 5 Aug 2nd. Rosemullion Head: 4 Aug 1st. 23 west Aug 25th. 6 Sept 13th. 2 Oct 24th. Rame Head: singles Aug 2nd, 18th and 25th. 3 Sept 13th. Pendeen: 40 west during August with a peak of 26 on 26th. 3 Oct 20th. 30 Nov 23rd. St Ives: 78 west in August with peaks of 21 on 7th, 47 on 26th and 11 on 27th. 152 west during October with max. 10 on 19th, 16 on 20th and 110 on 25th. 6 Nov 22nd. 31 Nov 23rd and 1 Dec 19th. Newquay: 5 Aug 26th. 1 Sept 2nd. 11 west between Oct 19th and 29th with max. 5 on 25th. Other good numbers included 13 off Nare Head, Helford Aug 25th and a total of 9 seen from RMV Scillonian Sept 11th to Oct 27th. VRT reports the following interesting observations: 1. One killed a juvenile Guillemot off St Ives Aug 27th and fed off it. After the departure of the Bonxie, c20 Storm Petrels gathered around the carcass, eagerly picking at it. 2. One killed a Fulmar off St Ives Oct 25th. It fed on it for two hours, continuously keeping three other Bonxies at bay. 3. One flying off St Ives in a perfect careening shearwater — like flight Oct 25th. I can find no mention of this in the literature for Bonxie, although it is mentioned for Long-tailed Skua. 4. A very small and lightly built bird was noted flying west off Pendeen Nov 23rd. It was initially thought to be an Arctic Skua but plumage, jizz etc was typical of Bonxie and threw up the possibility of a runt. 5. One off Pendeen Nov 23rd had moulted its 2nd and 3rd primaries. This is the first time I have ever noted major primary moult in any skua.

MEDITERRANEAN GULL — Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor.

The species was more widespread than ever with reports from 25 sites. There were few records for January but a small influx of mainly adults during February. Most had moved on by mid-March but there were odd records into April with the last one at St Johns Lake April 20th. In autumn there was an adult at Hayle Est Jul 2nd to 4th and possibly the same bird at Camel Est Jul 10th. Most autumn birds occurred during October with several into November and at least three overwintering. Regular reports were received from: Mounts Bay: adults Jan 1st to 9th, Jan 26th and Feb 15th to Mar 12th. 1st wint. Feb 9th. Adults Sept 7th to Oct 5th and Oct 26th into 1987. St Johns Lake: 1st wint. Jan 12th and Apr 13th to 20th. Adults Sept 14th, Nov 1st, Nov 2nd and Dec 28th. Hayle Est: 1st wint. Jan 22nd to Feb 4th. 2 adults Jan 23rd to 25th. Adult Feb 16th to Mar 9th when joined by a second. Adults Jul 2nd to 4th, Aug 30th Sept 14th to

54 Oct 20th and Nov 30th to Dec 8th. 2nd wint Oct 9th and Oct 30th to Nov 3rd. 1st wint. Oct 11th. Drift Res: adult Feb 1st to 18th. 1st wint Feb 18th to 20th. 1st wint Nov 3rd. adult Nov 6th. Rosemullion Head: adults Feb 13th and Nov 12th. Gwithian: 1st summer Mar 21st. adult Oct 18th. St Ives: adult Feb 26th to Mar 1st. 1st wint Sept 7th. adult Oct 20th to 23rd. Millbrook: 1st summer Apr 3rd to 5th. 1st wint. Oct 13th. Camel Est: adult Jul 9th to Nov 3rd. 1st summer Jul 10th to Aug 19th. juv. Aug 12th to Nov 26th. 2nd summer Aug 24th. 2nd wints. Oct 7th and Oct 30th into 1987. In the first winter period there were single day sightings as follows: Lynher Est. — 1st wint. Jan 26th, Caerhays — adult Feb 2nd, Ruan Lanihorne — 1st wint. Feb 2nd, Portscatho — adult Feb 8th, Falmouth — adult Feb 26th, Redruth — adult Mar 3rd, Portmellon — 1st wint Mar 16th, Towan Head — adult and 1st wint. Mar 28th/29th. In autumn and the second winter period there were single day sightings as follows; Stithians — 1st wint Sept 20th, near Loe Bar — 1st wint Sept 20th, Reskajeage — 1st wint Oct 6th, Portwrinkle — 2 adults flew west Oct 22nd, Looe — adult Nov 16th and Par — adult Dec 6th. At Bude there was a first winter Sept 13th and an adult Nov 23rd into 1987.

LITTLE GULL — Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor.

There were records from 20 sites during the first winter period and spring. As always the majority of reports concerned single birds but there were 4 immatures at Sennen Jan 27th and 4 including an adult Mar 2nd. In the St Ives/Carbis Bay area birds were noted regularly Jan 5th to Mar 2nd. Normally singles were noted but there were 5 including 4 adults Feb 12th and 4 including 3 adults Mar 2nd. At Mounts Bay there were two adults February 16th. Spring passage was evident from about Apr 7th to Jun 6th. Again most reports were of ones and twos, but at least 4 different birds were at Par, 3 in Mounts Bay Apr 25th and at least 2 at Camel Est during May. Last was one in first summer plumage at Crowdy Res Jun 6th. Autumn was very poor commencing with a single at Hayle Est Jul 5th, but no more until 2 adults turned up at the same site Aug 10th. There were records from 11 localities involving about 37 birds to the end of November. Most reports were of singles with larger numbers as follows: Looe: 2 juvs. Aug 27th and two 2nd wints. Aug 29th. Hayle Est: at least 5 different birds Jul 5th to Oct 21st.

55 St Ives: juv. Aug 26th and a total of 6 west during the storms of Oct 22nd to 26th. 6 west Nov 23rd. December records consisted of an adult at Swanpool until 21st and a first wint. at Sennen on 29th. PMcC has analysed all records, in the Castle Beach to Pennance Point area of Falmouth Bay area, for the years 1970 to 1985 and has produced the graph on the previous page. He also makes the following observations: 1. This pattern is quite unlike the pattern of occurrence of this species as described in Penhallurick (1969), although the pattern is similar at Rosemullion Head. 2. Is the split of adult/immature peak known for the whole county? 3. The proportion of immatures is far higher than for any other species of gull that winters at Falmouth.

SABINES GULL — Scarce passage migrant (mainly autumn).

The first spring record since one at Porthgwarra in June 1981 but a relatively poor autumn passage. Camel Est: adult summer plumage May 9th SMC.BTSC. Incredibly, another scavenging around the fishing trawlers at Padstow Nov 28th. PGA.DJC. St Ives: 2 adults summer plumage Aug 7th DSF.NJP. 2 adults summer plumage Aug 26th DSF et al. one adult Aug 27th RB.PHo.ARP. juvenile Oct 22nd BP. another Oct 23rd PMcC and another Oct 25th. MO. Pendeen: adult Aug 7th CCB another Aug 26th VRT et al. 1985 record Pendeen: 4 juvs Sept 15th AHJH

BONAPARTE'S GULL — Rare vagrant. Drift Res: first winter Jan 25th to Feb 11th and 20th CCB.MRAB.DSF et al. Probably the same bird Nov 2nd. Newlyn: same bird Feb 16th and 25th to Mar 15th. AHJH et al Same bird as Drift adult of Nov 2nd from Nov 9th into 1987. The fourteenth county mainland record — the last was in 1983. Accepted by BBRC. BLACK-HEADED GULL — Breeds. Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

Breeding again occurred at Crowdy Res. 230+ birds were present here Apr 25th followed by a gradual build up to 420 May 18th. Of these, about 50-60% were adults. The first chick was seen May 27th. By Jun 20th 50 chicks from 27 broods were counted and by Jun 27th, 79 chicks in 37 broods. On Jul 13th 96 juveniles were present. DJC reports that counts of adults here are bound to be incomplete owing to birds foraging for food being away from the colony and counts of young birds are difficult and probably an underestimate. He tentatively suggests that 100-200 adult pairs plus 200-300 first summer birds are present with a minimum of 40 successful pairs raising 80+ young. Birds were also present at Colliford Res during the breeding season but despite careful scrutiny there was no evidence of nesting and all juveniles seen were fully fledged and thought to have derived from the Crowdy colony. JAdEM Another good year with some very large concentrations: Portscatho: first winter roost of c.2000. Tresillian: 1000 Jan 4th and Aug 20th. 2550 Nov 26th. Camel Est: 4500 Jan 8th. 1749 Feb 15th. 500 Mar 14th. 4800 Aug 18th. 4557 Sept 21st. 8000 Nov 11th. 7500 Dec 10th. Maer Lake: 2000 Jan 4th. 2500 Jan 19th. 3500 Dec 30th Rosemullion: 1200 Jan 11th. Hayle Est: 2000 Jan 12th. 600 Feb 9th. 500 Mar 9th and Apr 9th. 1070 Sept 21st. 1500 Dec 28th.

56 Gannel Est: 1400 Jan 13th. Tamar Est. 5000 Jan 18th. Redruth Rubbish Tip: 2000 Mar 3rd. Ruan Lanihorne: 1200 Mar 9th. Devoran: 2000 Aug 14th. Par: 6500 Aug 17th. 6000 Sept 11th. Note the very large incursion in mid-August.

RING-BILLED GULL — Vagrant.

Copperhouse: The 1985 bird remained until at least Mar 21st. It returned on Dec 9th and stayed into 1987. AHJH.DSF.JH.LPW. et al, 1st wint Nov 13th LPW and another 1st winter Nov 24th into 1987. DJB.BRF. et al. .Hayle Est: the Copperhouse was noted on the estuary Jan 23rd and Mar 3rd. DSF. 1st wint Dec 28th DSF Helston Park Lake: 2nd wint Feb 11th to Mar 2nd. ARP.PGA.DJC et al. Camel Est: 2nd wint Apr 10th. RS. 1st wint Nov 27th to Dec 13th. adult Nov 28th to Dec 3rd. PGA.DJC.DJ. Pennance Point, Falmouth: 2nd summer Apr 22nd to 28th. BC Par: 1st wint. May 15th SMC. Other reports received lacking description are omitted. It seems likely that this species will be deleted from the list of species considered by BBRC, before 1988. It will still be the policy in Cornwall to consider for acceptance only those reports accompanied by full field data. All Hayle, Copperhouse, Camel Est and the Helston and Par birds accepted by BBRC.

COMMON GULL — Passage migrant. Winter visitor. A few summer High numbers again in the first winter period but few in autumn and second winter period until late November. Regular reports of good sized flocks at: Camel Est: 700 Jan 8th. 500 Feb 27th. 183 Oct 11th. 300 Nov 28th. 350 Nov 30th to Dec 10th. Gannel Est. 150 Jan 13th. Newquay beaches: 300 Feb 15th. 1000+ Feb 22nd. Lynher Est: 400 Jan 26th. St Johns Lake: 700 Jan 30th. 410 Feb 16th. 300 Mar 13th. Falmouth: 260 Feb 17th. Watergate Bay: 700 Mar 1st. Siblyback Res: 500 Mar 9th. 200 Dec 9th. Par: 300 Dec 6th. Summer records included singles at Hayle Jun 1st and Millbrook Jun 23rd with 3 at Hayle Jul 30th.

LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Only two reports of breeding season pairs — at Lye Rock and Hells Mouth. In the first winter period and spring there were few reports of large numbers. Autumn passage was again very evident on Bodmin Moor from late June on. Max. numbers. Hayle Est: 500 Jan 27th. 600 Feb 24th. up to 1000 Mar 1st. 840 Mar 24th. 300 Sept 12th. 200 Nov 16th. Ruan Lanihorne: 173 Mar 9th. Crowdy Res: 180 mainly imms. May 27th. Colliford Res: 40 Jun 27th. 250 Aug 24th. 350 Oct 29th. 500 total here and Dozmary Pool Nov 6th. Camel Est: 150 Oct 19th/20th. 291 Dec 14th (majority arriving from direction of Bodmin Moor). Loe Pool: 200+ Nov 10th.

57 HERRING GULL — Breeds. Resident. Winter visitor. Breeding season reports were received for: Rinsey Head — 46 pairs, Trewavas to Porthleven — 61 pairs including 2 pairs at a new site, Truro — one pair on chimney stack next door to Cornwall Farmers, The Moules — 49 + pairs, Western Cove — 2 nests, Samphire Island — 1 nest, Crane Island — 10 nests, Godrevy to Deadmans Cove — 55 nests in 17 sub-colonies ranging from one to eight nests in size. Looe Island — 43 nests including 5 with chicks. Max no's. Camel Est: 307 Jan 4th. 396 Apr 8th. 510 Aug 11th. 800 Oct 25th. 503 Nov 24th. Bude Rubbish Tip: 500 Jan 4th. Hayle Est: 464 Jan 12th. 810 Jun 22nd. 404 Aug 10th. 418 Octo 19th. Carbis Bay: 1000 Jan 19th. Redruth Rubbish Tip: c4000 Mar 3rd. Lanivet: 500 flew over Jul 9th. Crowdy Res: 302 Jul 29th. 'Scandinavian' Herring Gulls were more numerous this year — due no doubt to greater observer awareness of the identification criteria. Looe: 2 adults Jan 4th were almost 'thayeri' types with extensive white in the primaries and little black on the undersides of the primaries. They were large, dark- mantled, pink-legged with streaked heads. One in particular had very restricted black in the primaries. These birds with much white in the primary tips are probably from the far north. (See British Birds 71: pps. 338-345). Both birds had a pale iris. SCM. Gannel Est: an immaculate adult 'argentatus' Jan 13th SMC.BTSC. Lynher Est: 3rd wint. 'argentatus' Jan 26th SCM and one Mar 15th AHJH. Looe: 3rd wint. Dec 7th and 14th SJC.AHJH Penryn: adult 'argentatus/omissus' Dec 29th JRE Bude: adult probably 'omissus' Dec 27th. IK YELLOW-LEGGED HERRING GULL — Vagrant. Camel Est: an adult Aug 15th DJ Millbrook: an adult Oct 22nd. SCM A complete review of Herring Gull taxonomy is currently in progress and it seems likely that the whole group will be split into two or possibly three smaller groups in the future. ICELAND GULL — Scarce winter visitor and passage migrant.

Porthleven: the 1985 bird was noted regularly until Feb 16th. Presumably the same Jun 15th (but where was it between dates) ARP.JSG et al. Mounts Bay: 1st wint Jan 5th and May 3rd ARP (The Porthleven bird). St Ives: adult Feb 5th CCB Copperhouse: adult Mar 1st. 1st summer Jun 24th and 25th LPW Maer Lake: 1st wint. Dec 19th IK

GLAUCOUS GULL — Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant. Mounts Bay: 1st wint from 1985 to Jun 1st. Another Nov 12th (the only second winter period record. LPW.SJC et al Millbrook: 1st wint from 1985 was noted again Jan 1st RWG East Looe River: 1st wint. Jan 26th SCM Marazion: adult dead on beach Jan 9th DSF.ARP. Drift Res. 1st wint (the Newlyn bird) Jan 9th, 26th and 27th. DSF.PHo. St Ives: 1st wint Jan 11th BP. 2nd wint Feb 6th CCB Falmouth: 1st wint Jan 12th TMC 1st wint/2nd summer flying north May 1st BC Hayle Est: 1st wint Jan 19th GRW.MW. 1st summer Jan 30th to Mar 14th DSF.CCB.NJP 2nd wint. Feb 16th DJC Carbis Bay: 2nd wint Jan 25th CCB

58 Widemouth Bay: 2nd wint Feb 2nd IK Rosemullion Head: 1st wint. Feb 13th BC Pennance Point: 1st wint Feb 13th BC (different to Rosemullion bird) Newquay: 1st wint flew east Feb 15th SMC.EJC. Redruth Rubbish Tip: 1st and 2nd wints. Feb 18th DSF Copperhouse: adult Apr 10th LPW Porthkidney Beach: 1st summer May 2nd LPW Rame Head: 2nd wint flew east May 7th RJT Other reports omitted owing to lack of description.

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Breeding was reported from St Georges Island, Looe where there was 9 nests including 4 containing chicks Jun 4th BLW and Carters Rocks, Holywell Bay where PJD counted 10 nests May 29th. Max. no's. Camel Est: 55 Jan 4th. 178 Nov 16th. 104 Dec 13th. Hayle Est: 293 Jan 27th. 63 Feb 9th. 300 Mar 5th. 100 Jun 22nd. 105 Oct 19th. 107 Nov 16th. Par: 440 Feb 2nd. 450 Feb 13th. 350 Feb 16th. Loe Bar: 400 Feb 15th. Dodman Point: 100 Feb 18th. Mullion: 100's flying south Feb 25th. . Ruan Lanihorne: 137 Mar 30th. 100 Sept 13th.

SANDWICH TERN — Passage migrant. 1986 proved to be a good year for terns generally. The present species was first noted with a single at Hayle Est Mar 13th followed by singles at Portscatho Mar 16th and Porthpean Mar 19th. There were widespread reports from Mar 28th with the majority moving through Apr 15th to 23rd. Good numbers continued to move through during May and a lighter passage to the end of June. At Par, 6 lingered until Jul 10th. In fact, spring passage was so protracted that the commencement of autumn passage was difficult to discern but two at Downderry Jul 11th may have been the first. Few were noted in autumn until mid-August, but subsequently there was a good widespread movement with heaviest passage Aug 19th, Aug 25th to 27th, Sept 13th/14th and 21st. Several were noted during October with the last one at Rosemullion Oct 24th. Regular reports of good no's as follows: Hayle Est: 22 Apr 9th. 33 Apr 19th. 30 Apr 27th. 66 Sept 4th. 30 Sept 14th. 21 Sept 24th. Par: 25 Apr 15th. 30 Apr 18th. 35 May 4th. 35 Aug 17th. 40 Aug 20th and Sept 14th. 42 Sept 20th. Camel Est: 30 Apr 22nd. 32 Apr 23rd. 27th Aug 14th. 42 Aug 18th. 53 Aug 19th. 78 Aug 25th. 23 Sept 8th. 24 Sept 21st. Elsewhere in spring there were max of 31 at Portwrinkle Apr 18th, 30 at Portscatho Apr 20th and 35 at Mounts Bay Jun 22nd. Elsewhere in autumn there were max of 50 at St Ives Aug 27th with 23 there Aug 29th, 25 Sept 16th and 20 Sept 20th, 22 at Perranporth Sept 10th and 68 Sept 21st, 50 at Crantock Sept 13th, 41 flying east at Pendeen Sept 13th, 25 at Looe Sept 13th, 20 at St Johns Lake Sept 14th and 40 at Mullion Sept 16th. Most unusual was one flying south west along the Upper Fowey Valley Sept 14th.

ROSEATE TERN — Scarce passage migrant. The best spring passage since 1972 was undoubtedly a legacy of the strong southerly

59 winds during May. Par: singles Apr 27th and May 17th to 21st SMC.RL Porthkidney: 2 May 10th and 17th. CCB.ARP.DSF. Hayle Est: one May 11th MSW Rame Head: 3 flew east May 17th SCM Mounts Bay: one May 17th RDP Looe: 4 May 18th. one Sept 13th SCM Perranporth: adult Sept 16th DSF. COMMON TERN — Passage migrant.

Singles off Rame Head Mar 28th and Porthleven Mar 29th were the only records for that month. April reports proved sparse but the southerly winds in May pushed above average numbers into the county. There were two records for June and 3 in July. Max no's at this time were: Mevagissey: 18 Apr 20th. 20 May 21st. Par: 16 May 4th. 40 May 10th. 80 May 17th. Porthkidney: 88 May 17th. Hayle Est: 11 Jun 22nd. In autumn there were good numbers in August particularly in the second half of the month. There was another good movement in mid-Sept with several lingering to the end of the month. During October there were singles at St Ives on 2nd, 20th and 22nd and at Godrevy on 19th. Autumn max were: St Ives: 246 west between Aug 4th and Oct 22nd with max. 20 Aug 4th, 68 Aug 26th, 46 Aug 27th and 15 Sept 22nd. Nare Head, Helford: 108 west in 7.5\ hours Aug 25th. Par: 40 Aug 25th. 60 Sept 11th. Rame Head: 130 east Sept 13th. Rosemullion Head: 0 Sept 13th. Marazion: 70 Sept 13th. Pendeen: 62 Sept 13th.

30/50 birds were noted at Looe, Mevagissey, Porthkidney and Hayle Est.

ARCTIC TERN — Scarce passage migrant A very good year aided no doubt by improved field identification criteria. In spring there was one record in April and the usual sequence of records in the first three weeks of May including the largest flock in the county this century. Autumn passage commenced early in August. Good numbers were reported during the gales late in the month but inexplicably few Sept 13th/14th when other tern species were abundant. A few in the late October gales and the latest ever county record Nov 23rd. Par: singles Apr 17th and May 4th. 2 May 5th. 3 May 12th. 6 May 17th. 2 May 18th. one May 21st. one Aug 23rd. 4 Aug 25th. 10 Aug 28th. one Sept 14th to 16th and 3 Sept 18th. SMC.RL.JH.JAdEM et al. Rame Head: 2 flew east May 4th. 3 Aug 25th. RWG.PHA.SJC Portwrinkle: 100 flew east May 17th SCM. one Aug 25th. PHA Looe: 7 May 18th. 12 Aug 27th. SCM.BTC.MPF St Ives: 16 Aug 7th. one Aug 14th. 60 Aug 26th DSF. 4 Aug 27th and Sept 8th. adult Oct 20th. 2 adults Oct 22nd. one first winter Nov 23rd DSF.PHA.JFB.SJC.JH.NRR. et al Hayle Est: one Aug 23rd. 6 Aug 25th. one Aug 26th. DSF.DE Davidstow Airfield: 2 adults Aug 26th BTC.JAdEM. juvenile Aug 27th RMRJ.GPS Camel Est: juv. Aug 27th. adult Oct 20th DJC.JAdEM Towan Head: juv. Sept 3rd. 1st wint. Oct 9th SMC There were single day records from: 2 at Gerrans May 4th AHJH, 2 at Marazion May 8th DSF, one at Tamar Est May 16th EG, one at St Johns Lake Aug 9th, 3 at 60 Colliford Aug 27th BTC.MPF., juv. at Loe Pool Aug 28th DE, 12 at Downderry Aug 27th SCM and a first winter off Pendeen Nov 23rd VRT was presumably the St Ives bird.

"Commic' Terns Birds not specifically identified as either Common or Artic Terns were reported in fair numbers with the most interesting sightings as follows: Whitsand Bay: a 'Common-type' Jan 11th AHJH Rame head: 63 east May 17th (1000-1100 hours) plus 200+ east the same day between 1430 and 1630 hours. Most of the 200 were thought to be Arctics SCM. Rosemullion Head: 107 south in 8 hours May 17th. 117 (most thought to be Commons) Aug 25th. Porthkidney: 55 Aug 23rd. 102 Aug 24th. Hayle Est: 50+ Aug 25th. Pendeen: 100+ Aug 29th. Par: 60 Sept 11th. 100+ Sept 13th.

LITTLE TERN — Uncommon passage migrant.

A very good year with the best spring passage since 1978. First was one at Portholland Apr 20th. There were regular reports from several sites until May 18th and an enigmatic record of two at Porthkidney Jun 22nd. Autumn passage commenced with 23 at Porthkidney Aug 9th. There was an exceptionally widespread movement during the southerly gales of Sept 13th-16th with a few remaining to 21st. The sole October record was of a single at Marazion Oct 3rd. There were regular reports from: Par: up to 6 regular Apr 24th to May 18th. 2 Sept 13th. 6 Sept 15th and one to 18th. Mevagissey: 4 Apr 22nd. one Apr 24th. 3 Sept 8th. Falmouth: one Apr 22nd. 2 Sept 13th. Hayle Est: one Apr 27th. 4 Aug 10th. one Aug 25th. 17 Sept 13th. 7 Sept 14th and 6 to 18th. Porthkidney: 5 May 2nd. then one or two to May 17th. 2 Jun 22nd. 23 Aug 9th. 3 Aug 19th. 4 Sept 14th. 8 on 15th and 4 to 18th. Bude: 5 May 10th. 2 Sept 15th. Marazion: 13 May 10th. 7 Sept 13th one Oct 3rd. Elsewhere in spring there singles at Portholland Apr 20th, Portscatho May 3rd and Widemouth May 4th. In autumn there were regular reports from: Camel Est: one Aug 11th to 16th. 25 Aug 25th. 2 Sept 13th. 4 on 14th. 3 on 16th and one to 18th. St Johns Lake: one Aug 16th. 9 Sept 14th and one Sept 20th. Perranporth: one Sept 9th. 3 on 16th and one on 21st. Elsewhere in autumn there were single day sightings at: Pentewan 2 Sept 4th, Pendeen — one, Rosemullion — 3, Ruan Lanihorne — 2 (all Sept 13th), Carrick Roads — 4, Tresillian — 2, Tregantle — one (all Sept 14th), Newquay — one Sept 16th, St Ives — 3 Sept 16th, Tamar Est — 5 Sept 17th and Lynher Est 4 Sept 20th.

BLACK TERN — Uncommon passage migrant.

Five in spring and a fair passage in autumn with most noted Aug 25th to 27th and Sept 13th to 15th. Marazion: 2 May 3rd with one to 5th. 3 Aug 16th. One Aug 23rd to 31st but 2 on 26th and 27th with 4 on 29th. Colliford Res: singles May 8th and Aug 27th. Rame Head: one flew east May 17th. 2 Aug 24th and one to 25th.

61 Par: singles May 17th and Aug 19th to 24th. 2 Aug 25th. 3 Sept 13th. one Sept 18th. Newquay: 2 Aug 15th. Camel Est: singles Aug 24th to Sept 2nd and Sept 14th/15th. Rosemullion Head: 13 flew south Aug 25th. 11 Sept 13th. Nare Head, Helford: 14 Aug 25th. Hayle Est: singles Aug 25th and Sept 14th. 2 Sept 15th. St. Ives: singles Aug 26th and Oct 22nd. Porth Res: one Aug 27th. Tamar Lakes: one Aug 28th to 30th. Stithians Res: one Aug 28th to Sept 1st. 2 Sept 2nd and one Sept 20th to 22nd. Looe: adult Sept 13th. Falmouth. 40+ Sept 13th. Porthkidney: 8 Sept 14th. Hayle Kimbro Pool: one Sept 16th Tamar Est: one Sept 17th. St Mawes: one Sept 27th. GUILLEMOT — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Breeding season records were received for: Gare Rock, Nare Head: 80+ on ledges Apr 27th. Navax Point — Hudder Cove: 0 at Castle Giver (5 in 1985). 40 at Hells Mouth (42 in 1985) and 10 at Hudder Cove (15 in 1985) Porthmissen: 2+ nests May 1st. to : 10 on ledges May 13th. Gulland: 'Colony' — June Rumps Point to Carnweather: 45 birds on ledges. At least 8 had single chicks and one appeared to have two chicks Jun 28th. Long Island: numbers seemed lower than 1985 but no specific counts made. Short Island: 35 May 29th. The Sisters: 70 May 29th. Lye Rock: 11 Jun 28th. First reports of autumn migrants were of an adult and a juvenile off Rame Head Aug 3rd and a single off Newquay Sept 3rd. Unusual was one at Tresillian Nov 16th GRW.MW. 'Bridled' birds were noted at Bodinnick, Fowey in February and Hells Mouth Apr 13th. RL.MSW. RAZORBILL — Breeds. Resident, Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Breeding season records were received for: Gare Rock, Nare Head: 10 visible Apr 27th. Gull Rock, Mullion: 2 Jun 20th. 4 Jun 23rd and 25th. Navax Point — Deadmans Cove. 7 at Hells Mouth, 9 at Castle Giver, 9 at Hudder Cove but 0 at Deadmans Cove. (A total of 11 less than along the same stretch in 1985). Western Cove Island: one nest plus one bird on another island. Samphire Island: 4 nests Carters Rock: 'handful' of birds flying in and out of gap May 29th. Marble Cliffs — Porthmissen: 8 pairs June. Trevone — Stepper Point: 8 on ledges May 15th. Gulland: 'colony' June. Rumps Point — Carnweather: 16+ on ledges, probably 10 breeding and at least 3 with young Jun 28th. Port Isaac: 15 on water and 9 on ledges Jun 16th. Lye Rock: 80+ Jun 28th Bossinney: 35+ May 18th. Long and Short Islands: 80 May 29th. No's seem constant. The heaviest passage of the year was reported Oct 25th/26th when on the first date

62 between 1025 and 1480 per hour were passing continuously off Rumps Point and on the latter date 70 per minute were passing Trevose Had. Unusual was one seen flying south west towards St Erth over the Hayle By pass during a westerly gale Dec 16th. DSF.

LITTLE AUK — Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Swanpool: one Jan 2nd to 10th. PMcC. BC. ARP. et al Portscatho: one Feb 5th to 9th. SMC.PR. et al Mounts Bay: one Feb 25th PHo St Ives: one Oct 25th DJB.JFB.RWB.BRF. 4 Nov 23rd JFB.DSF.JH Pendeen: one Nov 23rd SJC Towan Head: one Nov 26th SMC PUFFIN — Breeds in small numbers. Resident. Passage migrant. Breeding season records were received for: The Moules: Noted May 4th to Jun 28th with max 12 first date. Long and Short Islands: Noted May 7th to Jun 27th with max 21 birds May 29th. Lye Rock: 4 on sea Jun 28th were probably from Long or Short Island. The Brissons, Cape Cornwall: 3 amongst Razorbills and Guillemots Jul 6th. one Jul 22nd. 3 Aug 18th ARB.MPB. (3 were also noted at this site in 1957, but none since). Prussia Cove: one Mar 27th. Pendeen: 5 flew south Apr 15th. Mousehole: one west Apr 16th Newquay: 2 Apr 20th Porthgwarra: 79 noted between May 8th and Aug 6th with max of 28 Jul 27th and 30 Jul 30th Rame Head: 2 west May 24th. one west Aug 6th. St Ives: 4 west Jul 20th Bass Point: 27 noted between Jul 27th and Aug 9th with max 10 Jul 28th and 8 Jul 30th. Cape Cornwall: one Aug 7th.

Auk sp.

Mevagissey: 100 west in 1.5hours Jan 1st. 1150 Oct 24th. Towan Head: 100 west in 1.5 hours Jan 15th. 250 per hour west Jan 23rd. Trevose Head: 400 per hour Jan 23rd. Bude: 150 per hour Feb 2nd. Pendeen: clOOOO Nov 23rd (Virtually all thought to be Razorbills). VRT FERAL ROCK DOVE — Breeds. Resident. AHJH reports that along the coast at Lye Rock several birds have reverted to type. Several flocks of up to 30 birds were reported but the only larger concentrations were 40 at Bradford, Bodmin Moor Oct 2nd and 140 at Falmouth Moor Oct 15th. There were also a large influx into south-east Cornwall during December. This influx coincided with a large incursion of Woodpigeons. c300 accompanied a large flock of Woodpigeon at Millbrook Dec 6th to 14th. Nearby, at Maker there was a flock of 100 Dec 30th. Plumage variation covered all types includng pure white, grey and red. STOCK DOVE — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Reported from most parts of the county during the breeding season. On Bodmin Moor JAdEM reports no change in status. The species remains

63 widespread during the breeding season but absent in late winter. Very few were noted during the first winter period with 10 at Millbrook Jan 30th the only double-figure flock. In the second winter much larger flocks were evident. At Mullion 90 flew south Nov 6th, at Millbrook there was a flock of 30/40 Dec 8th whilst at Rame Head there were 50 Dec 26th and 98 Dec 27th. WOODPIGEON — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Few records received but no change in status reported. In the first winter period and spring the largest flocks included 150 at Siblyback and Lostwithiel and 300 at Gerrans. Of interest were 60 flying north at Gribbin Head Apr 14th and one in off the sea at Porthgwarra Apr 25th. Autumn passage was noted from Sept 26th and proved the heaviest for many years. Passge was light through the October but later in November and December there were max as follows: Lizard: 500 south in one flock Nov 4th. Porth Mear: 400 west in 2 hours Nov 10th. Whitsand Bay: 850 west in 2 hours Nov 20th. Rame Head: 1500 Nov 30th to Dec 7th, but very few by Dec 26th. Colan: 400 Dec 4th Probus: 1500 Dec 6th Millbrook: 750 Dec 8th Antony: 700 Dec 22nd.

COLLARED DOVE — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant.

Nationally this species' population has levelled out after massive increases following colonisation in the 1960's and 1970's, but in Cornwall there has been a reversal with lower numbers in many areas. This year the species was noted as 'scarce' by JSG in the Porthleven and Loe Pool area and 'down to much lower numbers' at Boscastle. CGL.MEL. Despite this pessimism both TJD at Bude and AMJD at Launceston describe it as 'common and widespread'. In the first winter period the only large flock was 30 at Trebarber, St Columb Minor Jan 25th. There was evidence of spring migration during May when 27 were noted at Sennen on 2nd and 68 at Cot Valley the same day. There was also 14 at The Lizard on 7th. Prior to this, in early April, R. Burridge saw 12 near Ushant in the Western Approaches which were flying towards Cornwall and were perhaps evidence of spring migration, per VRT. In mid summer there was a flock of 30 at Coswarth Jun 27th but no other flocks of note. Autumn passage was light and lasted from Oct 2nd to 10th. The maximum were 26 at Pendeen Oct 2nd and 20 at Padstow Oct 9th. Elsewhere there was a single at Trevose Head Oct 3rd and 2 at Trevail Oct 4th. There was also a flock of 60 flying north east at Mullion Nov 14th.

TURTLE DOVE — Occasionally breeds. Passage migrant.

Most unusual was one at Mullion Jan 1st to 5th and presumably the same Jan 17th to 21st RB.EGe A very poor spring passage commenced with one at Skewjack Apr 25th. There were reports of 43 birds at 21 localities with almost all being noted in May. Most records were of ones and twos but there were 5 at Porthgwarra May 3rd, 3 at Heamoor, Penzance May 7th and 4 at The Lizard May 20th. In summer there were singles at Manaccan Jul 3rd and Kenidjack Jul 5th. Autumn passage was noted from Aug 6th when one was at Porthgwarra to Nov 1st — one at Kenidjack.

64 c.59 birds were noted at 19 localities with highest numbers in mid-September. Max. no's: Cot Valley: 6 Sept 13th. 7 Sept 14th. Rame Head: 5 Sept 14th Whitsand Bay: 3 Sept 14th Nanquidno: 3 Sept 14th Perranporth: 7 flew west Sept 21st.

CUCKOO — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant. One at St Mawes Apr 15th was the first of a very poor spring passage which went almost unnoticed until May. Breeding records were sparse. CNT described it as scarce at Camborne, as did ARP at The Lizard, whilst in mid Cornwall the species was very scarce indeed. SMC CGL & MEL at Boscastle and JEM at Cusgarne failed to record any sightings at all this year but on Bodmin Moor JAdEM considered that numbers were normal. Autumn passage consisted of 8 sightings, the last being a single at St Buryan Sept 18th. Brown phase birds were noted near Kynance May 15th, Pendower Jun 7th, Caerthillian Jun 12th and Upper Fowey Valley on several occasions.

BARN OWL — Breeds. Resident. Reports were received from 85 sites but there was confirmation of breeding at only 8. There was no obvious change in status, despite the cold weather, with reports confirming previous population assessments. Reports were received confirming breeding at two sites on The Lizard plus many casual sightings on the peninsula. There was again a dearth of records from the Lands End area with only three sightings during the year. In the Bude area TJD reports that birds were seen quite widely but infrequently and suggests that this may be due to an unchanging rather than low population. At Malpas RL had his first sighting there in 15 years when he saw one Mar 6th.

LITTLE OWL — Breeds. Scarce resident.

Breeding was proved at Battery Hill, St Erth where one juvenile was seen Jun 19th DSF, Black Rock where one juvenile was seen PWS and Mullion where two juveniles were seen Jul 20th. ARP Elsewhere the species was poorly recorded and the lack of reports, despite vastly increased observer activity, suggests a declining population. Trevose Head: singles May 2nd and Sept 4th. Near St John: singles May 11th, Jun 19th, Jul 5th and 10th. Pentire: 2 May 30th. Zennor: one calling Jun 18th. Bedruthan Steps: one Jul 18th Penhale, East Cornwall: one Aug 10th. Porthcothan: one Aug 24th Perranporth: one Sept 10th. Bolingey/Rose: one Sept 12th. Freathy: juvenile Sept 20th and one Oct 26th. Trenython, Par: one calling Oct 27th Kilkhampton: one Nov 11th/12th.

TAWNY OWL — Breeds. Resident. Although only two instances of breeding were reported there was no evidence to suggest any change in status. Reports were received from most areas of the county but there was a dearth of

65 sightings on The Lizard and Lands End peninsulas and any information from these areas would be welcome.

At Tehidy, CNT noted that tree clearance had resulted in fewer sightings.

SHORT-EARED OWL — Uncommon passage migrant and winter visitor. In the first winter period the species was scarce on Bodmin Moor, being recorded only in the Colliford area where there was a single Jan 6th to 9th and 3 Mar 2nd to 16th. At St Eval Airfield there was one Jan 2nd to 17th, 3 regularly Mar 10th to Apr 8th but 4 Mar 16th to 19th. 2 remained until Apr 24th and raised hopes that breeding might occur. Nearby there was a single at Bedruthan Steps Apr 8th. On the Lands End moors one or two were regular Jan 26th to Mar 2nd but there was an increase to 4 Mar 6th/7th and 6 Mar 16th. Elsewhere there were 2 at Hayle Kimbro Feb 2nd and singles at Tregonetha Feb 8th, Porth Mear Mar 26th and St Merryn Mar 30th. In spring singles were noted at Stithians Apr 20th, Trewey Common May 15th, The Lizard May 16th and Widemouth Bay May 18th. Autumn passage was appalling. It commenced with singles at Trevose Head and Rame Head Sept 26th. In October there were singles at Trewint on 4th, Kynance on 15th and Tregonetha on 30th whilst in November there were singles at Porthgwarra on 2nd, Camel Est On 10th and Hells Mouth on 13th. In the second winter period there were 3 at Trewey Common Nov 29th and singles at St Eval Airfield and Camel Est Dec 14th.

NIGHTJAR — Breeds. Scarce summer resident. Occasional passage migrant.

West Penwith: one May 19th. 4 Jun 18th. Near Bodmin: male Jun 2nd. Pair Aug 8th. Near Lostwithiel: Pair Jun 7th. Later, pair + male. Although no proof of breeding one cold egg was found. Lizard: one Jun 11th and 13th. Pair Jul 1st but one observer reports 2 males and a female Jun/Jul. Bodmin Moor: male Jun 13th. Up to 3 Jul 1st to 3rd. One Jul 26th. SWIFT — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant. In line with recent years, the species was generally late in arriving. First was one at Camborne Apr 23rd but there were no more until May 2nd. Over the next three days there was a small but widespread arrival. There was no double figure count until 7th when 15 were noted at Lanhydrock. Largest numbers arrived from May 18th when 600 were noted at Colliford. The following day there were 100 at Truro and on 21st 100 at St Austell. Breeding reports were few but no reason to suspect any change in status despite the miserable weather. At Falmouth where PMcC has regularly watched a colony since 1982, June numbers peaked at 59 birds, his highest June count but conversely a peak of 66 in July was his lowest for that month. Most birds had left the county by mid August. Passage was poor but with two good reports. 600/700 flew south west at Portscatho Jul 30th and 225 were noted at Rame Head Aug 9th. A few were noted in mid-September and there was a single flying west at St Columb Oct 19th. Unusual were up to 3 feeding offshore at Bude with Manx Shearwaters Jul 30th and at Pendarves one with whitish primaries was noted Jul 3rd.

ALPINE SWIFT — Rare vagrant. Bude: one Jul 9th MAG

66 The 10th county mainland record. Accepted by BBRC.

KINGFISHER — Breeds. Scarce resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

In the first winter period and spring there were sightings at only 16 localities. All reports were of singles except 2 at Copperhouse in February, 2 at Camel Est Mar 5th and up to 3 regularly at Tresillian. The freeze evidently had a devastating effect on the species because there were only 5 reports for the whole of February, 4 for March and one for April. Breeding was proved this year. A pair with 4 young were noted at Lostwithiel in late June ACP. Breeding may have occurred at Grogley where one bird was seen offering a fish to another May 5th. DJ. Autumn passage commenced in mid-July when there were singles at Idless on 12th, Gunnislake on 13th and Retallack on 15th. Birds were noted at most estuaries and reservoirs with a maximum of 3 at Loe Pool Sept 18th. Apart from singles there were two each at Camel Est., Siblyback Res. and Par. In the second winter period there were up to 6 regularly on the Camel Est. PGA but very few elsewhere. BEE-EATER — Rare vagrant. The Lizard: one May 20th ARP The 61st county mainland record. Accepted by BBRC. HOOPOE — Scarce passage migrant. All singles. Cury Cross: Mar 19th VR.BR. per EGe Goonhilly: Mar 21st HB per EGe Roche: Apr 25th/26th Mr & Mrs Gregory. LW.EJC. et al Rame Head: Apr 26th PHA.SJC.IK.VRT Redruth: May 5th LMcC.DS Cubert Common: May 6th Mr & Mrs Anderson per EGe Camborne: May 18th Mr Wickes per EGe Near Lizard village: Jun 15th J. Cave

WRYNECK — Scarce passage migrant.

Singles unless stated: Penlee Point: Aug 30th and Sept 6th PHA.SJC.RWG Rumps Point: 3 Sept 3rd JA Porth Joke: Sept 3rd BA Church Cove, The Lizard. Sept 4th/5th ARP Caerthillian: 2 Sept 5th with one to Oct 2nd. ARP.RB.BC. Baripper: Sept 6th. MSW St. John: Sept 7th to 11th AHJH.EG.SCM.PHA.SJC. Porthgwarra/Nanjizal: Sept 7th to 10th LPW.CCB. St Clement: Sept 8th WARW.NW Near Bude: Sept 12th IK.DJFR Kenidjack: Sept 14th PGA.DJC.RJT Polhawn: Sept 14th PHA Perranporth: Sept 20th DFS Hayle Kimbro: Sept 25th PMcC Holywell Bay: Sept 26th GT Loe Bar: Sept 27th/28th. In addition one landed on RMV Scillonian about one mile out of Penzance on Sept

67 11th but was blown off again. DFS. An extraordinary year with a record total.

GREEN WOODPECKER — Breeds. Resident. LSP & EMP report that the species does not appear to be doing too well in the St Just in Roseland area but elsewhere there was no report of any change in status. Although there were few reports of successful breeding the number and scatter of records during the summer suggest a widespread population.

GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER — Breeds. Resident. Scarce passage migrant.

The number of reports received suggest a healthy and widespread population in the county. There were records from many sites during the breeding season but few proved records of breeding. At Cusgarne JEM has not noted the species recently after a spell of relative abundance. He wonders if this is due to the number of dead elms? Possible migrants were noted at Rame Head Sept 28th and Trevail Oct 4th.

LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER — Breeds. Scarce resident. Polbrook: singles Jan 27th and Dec 26th DJ.MPF. Torpoint: one feeding in a garden during February per SCM Near Kea Church, Truro: one Feb 3rd PTS Antony: one Apr 12th KT Lanhydrock: one May 12th JTH Trengwainton: one Jun 11th RWB

WOODLARK — Occasionally breeds. Rare resident and passage migrant. Okeltor, Calstock: male singing Mar 22nd IK Bohetherick: one or two regular Mar 23rd to May 25th but 4 Apr 5th. PSC.EG.RS.SCM.AHJH. Harrowbarrow: one Mar 23rd PSC Bohetherick/St Dominick: one Apr 13th and 27th PSC Porthgwarra: singles Oct 12th and 26th AMJD.DJB. 2 Oct 29th CCB 3 Nov 2nd. PGA.DJC.RJT. All breeding season records from the same small area of county. SKYLARK — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Numbers in the first winter period were low and there was no influx in the cold weather. Largest flocks included 200 at Widemouth Bay Jan 3rd and 200 at Sandymouth the same day, 110 at Reskajeage Jan 25th and 100 at Crafthole Feb 7th. There was no evidence of spring passage and very little information for the breeding season. Autumn passage was light with much lower numbers than normally. The maximum were: Reskajeage: 430 Oct 26th. 400 Nov 15th. 500 Nov 29th. Near Kynance: 200 Nov 2nd. Porthgwarra: 622 flew west in 4 hours Nov 2nd. DSF Gerrans: several hundred Nov 3rd. In the second winter period the only flock of note were 250 at Reskajeage Dec 21st and 600 at Penlee Dec 23rd.

SAND MARTIN — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant. The first for spring were singles at Marazion, Godrevy and Camel Est Mar 16th. There were further sightings during March at only 8 loci but in April numbers

68 increased particularly towards the end of the month and into May. Spring maxima included 50 at Marazion Apr 3rd with 80 there Apr 13th and 100 May 3rd. 50 were at Loe Pool May 10th and 54 at Colliford May 4th. Breeding season reports: Hawkstor Clay Pit: cl5 Jun 15th JD. Loe Bar: 20 nests in use Jun 18th JSG and 7 holes in use Aug 22nd DE Church Cove, Gunwalloe: A small colony noted by PLS. 5 holes noted Jun 25th ARP Gwithian: 3 excavated holes Aug 8th DE Treskilling Clay Pit: 20/25 holes occupied GRW.MW. A careful and prolonged study by DMY on Aug 10th revealed that 19 holes were being visited. None were noted at Praa Sands DE nor Tamar River AMJD where they normally breed. Autumn passage commenced with 4 at Rame Head Aug 9th and ended with 2 at Camel Est Oct 28th. Between dates the species was exceptionally scarce. 50+ were noted at Hayle Towans Aug 24th and 17 at Perranporth Sept 16th. The Swallow roost at Par attracted a maxima of 75 Sept 16th but this was exceptional because there were no other records of more than 6 together anywhere.

SWALLOW — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant. In March a single at St John on 15th was the only report for the month. Spring passage was very slow with low numbers throughout April. 100 at Marazion on April 21st was easily the largest concentration. Better numbers arrived in May when there were 120 at Marazion on 3rd, 150 at Loe Pool on 10th and 200 at Colliford on 15th. The breeding season was very poorly documented but in mid-Cornwall there has been a very significant decrease in breeding records over the past 5 years. This decrease may be as much as 50°/o SMC. Autumn passage apparently commenced with 20 at Rame Head Aug 18th. As anticipated numbers were very low, apart from a five day spell Sept 16th/21st. Maximum numbers: Long Rock: 3000 at roost Sept 9th. Trevose Head: 500 Sept 10th. Par: After a slow start the roost built up to 900 Sept 3rd to 9th and 2600 Sept 16th. Perranporth: 800 Sept 21st. Looe: c.3000 flew west between 1430 and 1630 hours Sept 21st EG. Not surprisingly the very mild climate of November and December induced many birds to stay late. At Mullion as many as 57 were noted Nov 13th and there was 17 at Penzance the same day. In December there were singles at Falmouth on 1st, Polbathic on 2nd, Penzance and Culdrose on 4th, Newlyn on 12th, Helston on 22nd and St Erth on 23d. Unusual was a leucistic bird at Penlee Oct 12th. AHJH.

HOUSE MARTIN — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant.

First for spring was one at Wadebridge Apr 5th with two there the next day. 16 were at Pentewan Apr 9th but then no more until 17 at Portholland on 19th. Passage was very light involving c.160 birds until 50 were seen at Pentewan May 22nd, 70 at London Apprentice on 27th and 20 at Long Rock on 29th. Many comments referred to the species arriving late and in low numbers. At Quintrell Downs 2 nests were built above a pub window and PJD and the landlord Mr Byrne wonder if this is a new sub species — 'Public House Martin'? Cliff nesting was reported as follows: Lizard Lifeboat Slip: some nesting in roof of cliff cave JH Crinnis: colony 'strong'. RL Carlyon Bay: one nest RL

69 Varley Sands: 15 prs Jul 9th R. Abbott Cove to north of Lye Rock: Birds flying towards cliff face — max 5 Aug 15th LFE , opposite Merlins Cove: 12 nests Aug 13th. 2 with young and two others possible LFE Bossinney: 6 around cliffs Jul 6th may have been nesting AHJH Autumn passage apparently commenced with 100 at Pontsmill Aug 4th. Numbers were generally low apart from mid-September when there were 368 at Perranporth on 16th, 250 at Par on 18th, 200 at Helman Tor the same day and 200 at Pentewan on 19th. On 21st DFS counted 690 at Perranporth but this was to prove to be the last flock of note. As with Swallow many remained through November and into December. There were records from 6 sites during the first week of the month but later there was one at Falmouth until 26th, one at Wadebridge and 2 at Falmouth the same day, with 3 at Looe to the end of the year.

RICHARDS PIPIT — Rare passage migrant. (Mainly autumn)

All singles: Porthgwarra: one flew over Oct 5th RB Nanquidno: Oct 11th WTA Rame Head: Oct 11th AHJH St Levan: Oct 18th DSF. A large pipit at Rame Head Sept 26th was either this or the next species JAdEM

TAWNY PIPIT — Rare passage migrant. (Mainly autumn)

Sennen: one Jul 24th DSF Near Kynance: one Sept 21st ARP Porthgwarra: adult Sept 21st. Immature Sept 26th. Adult Sept 27th. 2 adults Sept 28th LPW.DSF.CCB. et al Penlee: 2 Sept 25th RWG St Just Airfield: juvenile Oct 11th WTA Other reports were received but description were considered inconclusive. TREE PIPIT — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant. Spring passage commenced with an early bird at Par Apr 1st, but no more were reported until one was seen at Upper Fowey Valley Apr 23rd. Migrants were scarce, only 9 being reported away from breeding areas. Apart from singles there were 3 at Porthgwarra Apr 27th and 2 at Rame Head the same day. Most birds appeared in breeding areas during May and by 11th there were 12 males at Halvana. Elsewhere there were breeding season records from Helman Tor where 15/20 pairs were found within a mile radius of the Tor, Crowdy Res. (4 pairs), Smallacombe (3), Upper Fowey Valley, St Cleer, Kit Hill, Luckett, Croft Pascoe, Ventongimps, Retallack and Goss Moor. Autumn passage apparently commenced with 10 at Kit Hill Aug 9th and involved c.180 birds at 30 localities. Regular passage was noted Sept 4th to 17th with max. of: Rame Head: 6 Aug 31st and Sept 6th. Lizard: 10 Sept 5th and 7th. 7 Sept 10th and 16th. Cot Valley: 6 Sept 5th. Sennen: 7 Sept 6th. St Levan: 8 Sept 9th. Portgwarra: 20 Sept 19th. In October there were singles at Trevose Head, Luckett, Trevail and Copperhouse with the last two at Reskajeage on 12th. It was the best autumn passage since at least 1979.

70 MEADOW PIPIT — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant.

The maximum for the first winter period were a meagre 25 at Gerrans Bay Jan 8th and 10 at Trevose Head Feb 21st. In spring there were 10 at Kynance Mar 19th whilst 30 flew north at Bude Apr 8th. Breeding season reports were sparse but there were 15 pairs at St Breock Downs Jul 6th. RL found the species surprisingly scarce at Helman Tor where he located not more than 4 pairs within a one mile radius of the tor. Autumn passage commenced with 7 at Maer Lake Aug 3rd and ended with 170 west at Whitsand Bay Nov 20th. The majority moved through Sept 30th to Nov 2nd. The maximum during this period were: The Lizard: 200 Sept 30th increasing to 300 Oct 8th and a further 220 in off the sea Oct 12th. Trevose Head: 100 Oct 1st increasing daily to 250 on 5th and then 200 on 14th. Reskajeage: 100 Oct 1st increasing to 200 on 6th and 300 on 12th. Porthgwarra: 520 Oct 3rd decreasing to 500 the following day and 340 on 11th. Rame Head: 120 Oct 4th increasing to 250 on 11th but then a decline to 100 on 13th.

RED-THROATED PIPIT — Rare vagrant. Reskajeage: one Oct 6th to 10th. DSF.ARP.PAR The third county mainland record — the previous records having been in 1985 and 1983. Accepted by BBRC. There was also a probable at Porthgwarra Oct 12th. The call was right but the observer acknowledges that because the bird was not observable it cannot be a 100% acceptable record. MPF. ROCK PIPIT — Breeds. Resident. Scarce passage migrant. Very few records received with none from inland sites. Reportd as regular at Portscatho and Bude areas. The breeding season was poorly documented but three pairs were noted at Bude, 2 pairs at Loe Bar/Porthleven and single pairs elsewhere. The largest gathering was 20 at Looe Oct 23rd to 26th. Unusual was a leucistic bird at Poltesco, The Lizard Aug 31st DE (This is probably the same bird as the one noted in Sept 1985). WATER PIPIT — Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant. Now a separate species. Long Rock/Marazion: 4 remained from 1985 but the number was down to 3 by Jan 23rd. These stayed to Jan 28th. There were no records for February but in March there was one Mar 1st to 16th but 3 on 9th. 2, possibly different birds were present Apr 13th. SMC.DSF.AHJH.BP. Landulph: the 1985 bird was present Jan 3rd. SMC.EJC.LW Camel Est: the 1985 bird remained and was joined by two others Jan 8th. SMC Mylor: one Jan 20th JH Stithians: one Feb 12th BC Gannel Est: one Feb 15th SMC.LW. Porthpean: one Feb 19th and Mar 21st to Apr 4th. RL Hayle Est: 2 Mar 21st BP Looe: one Mar 24th JAdEM Crowdy Res: one Dec 17th AHJH Maer Lake: one Dec 20th into 1987 IK The Stithians birds was an unusually dull brown bird with an abrupt pale supercilium behind the eye. It also had two prominent wing bars formed by the creamy tips to the greater and median coverts and a pale wing bar on tertials and secondaries. The underparts lacked Water Pipit's normal relative paleness. BC

7> YELLOW WAGTAIL — Passage migrant. Last bred in 1965. The first in spring were single males at Porthgwarra and Par Apr 25th. In a spring which proved to be very disappointing for most summer visitors this species was more in evidence then ever before. A total of c.45 birds were reported, mostly in the west of the county. Up to 4 were noted at Marazion, a maximum of 12 at Skewjack, and singles at 6 sites. Last was one at Gunwalloe Jun 4th. Autumn passage commenced with one at Par Aug 20th and continued to Oct 5th when 3 flew south at Porthleven. Passage was very good with c.394 birds reported from 33 localities. Most moved through Sept 4th to 14th and 18th to 20th. The highest single day counts were 35 on 7th, 78 on 14th, 61 on 19th and 45 on 20th. There were regular reports and maxima as follows: Marazion: Aug 24th to Oct 2nd with max. 10 Sept 5th. 13 Sept 8th and 23 Sept 18th. c.60 birds involved. The Lizard: Aug 31st to Oct 4th with max. 12 Sept 5th and 26 Sept 7th. c.33 birds involved. Rame Head: Aug 31st to Sept 16th with max. 14 on first date, c.27 birds involved. Sennen: Sept 1st to Oct 4th with max. 30 Sept 14th. c.39 bird involved. Porthgwarra: Sept 4th to 25th with max 50 Sept 19th. c.56 birds involved. Elsewhere there were 20 at Loe Pool Sept 4th with 20 flying south there Sept 20th, 11 at St Levan Sept 12th and 10 at Nanquidno Sept 12th.

BLUE-HEADED WAGTAIL — Uncommon passage migrant. Marazion: male May 3rd. CCB At Skewjack May 16th DJC watched a male of unknown or mixed race. Crown, nape ear coverts and lores dark blue grey (darker than Blue-headed) with short greyish-white supercilium just behind the eye. The throat was all yellow. CITRINE WAGTAIL — Very rare vagrant Marazion: juvenile Aug 27th J.A.Eyre. M.Shaw. H.Shorrock. RB.ARP.IP et al The third county mainland record — the previous records occurring in 1984 and 1982. Accepted by BBRC. GREY WAGTAIL — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant.

There were few records for the first winter period and no evidence of spring migration. The cold weather reduced populations in Bude and Penzance/Marazion areas TJD.BP. At Copperhouse DSF reported that all local birds were killed by the February/March cold spell and none were noted until Jun 15th. Breeding season reports were about average with the vast majority in mid and East Cornwall. Autumn passage was light but undoubtedly under-reported. Passage apparently commenced with one at Sennen Aug 20th and continued into November. Most moved through in mid to late September with max. of 6 at The Lizard Sept 7th and 11 at Porthgwarra Sept 21st.

PIED WAGTAIL — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. As with Grey Wagtail first winter reports were almost non existent with 12 at Trewey Common Jan 26th the only gathering of note. In spring one was witnessed flying in off the sea at Bude Apr 10th, 6 were at Colliford Apr 13th and 6 at Boswednack Apr 17th. Autumn passage apparently commenced with 25 at Gwithian Aug 16th and lasted to mid October. Maximum numbers included 350 roosting at Long Rock Reedbed Sept 2nd to 16th, 120 at Egloshayle Sept 4th, 80 roosting at Par Sept 7th to 19th, 120 at Kynance Sept 14th and 146 at Perranporth Sept 16th.

72 Later in the year there were 100 at Devoran Nov 1st and 120 at Swanpool Nov 15th. There was a small roost of 20 at Boswednack during November.

White Wagtail — (M.a.alba.) Passage migrant.

In spring a total of 40 birds reported from 9 localities. The first was a single at The Lizard and the last were 4 at Skewjack May 4th. The largest flocks were 10 at Marazion Apr 26th/27th and 10 at Copperhouse on the latter date. Autumn passage was noted from Aug 31st to Oct 12th. c.290 birds were reported from 14 sites. The only double-figure flocks were: 15 at Par Sept 3rd and 40 there Sept 7th, 20 near Kynance Sept 7th, 100+ at Marazion Sept 7th with 150 there Sept 12th, 12 at Millbrook Sept 14th and 35 at Mullion Sept 16th.

WAXWING — Very rare winter visitor.

Bush, near Bude: The bird reported at the end of 1985 was present until Jan 2nd. Presumably the same bird was nearby at Jan 3rd and at Kilkhampton Jan 4th GPS.IK. DIPPER — Breeds. Scarce resident. (Mainly East Cornwall)

A total of 11 breeding sites were reported but these did not include many of the traditional locations in the Bodmin area, for which little information was forthcoming this year. There were 4 sites on Bodmin Moor, and single sites at Boscastle, Slaughterbridge, Clapper Bridge, Grogley, Rosenannon, River Allen and Ladock. Other breeding season reports were received from Lanhydrock, Rocky Valley, , Kennal Vale and Lowertown, Helston. Following my comments in the 1985 Report PMcC informs me that the species has not been entirely absent from the Lowertown area since 1959. He recorded singles here on 15th June 1973 and 29th Jun 1976. Outside the breeding season there were widespread reports including such diverse localities as Charlestown Lake, near Gweek and Trevalga (The last bird was seen Dec 17th and was a first for the locality in 17 years for CGL.MEL. In the Wenford/Tresarret/Shell Woods area this species now appears to be absent where JGT had previously noted it for many years.

WREN — Breeds. Abundant resident. Apparently survived the cold spell well with the only report of a decrease at Portscatho GCJ. The largest single gathering was 15 at Treesmill Feb 6th, whilst at Harrowbarrow PSC noted 6 feeding in his garden at the same time Jan 9th. Up to 10 roosted in a nest box in MPV's garden in late Feb/early Mar. During the breeding season DJC located 197 pairs/singing males along the Camel Est.

DUNNOCK — Breeds. Very common resident. Passage migrant.

Remains common and widespread. The only breeding season report of note was of 104 pairs/singing males along the Camel Est. DJC. ROBIN — Breeds. Abundant resident. Passage migrant. The species evidently survived the cold spell successfully with no reports of a decrease received. At St Just in Roseland up to 10 at a time were noted visiting a bird table during the cold spell. LSP.EMP At Trelissick on Feb 26th a very tame bird landed on a mans shoulder and proceeded

73 to pick at his teeth — the ultimate plaque remover? JD At Camel Est. DJC recorded 114 pairs/singing males during the breeding season. Very few were reported in autumn but 13 at Black Rock Sept 21st to Oct 12th where the norm is 3/4 and 25 at Porth Mear Oct 1st to 5th probably included migrants. NIGHTINGALE — Rare passage migrant.

Near Bude: one Sept 14th FHCK. Anther casualty of the squally 13th.

BLACK REDSTART — Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

Overwintering birds were noted at Charlestown and Godrevy. Elsewhere there were singles at 5 sites, 2 at Porthpean, 3 at The Lizard and 4 at Kynance. Spring passage was noted from March 11th to May 19th. A total of 12 birds were reported, all singles except 3 near Kynance Mar 16th. In autumn there was a puzzling record of a juvenile at Perranporth Sept 9th (the earliest ever record) followed by a family party of two adults and three juveniles Sept 14th at the same locality. DFS. This is in much the same area as the species bred in the 1930's and 1940's. Passage was very light with c.75 birds reported from 38 loci. Most reports were of singles but there were 3 at Trevose Head Oct 14th, 3 at Mullion Oct 16th, 3 at Porthcurno Oct 25th and 6 at Kynance Nov 29th. The highest single day count was a mere 7 Nov 4th and 29th. In contrast to December 1985, numbers remaining into December were high this year. A total of 32 birds at 17 sites were reported. As always most were singles but 2 at Porthpean, East Looe and Loe Bar and 3 at Mullion. The Porthpean and Loe Bar birds overwintered as did singles at Bude, Wadebridge and Charlestown.

REDSTART — Breeds. Uncommon summer resident and passage migrant First in spring was one at Upper Fowey Valley Apr 23rd. Spring passage was light, involving 11 birds at 7 sites. All were singles except 2 at Rame Head and 3 at Cawsand Apr 26th. Breeding reports were received for several areas of Bodmin Moor. They included 3 pairs at Bodmin Moor Nature Observatory compared with only one pair in 1984 and 1985. JAdEM made no special effort to check breeding populations on the Moor but he did gain the impression that good numbers were again present. Two males were also noted in full song at Lanhydrock May 21st and breeding may have occurred. Autumn passage commenced with singles at Porthgwarra and Rame Head Aug 17th. There then followed an unprecedented autumn migration involving c.120 birds at no less than 40 sites. The majority of birds moved through during September with peak single-day counts of 38 on 14th and 20 on 20th, figures which in many years would exceed the entire autumn passage! There were several reports for October with the last singles at Pentire Point and Madron on 19th. Regular reports were'received for: Rame Head: noted Aug 17th to Oct 11th with max 7 Sept 20th. c.14 birds involved. Porthgwarra: noted Aug 17th to Oct 2nd with max 4 Sept 20th and 5 Sept 26th. The Lizard: noted Sept 8th to Oct 2nd with max 5 Sept 16th and 4 Sept 19th. Trevose Head: noted Sept 20th to Oct 2nd with max 4 on the first date. Elsewhere there were max of 4 near Bude Sept 12th increasing to 10 on 14th, 6 at Kenidjack on 14th and 7 at Perranporth on 21st.

WHINCHAT — Breeds. Uncommon summer resident. Passage migrant. First in spring were singles at The Lizard and Nanquidno Apr 26th. Spring passage was light involving 11 birds, all singles between Apr 26th and May 18th.

74 Few breeding records were received and JAdEM considered that numbers on Bodmin Moor were slightly down on 1985 with very few juveniles seen. 11/12 pairs were located around Colliford Res. and 5 pairs were found at Witheybrook Marsh. As with Redstart, autumn passage proved to be most impressive, c.433 birds were reported from a total of 51 localities. Passage commenced with one at Porthgwarra Aug 11th and ended with one at Rame Head Oct 18th. Peak day counts were all in September — 89 on 14th, 79 on 20th and 65 on 21st. The total number of 'bird days' was 696. Regular reports were received for: Porthgwarra: noted Aug 11th to Oct 7th with max of 15 Sept 19th. 35+ birds involved. Rame Head: noted Aug 17th to Oct 18th with max 14 Sept 14th and 11 Sept 20th. c.38 birds involved. The Lizard: noted Aug 19th to Oct 10th with max 18 Sept 14th and 13 Sept 19th. c.43 birds involved. Nanquidno: noted Sept 5th to Oct 6th with max 19 Sept 13th. c.24 birds involved. Trevose Head: noted Sept 9th to Oct 7th with max 8 Sept 16th. c.28 birds involved. Near Bude: noted Sept 12th to 20th with max 15 Sept 14th. Elsewhere there were large numbers as follows: 18 at Cot Sept 13th, 9 at Porth Res Sept 16th, 13 at Pendeen Sept 17th, 16 at Hayle Kimbro Sept 20th, 8 at Wiggle, Whitesand Bay Sept 20th and an incredible 30+ at Gurnards Head Sept 21st. STONECHAT — Breeds. Resident. Scarce passage migrant. After last years' nosedive there was a further decimation of local stock during the first winter freeze. The decrease was general but in some areas there appeared to be a complete wipe-out. Most alarming was the decrease reported from the Polhawn to Penlee Point area by RWG. Normally he would expect to find at least 16 pairs along this stretch of coast but this year none were located during spring and summer. None could be found at Kit Hill where PSC normally encounters 3/4 pairs or at Lanivet where ML usually records the species. Elsewhere there were none at Black Rock PWS or from Porthleven to Praa Sands DE. In the Trevone to Stepper Point area VJH located only one pair where there are normally 6 pairs and at The Lizard where the population had tumbled from 56 pairs in 1982 to less than 20 in 1985, there was a virtual wipe-out in 1986 ARP. Further analysis of the records for this area show that after the freeze there were a mere four isolated records from the whole peninsula during the breeding season, with only one breeding record. Along the north coast there appeared to be odd pairs at most suitable sites reflecting perhaps the shelter afforded from the biting winds during February. In the Upper Fowey Valley where there had been 7 pairs in 1984 and 3 pairs in 1985 there was a solitary pair this year. Elsewhere on Bodmin Moor a miserly 5 pairs were located compared with 211 pairs in 1984. As in 1985 there was a partial recovery aided by a fair autumn passage which commenced about Sept 5th and continued to mid-October. The max at this time included 5 at Trevose Head Sept 9th, 6 at West Pentire Sept 14th, 15 at Porthgwarra Sept 29th, 6 at Black Rock Oct 6th and 8 at Rame Head Oct 14th. Towards the end of the year however, numbers had again settled at a very low level.

WHEATEAR — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant.

A male at Siblyback was the first in spring and was followed by another at Trelissick the next day. Passage was protracted with regular reports until mid-May. Throughout March no more than 10 per day were noted but during April there were good numbers on several days. 103 were noted on 4th, 61 on 9th, 41 on 13th and 44 on 18th. In May the only day of substantial passage was 6th with 54 birds. Max no's. Sandymouth, Bude: 36 Apr 4th. The Lizard: 21 Apr 4th. 25 Apr 12th. Bude: 19 Apr 4th. 25 Apr 7th. 23 Apr 10th. Bowithick: 17 Apr 5th. 40 May 6th. Upper Tamar Res: 31 Apr 9th. Porthgwarra: 41 Apr 27th. Gwithian: PAR made 61 visits to the area between Mar 13th and May 29th. Wheatears were recored on 41 visits. Analysis of these records show a total of 233 'bird days' for males and 114 'bird days' for females with single day max of 27 Apr 16th, 29 Apr 17th and 30 Apr 18th. Although few breeding reports were received for Bodmin Moor JAdEM reports that 'despite not quantifying breeding colonies numbers appeared up to average.' 40 pairs were noted at Bowithick Jun 23rd and there were 10+ males at Middle Candra May 13th. Elsewhere during the breeding season there were pairs at Kynance and near Kynance. At Bude a pair raised 6 young and at Gunwalloe a juvenile was seen Jun 15th. At the last site the adults were later seen carrying food for young suggesting double-brooding. Autumn passage commenced very early with one at Rame Head Jul 19th and 2 at Helman Tor Jul 24th. Passage throughout August was generally light although 45 were noted on 17th, 72 on 18th and 60 on 27th. During September excellent numbers were noted during the period 9th to 21st with peak counts of 85 on 9th, 99 on 14th, 113 on 16th, 119 on 17th, 102 on 19th, 178 on 20th and 209 (including a staggering concentration at Perranporth) on 21st. Even at this time though, there were perversely lean days; e.g. only 5 were noted on 11th and 26 on 18th.

76 After the 21st there was a general slackening in the number of birds moving through. Small parties were noted into October and singles were noted in November at Godrevy on 4th, Lands End on 7th and Loe Bar on 16th. Max no's: Bowithick: 40 Aug 3rd. Rame Head: 20 Aug 17th. Porthgwarra: 21 Aug 18th. 32 Sept 17th. 47 Sept 19th. 25 Sept 26th. c.90 birds involved. Near Kynance: 50 Aug 18th. 23 Aug 22nd. 57 Aug 27th. 50 Sept 14th. c.125 birds involved. Perranporth: 79 Sept 9th. 40 Sept 10th. 38 Sept 15th. 56 Sept 17th. 82 Sept 20th. 173 Sept 21st. c. c.280 birds involved. Hayle Kimbro: 50 Sept 20th. Gwithian: PAR again made regular counts but surprisingly numbers were lower than spring passage. 62 visits were made with Wheatears noted on 39. A total of 158 'bird days' were recorded with a max. of only 15 Aug 12th.

GREENLAND WHEATEAR — Scarce passage migrant. Birds showing characteristics of the Greenland race 'O. o. leuccorhoa' were reported as follows: Rame Head: 2 males Aug 17th RWG Loe Bar: one Sept 28th JSG Porthgwarra: single males Oct 4th and 15th to 19th. DSF.MPF.SM.

BLACK-EARED WHEATEAR — Very rare vagrant. 1985 Record , near Newquay: male May 28th and possibly 29th. K. Fisher. D. Webster. The third county mainland record — the two previous having occurred together at Porthgwarra in October 1971. Accepted by BBRC.

GREY-CHEEKED THRUSH — Very rare vagrant. Bosigran: one Oct 21st SM Cot Valley: one Oct 23rd to 25th. NA.PL. et al Porthgwarra: one Oct 26th BBC. RI.JW. These three were not wholly unexpected in view of the large number which arrived in Scilly at about the same time. One wonders how many others went un-noticed on the mainland. The third, fourth and fifth records for the county mainland. Previous records were in 1976 and 1985. All accepted by BBRC.

RING OUZEL — Scarce passage migrant. Has bred. A poor year. Rame Head: male Apr 26th IK. male Oct 14th RWG Soapy Cove, The Lizard: male Apr 27th ARP Caerthillian: female May 1st. 2 females May 2nd. EGe.ARP. juv. Oct 29th 2 Nov 3rd/4th. BC.EGe.MSW Trevail: one Oct 5th EGG Navax Point: one Oct 8th CNT Gwithian: male Oct 16th PAR Porthgwarra: one Nov 2nd PGA.DJC.RJT.

77 BLACKBIRD — Breeds. Abundant resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

Few records received but no evidence of a decrease as a result of the freeze. During the breeding season DJC located 112 pairs/singing males along the Camel Est. In autumn small numbers moved through the county Sept 22nd to Oct 17th. The maximum included 30 at St Merryn Sept 28th, 25 at Porth Mear Oct 5th, 35 at West Pentire Oct 10th and 25 at Pentire Point Oct 15th. Aberrant birds were reported as follows: Carlyon Bay: one with white crown and nape and spotted back RL Little Petherick: a pinkish beige bird with whitish primaries and secondaries and distal 1/3 of rectrices. Mrs M. Buxton. St Erth: one 2/3 white Mar 9th JSG Redruth: white female except for brown wings, tail and belly Jul 23rd MSW Camborne: partail albino male Oct 9th and Nov 4th. FIELDFARE — Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

Overwintering flocks were small with the largest noted during January 150 at Colliford on 15th and 200 at Gummows Shop, near Summercourt on 26th. The large November/December 1985 flocks at Camel Est and Retallack were not reported in 1986. One would have expected another mass invasion in the freeze but apart from a few reports/comments, records were sparse throughout February. In the Roseland peninsula EMP and LSP. described it as the third most widely affected species. Great numbers were present throughout February but the species did not succumb to the same extent as Lapwing and Redwing. Heaviest movements apparently occurred Feb 22nd/23rd when there was a massive influx at The Lizard with thousands coasting and many in off the sea, 500 were at Holmbush and 200 at Porth Mear. Few were noted during March, but there were 25 at Cury Apr 2nd and a very late individual at Morvah May 2nd. Autumn passage commenced with one at Trevail Oct 4th. Passage for the remainder of October was exceptionally light with no more than 7 birds reported per day. There was however heavy diurnal passge Nov 2nd, 3rd, 11th and 12th. The max. at this time included 600 west at Copperhouse on 2nd, 300 at Porthgwarra the same day, 500 at Kenidjack the same day, 300 south and 200 north at Gerrans on 3rd, and 1400 west in 2 hours (0900-1100 hours) Nov 12th. With very mild weather persisting to the end of the year, December flocks, apart from 400 at Colliford on 6th and 200 at Mount Joy on 17th, were very small.

SONG THRUSH — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. From records received it is quite apparent that there was a further decline in local populations as a direct result of successive cold winters. At Wheal Rodney BP reports that the species was absent during the breeding season for the first time since 1969. At Marazion the species was less obvious and at Cusgarne numbers were down JEM. At The Lizard ARP reported that the species was scarce during the summer but he is uncertain of previous status. There was a light movement through the county at much the same time as the Fieldfare and Redwing incursion in late February. Max no's included 33 at Gwithian Feb 18th, 50 at Gwithian Feb 21st and a massive influx of 500 to Camel Valley Mar 2nd. Some measure of the species scarcity during the breeding season can be gauged by the fact that DJC encountered a mere 17 pairs/singing males along the Camel Est. Autumn passage was very restricted. 2 at Trevose Head Sept 27th were the first but all others were noted Oct 1st to 17th. The max were 25 at Trevail Oct 10th, 60 flying west at Smallacombe Oct 12th and 25 at Porth Mear Oct 13th. There were no reports for the second winter period!

78 REDWING — Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Numbers overwintering from 1985 were extremely low and it was not until mid- January that a triple-figure flock was reported. Fair numbers were noted util the end of February. The largest flocks were 300 flying north-east at Jan 18th, 500 at Penryn Jan 20th and 400 at Ladock Feb 1st. The freezing weather brought an invasion of birds on Feb 23rd. Reports included 1000's flying over Mullion and hundreds elsewhere on The Lizard whilst at Holmbush 1000 an hour were noted flying west between 0900 and 1400 hours. Subsequently there was heavy mortality throughout the county with many reports of birds being found dead or dying. March records, apart from 500 at Camel Valley on 2nd, were scarce. The only spring migrant was one at Nanquidno Apr 26th. First in autumn were 4 at Trevail and one at Zennor Oct 4th. Numbers were small until Oct 17th when there was a large arrival at Helston and several hundred at Falmouth. Migration continued to be light until 500 flew over Kenidjack Oct 31st. There was a heavy movement Nov 2nd with 2000 flying over Porthgwarra and 1000 over Kenidjack. The species remained very scarce throughout November and December with the only significant flock being 300 at Trelissick Dec 20th.

MISTLE THRUSH — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. As in 1985 the species obviously suffered during the freeze. RL reports that the species was even scarcer that usual and BP found it less conspicuous than usual. DSF did not see any after the freeze until Sept 25th and GCJ rarely saw one. JEM considers that it is decreasing but reports a good breeding season. This optimism is not borne out by the number of birds reported. There were only seven reports of double-figure flocks during the year with the largest 30 at Trelissick Nov 3rd, 17 at Gerrans Feb 21st and 16 at Bearah Tor Jun 19th. Autumn migrants were noted Sept 25th to Nov 15th but passage was very light.

CETTIS WARBLER — Breeds. Scarce resident, passage migrant and winter visitor. Surprisingly, BP reports that the species survived the cold spell well at Marazion. He did not detect any reduction and although he trapped and ringed only five 'new' birds this year, this was due to a change in ringing sites rather than fewer birds present. No information was received on breeding success. The maximum number of males singing was seven on May 21st. Destruction of habitat at Long Rock football field and at Ponsandane resulted in the loss of two former sites. Elsewhere records were sparse. Bude: one throughout the year. GPS.TJD.IK. Swanpool: one Jan 23rd SMC and a male in song Feb 25th to Mar 6th BC. Calstock: one Apr 5th EG (There was also one singing on the Devon side of the Tamar at Rumleigh AHJH). St Enodoc Golf Course: male singing Jun 19th DJC Gunwalloe: one trapped and ringed Oct 17th PLS GRASSHOPPER WARBLER — Breeds. Summer resident. Uncommon passage migrant. First noted were singles at The Lizard and Wheal Rodney, Marazion Apr 23rd. Migrants were less obvious than in 1984 and 1985. c.35 birds were noted at 24 localities. Most reports were of singles but there were 2 at Lizard Apr 26th, 3 at Rame Head the same day, 2 at Goss Moor May 4th, 2 at Kynance May 5th and 2 at Porthgwarra May 10th. Once again, breeding reports were sparse, although JAdEM noted a small increase over 1985 in the Upper Fowey Valley where 5 pairs were noted.

79 Autumn passage was possibly the best ever. 9 birds were reported between Aug 12th and Oct 11th. All were singles with the exception of 2 at Perranporth Sept 20th. The bird at Rame Head Oct i 1th was the latest county mainland record since 1969.

SAVI'S WARBLER — Vagrant.

South Cornwall: male singing Jun 23rd to 27th ARP The ninth county mainland record and the fourth in the last three years.

AQUATIC WARBLER — Rare autumn passage migrant

Marazion: One Aug 12th. 2 Aug 17th and 30th. singles almost daily to Sept 25th but 2 Sept 21st. DRC.RB.DSF. et al. Long Rock Reedbed: juv. trapped Sept 26th BP Hayle Kimbro Pool: one Sept 26th BC

SEDGE WARBLER — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant.

There has been a dramatic decline nationally and this is certainly reflected in the number of birds now recorded in Cornwall annually. Spring passage has become gradually lighter over the last five to ten years and breeding stocks have been decimated. In spring the first was one at Skewjack Apr 25th — very late. Away from breeding sites there were hardly any records. At Long Rock BP describes a good influx but poor breeding success due to heavy rain flattening reedbeds in late June. Autumn passage commenced with one at Kenidjack Aug 8th and ended with one at Marazion Oct 11th. It was certainly a better migration than 1985 but apart from Marazion and Par numbers were low. At Marazion birds were regular until Oct 2nd with a substantial fall of 300+ Aug 17th being the peak count. At Par there were 15 Aug 24th, 20 Sept 8th and 20 Sept 17th. Elsewhere about 35 birds were reported from 17 sites with the maximum by far being 8 at Caerthillian Aug 23rd.

REED WARBLER — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant. First in spring were 2 at Long Rok Apr 26th, which, like Sedge Warbler, was very late. The only migrants away from breeding areas were 3 at Pentewan May 15th. BP reports tht there was a good spring influx but breeding success was even worse than Sedge Warbler and the worst trapping season since 1971. Breeding season records were received from: Par — maximum of 6 males, Swanpool — 7 males May 20th, Gunwalloe — bred, Loe Pool — 23 + May 25th, St John — one Jun 17th to Jul 16th, Chappel Farm, River Tamar — 5 Jul 13th, Okeltor, River Tamar — 2 pairs probably bred, Menadarva — one pair present, Sladesbridge — bred, but numbers not known and Bude Marshes — 5 pairs probably bred. Autumn passage was poor with very few even at traditional sites such as Marazion and Par. At Marazion BP could not detect any passage even though up to 3 were noted until the first week of October. At Par birds were regular to the end of September with a peak of 15 Sept 1st. Elsewhere about 20 birds were reported from 9 sites. Most reports were of singles but 2 at Caerthillian Sept 5th, 2 at St John Sept 7th, 4 at Perranporth Sept 9th, 2 at Rame Head Sept 20th, 3 at St Erth Sept 21st and 2 at Kenidjack Oct 11th.

ICTERINE WARBLER — Occasional passage migrant.

Kenidjack: one Sept 14th CCB (described as Hippolais sp. by PGA.DJC.RJT.). Porthgwarra: one Sept 25th DSF et al Other reports received but omitted owing to insufficient or no detail. 1985 Record Porthcurno: adult Oct 7th to 10th DSF et al. 80 MELODIOUS WARBLER — Occasional passage migrant. Cot Valley: singles Aug 24th DJC and Sept 14th SPF.PEF. Nanquidno: one Sept 14th to 17th SPF.PEF. et al Other reports received but omitted owing to lack of detail.

1985 Records Porthgwarra: single adults May 27th LPW.SCH.GCH. et al and Aug 31st MRAB.IK.

DARTFORD WARBLER — Breeds. Scarce summer resident. Rare passage migrant. In the traditional area the species again appeared to survive the cold spell. AHJH located a minimum of three territories but from the records received it is evident that there were probably many more. First evidence of successful breeding was noted on May 31st when RWG watched a pair carrying food for young. A male observed feeding a juvenile Jun 7th and a male with three young was seen Jul 12th. Subsequently, young were seen regularly. The maximum single day count was 9 birds on Oct 13th. VRT. Away from the main area there were two at Polhawn Oct 13th RWG and one at Freathy Nov 20th SMC.BTSC.RWF.

BARRED WARBLER — Very rare passge migrant

Porthgwarra: one identified by its diagnostic Jay/Magpie like grating call Aug 17th. RA.PH.VRT. The 23rd county mainland record and the earliest ever. LESSER WHITETHROAT — Breeds. Scarce summer resident and passage migrant.

Torpoint: the bird first noted on 5th December 1985 remained in or around the garden of Mrs J. Taylor until at least Jan 29th. It disappeared for a while during the cold spell but re-appeared on Feb 21st and from Apr 13th to 26th. SCM. According to KT it frequented a different Torpoint garden from February to April thus explaining its absence from Mrs Taylor's garden. SCM comments that this is a fascinating record. 'Even in its drab winter plumage the wings were quite warm brown and I feel that it was of the race 'blythi'. This appears to be not only Cornwalls' first record of this species in winter but also the first record of this race. There have been a handful of British wintering records and one of these was thought to be a Siberian bird'. This species is undoubtedly one of the success stories of the 1980's in Cornwall. From an average of just 3 per year 1971/5 there was an increase to 10 per year 1976/80 and 26 per 1981/5. In addition, breeding has now been recorded in every year since 1980 whereas prior to that date there were just three breeding records. This year breeding was proved at Rame Head where a male was seen carrying what appeared to be a faecal sac May 31st and an adult was watched carrying food to young Jun 11th. At Camel Est. at least three pairs bred along the disused railway line between Padstow and Wadebridge. At least 2, 1. and 1 young were reared. At least one other male was present. AHJH.RS.DJC.SMC.DJ. Spring passage commenced with one at Rame Head Apr 26th VRT. For the first time ever the species was too numerous to list. 19 birds, all singles, were recorded including one which flew into a window at Cawsand killing itself. Autumn passage commenced with 2 juveniles at Bude and ended with one at the same location Sept 17th. Between dates there were singles at Polhawn and Porthgwarra Aug 17th, Stithians Aug 23rd, Copperhouse Aug 24th, Kenidjack the same day, Porth Mear Aug 31st, and Rame Head Sept 14th but 5 at Perranporth Sept 9th and 3 there Sept 14th DFS.

81 WHITETHROAT — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant.

The first in spring were 2 at Pentewan Apr 10th followed by 3 at Mevagissey Apr 16th. These were exceptionally early because no more were noted until Apr 26th when singles arrived at Rame Head, Par and Marazion. Spring passage was poor with most arriving May 2nd to 5th. The maximum were 15 in the Rame Head to Penlee area May 2nd. The species remains relatively scarce in the breeding season although RL located 8/10 pairs within a one mile radius of Helman Tor. Autumn passage apparently commenced with 2 at St Mawgan Aug 2nd and ended with a single at Nanquidno Oct 6th. It was a much improved migration over recent years with records from 29 sites involving c.140 birds. About 80 of these moved through during August including 9 at The Lizard on 12th and 14 there on 30th, 10 at Porthgwarra on 16th and 20 at Boswednack on 24th. In September a total of 21 were reported on 14th but apart from 12 at The Lizard on 7th there were no reports of more than 4 together. GARDEN WARBLER — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant. This was another species which was very late arriving in 1986 with the first a single at The Lizard May 5th. Spring passage was light with most noted after May 11th. Few breeding reports were received which almost certainly reflected a much reduced population. Almost all breeding season records came from mid and east Cornwall with a maximum of 8 singing males at Hustyn Jun 16th. Autumn passage apparently commenced with one at Stithians Aug 4th. c.43 birds were noted at 21 sites. Most reports were of singles between Sept 7th and 21st, but also several in October and one very late bird at Mullion Nov 16th EGe. 2 were at Cot Valley Sept 5th and 19th, St Levan Sept 10th, Mullion Sept 18th, Nanquidno Sept 19th and Lizard Sept 30th. 3 were at Kenidjack Sept 14th.

BLACKCAP — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant. A few winter.

The high number of birds recorded in Decembe 1985 was repeated in the first winter period with 19 birds overwintering. Most were singles but there were 4 at Truro, 3 at Holmbush, St Austell and 2 at Mullion. Spring migrants were noted from Apr 13th. It was a very poor passage with a maximum of 7 at Rame Head May 18th and no more than 4 at any other site. DJC noted 39 pairs/singing males along the Camel Est during the breeding season whilst at Helman Tor RL located 6-8 pairs within a one mile radius of the tor. Elsewhere breeding records were under reported. As in 1985 autumn passage was light with a meagre 84 birds reported between Aug 20th and Nov 2nd. There were no noticeable peaks but 26 were at Perranporth Sept 12th and 6 at Porth Mear Oct 4th. Elsewhere there were no more than 3 together. In the second winter period there were singles at Point, Little Petherick, Camborne, St Just in Roseland. Boscastle, Landrake and Landulph.

YELLOW-BROWED WARBLER — Scarce passage migrant (autumn).

A record-breaking year with perhaps 25 birds involved. Porth Mear: one Oct 1st SMC Nanquidno: singles Oct 4th/5th, Oct 10th and Nov 1st to 6th. LPW.DSF.AHJH.EGG et al Rame Church: one Oct 5th SJC Cot Valley: one Oct 5th to 11th but 2 on 9th. One Oct 19th. DJC.DSF.EGG.ABR et al Lizard Church: 4 Oct 8th with 2 to 10th. One Oct 15th to 19th ARP.JH.RB.DSF. Skewjack: one Oct 9th BRF.MAG

82 Gwithian: one Oct 10th PAR St Levan: one Ot 11th PGA Swanpool: one Oct 13th BC Carminowe Creek, Loe Pool: one Oct 14th PJD Trevose Head: one Oct 14th SMC Porthgwarra: 2 Oct 15th. one Oct 19th MPF.EGe.SM et al Kenidjack: one Oct 26th/27th. 2 Nov 1st. DJC.ACH.BW.ARB.MPB.PGA.RJT. Mullion: one Oct 26th to 29th. EGe.ARP Helston Sewage Works: one Nov 13th/14th ARP WOOD WARBLER — Breeds. Uncommon summer resident and passage migrant. Baripper: one Apr 26th MSW Crendle Down Wood, : one singing May 11th RH Cawsand: male singing May 11th and 18th PHA.SJC. Church Cove, The Lizard: male singing May 13th JH Lanhydrock: 2 males singing May 21st SMC and one May 30th WW Rame Head: one May 24th JFB Inny Ham, Stokeclimsland: male singing Jun 7th RDP Retallack: 2 moved through with large numbers of Willow Warblers Jul 15th SMC.BTSC. Kenidjack: one Aug 29th ARB.MPB. Cot Valley: one Sept 14th DFS Nanquidno: one Sept 20th. RB Porthgwarra: one Oct 9th/10th CCB.

CHIFFCHAFF — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant. A few winter. During the first winter period there was an increase on December 1985 numbers, undoubtedly caused by the cold weather pushing them south. During the period January to mid-March there were records of c.65 birds at 31 sites with the largest concentrations, 6 at Par Jan 6th, 6 at Helston Sewage Works Jan 16th increasing to 7 Feb 24th and 10 at Treesmill, St Blazey Feb 6th increasing to 15 Feb 9th to 17th. Spring arrivals were late with the first 3 at Marazion Mar 21st. It proved to be one of the worst spring migrations on record with only small numbers arriving throughout April and May. The maximum were 16 at Rame Head Apr 20th and 15 there Apr 26th, 12 at Poltesco Apr 22nd and 5 at Nare Head Apr 30th. At Rame Head on Apr 27th SCM encountered a bird of the race 'P.c. tristis' — his first really good one in Cornwall. Autumn passage was again light with most moving through Sept 12th to 21st. The maximum included 39 at Perranporth Sept 12th, 10 at Upper Fowey Valley Sept 17th, 18 at Rame Head Sept 19th, 15 at St Agnes Sept 21st and 10 at The Lizard Sept 30th. Very few were noted during October — the maximum being 9 at The Lizard and 8 at Nanquidno Oct 6th. There was the usual scatter of singles and twos moving through in November and c.30 birds at 15 sites in December. Most were singles but there were 10 at Swanpool, 5 at Helston, 3 at Coswarth and 2 at Par.

WILLOW WARBLER — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant. The first was one at Menadarva Mar 29th — the only record for March. As with so many other summer visitors spring arrivals were sporadic, light and generally late. Very few were noted until after mid-April with max of 13 at Porthgwarra Apr 25th and 20 at Skewjack the same day, 20 at Rame Head Apr 26th and 40 near Bude May 4th. These concentrations were however exceptional, with no other site attracting more than 10. Breeding season reports included 40/50 pairs within a one mile radius of Helman

83 Tor, 25 pairs/singing males along the Camel Estuary and c. 15 pairs at Luxulyan. Autumn passage commenced early with 4 at Trevalga Jul 12th and c.60 moving through Retallack Jul 15th. Birds continued to move through until Oct 14th. The total number involved proved to be a vast improvement on 1985. There was a 'fall' of 50 at Porthgwarra Aug 17th and good numbers at various localities Sept 9th to 19th. At this time there were up to 67 at Perranporth, 40 near Bude, 30 each at Trevose Head, Kenidjack, Porth Mear and Cot. 8 birds were noted in October including 3 at Porth Mear on 5th and the last one at The Lizard on 14th. GOLDCREST — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant.

Contrasting remarks were received as to the survival of the species during the freeze: VRT reported a complete 'crash' and PJD noted reduced numbers but BP considered that the species had survived the cold spell well at Marazion whilst at nearby St Hilary JGT described it as a numerous resident. Probably the most significant analysis was presented by PMcC who visited a total of 218 x 0.2km squares during the breeding season and found the species in only one! This compares with birds in 28 out of 286 squares visited in 1981-1985, giving an estimated reduction of 95°/o. Breeding season reports were very sparse but there were 15 at Halvana Jun 22nd and 6 pairs at Croft Pascoe Jul 17th. Autumn passage was diabolical. The first were two at Nanquidno Sept 7th but there were no more until Sept 20th. Fewer than 60 birds were reported for the whole passage which lasted until Nov 12th. Some measure of the species scarcity can be gauged from the fact that the max were 15 at Porth Mear Oct 5th and 10 there Oct 13th but no more than 4 at any other site. Very little information was received for the second winter period but there did seem to be a slight recovery in the abnormally mild weather.

FIRECREST — Uncommon winter visitor and passage migrant. There were only two January records this year — one which had overwintered at Loe Pool and one at Truro. Pool bird was noted again Feb 15th and Mar 3rd and there were singles in February at Penweathers, Copperhouse, Falmouth and Penlee Point whilst there were 2 at Camel Est Feb 7th decreasing to one later in the month and into March. There were no other March records and only a single at Penlee Apr 26th RJT in spring. Autumn passage commenced with one at Kenidjack Sept 14th and ended with one at St Anthony Nov 29th. Between dates there was an average passage involving c.65 birds at 20 sites. The majority moved through Oct 1st to 5th and 9th to 12th. There were regular sightings at: Porthgwarra: Sept 26th to Nov 2nd. c.10 birds with max of 3 Oct 14th. The Lizard: Oct 1st to 13th. c.14 birds with max. 10 Oct 2nd. Penlee Point: Oct 4th to Nov 23rd. c.ll birds with max 3 Oct 21st. Elsewhere, apart from singles there were 2 at Rosemullion Oct 1st, 3 at St Levan Oct 5th, 2 at Kenidjack and 2 at Mullion Oct 11th and 2 at St Clement Nov 14th. In December there were singles at Lelant, St Andrews Pool (Par), Loe Pool and Penlee with two at Camel Est. SPOTTED FLYCATCHER — Breeds. Summer resident. Passage migrant. There were only two April records — one at Burngullow, St Austell on 26th and 5 at Lanyhdrock on 27th. Passage was again poor with less than 40 birds reported for the whole of May. No attempt has been made to assess the number of birds which were actual migrants because there were so few birds anywhere. There has been a dramatic decline in the St Columb area over the last five years. On Bodmin Moor JAdEM suspected that numbers were down but at Cusgarne JEM

84 described it as numerous. DJC located a total of 11 pairs along the Camel Est. Autumn passage was better than 1985 with c.385 birds reported from 43 sites. It commenced with one at The Lizard Aug 11th but was very light throughout the month with a maximum single day count of 24 on 29th. This total included 20 at St John. The heaviest movement came in mid-September when the squally south-easterlies of 13th deposited considerable numbers in Cornwall. On 14th c.138 were reported from widely scattered loci. These birds moved quickly through because only 6 were reported on 16th and a mere 3 on 23rd. During the last week of September no more than 7 were seen daily but there was a small influx of about 16 birds Oct 1st to 7th. Last was one at Trevail Oct 10th. Regular reports were received from: The Lizard: Aug 10th to Oct 14th. c.42 birds with max. 16 Sept 16th. Cot Valley: Aug 24th to Oct 6th. c.50 birds with max. 20 Sept 14th and 26 on 16th. Nanquidno: Aug 31st to Oct 5th. c.30 birds with max 20 Sept 16th. Porthgwarra: Sept 4th to Oct 5th. c.40 birds with max. 25 Sept 14th. Elsewhere there were max of 10 at Trevose Head Sept 9th, 15 at Pendeen, 14 at Kenidjack and 10 at Bude on 14th and 12 at Perranporth on 19th.

RED-BREASTED FLYCATCHER — Scarce passage migrant (autumn) The Lizard: one Sept 30th DSF.ARP. (only the second record for The Lizard) and the same or another Oct 7th BC.PMcC Kenidjack: one Oct 10th. ARB.MPB.CCB Other reports received were considered to be lacking in detail.

PIED FLYCATCHER — Breeds. Scarce summer resident. Passage migrant. Spring passage commenced with a female at Tresillian Apr 20th. There were singles at Gwithian and Davidstow Apr 25th and Rame Head and Lizard on 26th. There were two males at Cawsand also on 26th. Finally there was a female at Boscastle May 6th. At the traditional breeding area at Lanhydrock the first male was noted Apr 26th. There were two males May 7th, 3 May 10th, 4 May 18th and at least 5 May 21st. Unfortunately no details of success or otherwise have been received this year. Birds were also known to have been present at Dunmere Woods, Bodmin and at least one other site in the same general area but no details received. Near Bude a female was noted May 4th and was joined by a male on 12th. The pair was still present May 26th but only the male was seen Jun 20th. It seems likely that the county population will continue to expand particularly in areas where nestboxes are provided. Autumn passage was again good with birds noted from Aug 9th when one was seen at Penlee Point. During August c.65 birds were reported from a total of 18 localities with the vast majority passing through Aug 17th to 24th. The max were 25 at Lands End 17th, 5 at Kenidjack the same day, 4 at Rame Head on 23rd and 4 at Cot on 24th. During September c.105 birds were reported from 22 sites with nearly 65% occurring on 14th, after the south-easterly gale of 13th. There were 9 at Lizard on 9th and 14th with 8 on 18th, 10 at each of Cot, Nanquidno and Pendeen on 14th, 12 at Kenidjack the same day and 8 at Lizard on 19th. Virtually all of these birds had moved on by 20th but a few lingered into October and were supplemented by a small passage of c.21 birds, all singles except 2 at Cot on 5th, 2 at Lizard on 8th and 2 at Trevail on 10th. A single bird remained at Lizard until Nov 3rd — the latest ever county mainland record.

BEARDED TIT — Occasional passage migrant and winter visitor. Neither the Par nor the Marazion birds of December 1985 remained into the New Year.

85 Maenporth: one or two Oct 4th. JRE St. Columb Minor: 5 Dec 9th BTSC. LONG-TAILED TIT — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. No change in status reported. RL reports that the species seemed little affected by the freeze and BP reports that it survived well at Rospeath. Early in the year there were several reports of 10 or more with 25 at Treesmill Feb 6th, 20 at Carthew Feb 13th and 20 at Charlestown Feb 14th. Under-reported during the breeding season but 17 pairs located along the Camel Est. by DJC. In autumn the largest parties included 23 at Upper Fowey Valley Jul 5th, 30 at Breney Common Aug 2nd, 30 at Camel Est Aug 4th and Oct 17th, 30 at Lerryn Sept 3rd, 20 at Duckpool and Lynher Est Sept 20th, 20 at St Erth in October and 20 at Trenarren Nov 22nd.

MARSH TIT — Breeds. Resident.

No change in status reported although TJD describes it as less common than Willow Tit in the Bude area and only 5 pairs located by DJC along the Camel Est. Small numbers were noted during the summer months at Wenfordbridge and RL reports 5 or 6 pairs within a one mile radius of Helman Tor during the breeding season.

WILLOW TIT — Breeds. Scarce resident.

Upper Fowey Valley: after last years 'crash' numbers remained very low with only one or two noted at any one time throughout the year. JAdEM et al. Siblyback: singles Jan 2nd, Mar 3rd and Aug 30th. AS.NDB. Tamar Lakes: one Jan 26th, 2 Aug 3rd and Oct 18th. AHJH.JD.EG. Retallack, St Columb: 4 January 15th. Small numbers throughout the summer but at least 6 Jul 15th. Bred. SMC.BTSC. Tregoss, Goss Moor: 2 May 4th. SMC Bofarnel, Lostwithiel: one May 18th EG St Cleer: pair Jun 5th JAdEM Bowthick: one calling Jul 20th AHJH Otter Park, North Petherton: one Aug 4th. CGL.MEL. Bude: reported to be present in most valleys TJD. COAL TIT — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Few reports for the first three months of the year although RL reports more sightings generally than normal. The largest number by far was 30+ at Smallacombe Jan 15th. Breeding reports were sparse but there was no reason to suspect any change in status. Possible migrants in autumn were noted Sept 13th to Oct 28th. There were reports from 13 localities of mainly one to three birds but up to 5 at Trevail Sept 23rd to Oct 15th, 5 at Gwithian Sept 24th, 5 at Porth Mear Oct 5th and 4 in off the sea at East Pentire, Newquay Oct 15th.

BLUE TIT — Breeds. Abundant resident. Passage migrant. Reported as common at Portscatho by RL and Launceston by AMJD. At Cusgarne JEM found it to be the most common tit species occupying 39% of all available nestboxes. Of these 55% were successful in raising young. At St Just in Roseland EMP.LSP. reported that 7 nestboxes within a 90 metre radius were occupied. This was most successful in view of the failures in 1985. At Camel Est. DJC located 75 pairs/singing males during the breeding season whilst BP reports good numbers at Marazion. Unusual were 5 feeding in stubble with Chaffinches, near Bude Jan 3rd IK. At Perranwell on May 22nd one bird was witnessed sharing nuts in a nut holder, alternately with a Wood Mouse MPV.

86 GREAT TIT — Breeds. Common resident. Passage migrant. Apparently common and widespread throughout the county. JEM reports that 13% of all available nestboxes were occupied by this species at Cusgarne whilst at Perranwell 3 out of 6 nestboxes were used with 5 to 6 eggs laid in each JAJ. At Camel Est DJC located 32 pairs/singing males in the breeding season. NUTHATCH — Breeds. Resident. At Bude reported as widespread and plentiful by TJD and at Tamar Lakes and Duckpool described as maintaining population by FHCK. Most breeding season reports were from mid and east Cornwall. Possible migrants included one in a coastal valley at Lansallos Sept 28th and one at Rame Head which flew from the coastguard lookout to the ruin on the Head, where it perched for 30 seconds before flying out of sight out to sea. RLB. TREECREEPER — Breeds. Resident. Scarce passage migrant.

AMJD describes the species as common in suitable habitat at Launceston but JEM reports a dramatic decline in the Cusgarne area where none were seen by him this year. There were few breeding reports but DJC located 11 pairs/singing males in the breeding season at Camel Est.

GOLDEN ORIOLE — Scarce passage migrant.

Camel Est: male May 20th CRS There was also a report of one calling 6 or 7 times at Gulval Jun 13th RWB. Call only records must however be treated with caution owing to the ability of some other species to mimic. RED-BACKED SHRIKE — Scarce passage migrant.

Par: male May 12th JAdEM Upper Fowey Valley: male Jun 8th to 11th JAdEM.FRB. Porthgwarra: juv. Sept 26th to Oct 7th MAG.CCB.LPW.GRW.MW. et al first winter Oct 26th to Nov 6th BRF et al Near St Just: juv. Sept 27th and 28th CCB Caerthillian: first winter Oct 13th/14th. ARP.JH.PJD. The first spring record since 1981 and another good autumn. The Porthgwarra bird of Nov 6th is the latest-ever county mainland record. GREAT GREY SHRIKE — Scarce passage migrant. Occasional winter visitor.

Porthgwarra: one Oct 12th. PGA None has overwintered in the county since 1979/80 and the prospects are not bright because there has been a substantial decline nationally, in wintering individuals. WOODCHAT SHRIKE — Vagrant.

Porthgwarra: adult male May 18th/19th CCB.KN.DSF.EGG juvenile Aug 18th. DSF Poldhu: one May 19th Miss Jubb per EGe Marazion: male Jun 2nd RE.RMP Lizard: juvenile Aug 12th 15th ARP.RB.EGe.VRT. The last bird was reported to have a varied diet which included Great Green Grasshopper. VRT The Porthgwarra (August bird), Marazion and Lizard records accepted by BBRC.

87 JAY — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant.

No change in status reported with a sprinkling of records throughout the year. Possible migrants included 3 flying over Boscastle Oct 1st, one west at Boswednack Oct 11th and possibly the same bird east at Nanquidno the same day, and seven west at Rame Head Oct 26th.

MAGPIE — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. No change in status reported — remains far too common. In the first half of the year the largest concentrations were 22 at Rospeath Feb 2nd, 40 near the mink farm at Treesmill and 30+ at a roost at Menadarva. In autumn there were 14 at Bosigran Sept 16th, 20 at Trevose Head Oct 5th, 40+ at Nanquidno Oct 11th and 50/60 in the Rame Head area Oct 26th. At Cawsand one was witnessed dancing around, jumping away from and stabbing at an Adder which was in the strike position. LWT. CHOUGH — Vagrant

Whitsand Bay: 2 Aug 30th into 1987 Julia Kirkman. SCM et al The last Caradon record was one shot at East Looe in late October/early November 1865. (There was a second-hand report of one at Polperro in summer 1984). There were also rumous of up to three birds at Tintagel in early summer and a single bird at Newquay in July. Regrettably both Whitsand Bay birds had gone by the end of January 1987, but reports of other birds have been received. Coastal walkers should be aware of the possibility of locating the species, as the above records show.

1984 Record

Mevagissey: one Jul 31st/Aug 1st PK

JACKDAW — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. The only large flock in the first winter period was 175 at Coombe Valley, Bude Jan 3rd. At Padstow RS counted birds flying into a roost at Rock. On Apr 7th he counted 620+ flying in between 1900 and 2015 hours. On Apr 9th the total was 430 + between 1845 and 2020 hours. On Apr 10th 350+ entered the roost but from the number of birds temporarily disturbed at 1915 hours large numbers had obviously flown in undetected from all directons. At Ladock 200/300 were roosting regularly. Other large flocks included 250 at Trevalga Jun 16th, 400 at Camel Est Jun 17th and 200 at Trevose Head Oct 7th.

ROOK — Breeds. Resident. Rookeries reported, with number of nests: Gonvena, Wadebridge — 159 but not all in use, Penquean, Camel Est. — smaJ1 number, not counted, Prideaux Place, Padstow — c.15 in pines and deciduous but the rookery in the low pines to the north of the deer park, formerly quite large is now apparently abandoned RS , Efford Down Hotel — 20 (5 in 1984), Trenance, Newquay — c.70, Cargoll, Newlyn East — 35, Lowertown, Colan — 21, Trewella, St Erme — 66, Lambe Creek, Malpas — 60, St Clement Church — 10, Trelissick — 110, Nanphillious, Trelissick — 25, Trelonk Farm — 20, Perranwell — 60/70, Churchtown Farm — 23, Rosevine — 44, Upper Rosevine — 14, Treloan — 43, Church Cove, Lizard — 18 (12 in 1985), Meres Valley — 30, but trees cut down Nov/Dec NBE, Mullion Vicarage — 2, Penhale — 10, Trenance, Mullion — 24, Tremenheere Orchard — 16, Trewennack — 20, Chyvarloe — 43, Piskies Cove, Prussia Cove — 1.

88 Largest flocks reported during the year were 400 at Treisaac Jan 7th, 200+ at Blisland Jun 15th and 500/600 at Croft Pascoe Jul 23rd.

CARRION CROW — Breeds. Resident.

Gerrans: 19 feeding on seaweed Jan 8th. Bude: one flying north over the sea Apr 10th. Porthgwarra: one flew in off the sea from the south-west Apr 25th. Camel Est: up to 110 regular on mudflats. Tregadillet: one attacked, chased and stabbed at a Grey Squirrel. RAVEN — Breeds. Resident. No change in status reported although BP reports it as much scarcer at Marazion than in the 1970's. Described as well established in the Roseland area. EMP.LSP. Upper Fowey Valley: 14 wheeling together Feb 2nd. 16 on sheeps carcass Mar 13th. Catshole Tor: 11 Jun 26th. Godrevy: 14 west Aug 30th.

STARLING — Breeds. Resident, Passage migrant. Winter visitor. Largest flocks were reported in the first winter period and included 250000 at Stithians during Jan/Feb, 10000 flying north at Upper Tamar Res. and 50000 at Goonlaze Feb 4th. At Portscatho GCJ found a flock of 50 dead on the beach, apparently having drowned. He wonders if they may been overwhelmed by a wave as they fed amongst the seaweed. Aberant birds included a fawn bird at Gerrans Mar 5th PR, and three or four partial albinos at Long Rock reedbed. DSF.

ROSE-COLOURED STARLING — Vagrant Truro: juvenile Nov 1st RDP The 25th county mainland record.

HOUSE SPARROW — Breeds. Resident.

MPV reports that the species seems to be recovering from a bad patch a few years ago at Perranwell. At Wheal Rodney, Marazion BP reports that the local gang continues to thrive on peanuts and bread, but asks why do they have the occasional punch-up? The largest flocks were all reported in Aug/Sept. There were 60 at Rame Aug 17th, 80 at St Merryn Sept 4th, 50 at Lizard Sept 6th, 83 at Gwithian Sept 9th, 70 at Mullion Sept 21st and 90 at Trevose Head increasing to 110 on 9th/10th.

TREE SPARROW — Scarce passage migrant. Rare winter visitor. Helston: one Feb 15th. JSG

CHAFFINCH - Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. In the first winter period the large flock noted at Treisaac, St Column in December 1985 had increased to 1200 Jan 7th and 1500 Jan 16th. Other large flocks at this time included 200 at Portholland, 350 at St John Jan 26th, 200 at Empacombe, Millbrook Jan 30th, 200 at Hayle Feb 9th and 200 at Probus Feb 10th. No evidence of spring migration was reported and apart from BP's comment that the species is less common at Marazion there were no reports for the breeding season. Autumn passage apparently commenced with 20 at Trevose Head Oct 3rd.

89 Good numbers were reported from several migration watchpoints but most moved through rather later than usual. Porthgwarra: 750 Oct 12th. 200 Oct 20th. 3360 flew south Nov 2nd. The largest-ever number here, easily beating the previous record of 1800 2nd Nov 1975. DSF Porth Mear: 3000+ west in 2 hours between 0900 and 1100 hours. Nov 12th. SMC Camel Est: 500+ Nov 20th. Marazion: 600 Nov 30th. 400 Dec 23rd. Ruan Lanihorne: 100 Dec 6th. 300 Dec 29th. Rame Head: gradul build-up throughout November and December to a peak of 500 Dec 27th. 150/250 were also noted at Whitsand Bay, Goonlaze, St Merryn and Reskajeage. BRAMBLING — Passage migrant. Winter visitor. (No's fluctuate from year to year). With good numbers overwintering from 1985 the first winter period was a vast improvement on the same period of 1985. The Treisaac flock had increased to 120 Jan 7th and remained at about this level until Jan 16th. Thereafter there was a rapid decrease with only one noted Jan 25th. There was no further report from Penmount where 100 had been seen in December 1985. Elsewhere there were reports of one to three birds at 6 sites during January. During February and March records were more widespread with a total of 102 birds at 28 localities. Most reports were of 6 or less birds but there were 20 at Empacombe Feb 2nd and 20 at Swanpool Feb 23rd. At Saltash up to 8 were noted daily from mid-Feb to Mar 12th whilst at St Columb up to 9 were noted daily in a garden Feb 9th to Mar 17th (11 were trapped and ringed). The last bird in spring was one at Falmouth Mar 22nd. Autumn passage commenced with one at St Ives Oct 5th. There followed records from 27 sites involving not less than 737 birds. At Porthgwarra 30 moved though Oct 12th, singles Oct 26th and 27th, 467 Nov 2nd and 30 Nov 6th. The passage of Nov 2nd was the largest-ever visible migration of the species in mainland Cornwall and beaten only by a flock of 750 at Pendower on 24th Jn 1976. DSF At Porth Mear 100 flew west in mixed flocks of finches Nov 12th, but elsewhere there was no report of more than 10 birds. In December a flock of 100 was located at Upper Tamar Res., but although there were several small parties the next largest was 8 at Rame Head Dec 21st.

SERIN — Vagrant St Eval: one fem./imm. Dec 14th. EJC The 22nd county mainland record. GREENFINCH — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. In the first winter period the largest flocks were 30+ roosting at Porthpean Jan 1st, 100+ at Treisaac Jan 7th, 30 at St Cleer Feb 12th, 25 at St Blazey Mar 18th and up to 100 visiting a St Columb garden daily Jan/Mar. There was no evidence of spring migration and little information on the breeding season. Autumn passage was better than 1985 but like Chaffinch rather later than normal. Coswarth, near Newquay: 50 Aug 11th. Camel Est: 30 Oct 7th. Porthgwarra: 48 south Nov 2nd. Porth Mear: 75 west Nov 12th. Copperhouse: 60 Nov 15th to 30th

90 Whitsand Bay: 190 west Nov 20th. Portscatho: 20 Nov 22nd. In December there were 50 at Black Rock Dec 13th and 50 at Ruan Lanihorne the same day.

GOLDFINCH — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor. As usual very few birds overwintered. The largest flocks reported were 30 at Trevose Head Jan 8th, 20 at Colliford Res. Jan 25th and 27 at Gerrans Feb 2nd. Most of these emigrated during the freeze and there was virtually no information until Mar 30th when 15 were found in Bude. Later in spring 26 were noted at Bude Apr 18th and 40 at Siblyback May 3rd. Little information was received for the breeding season but the usual post-breeding flocks were noted. At Colliford there were 50 Aug 24th and Sept 20th, at Trevose Head 35 Sept 4th, at Rame Head 50 Sept 23rd and at Crafthole 150 Sept 28th. During October 50 were noted at Trevose Head on 3rd and at Crafthole on 17th whilst at Gwithian there were 82 on 12th. The only second winter record of note was 60 at Colliford Nov 5th and Dec 12th.

SISKIN — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

Breeding reported (but no detail) at Smallacombe. Also probable at Halvana. The exceptionally good autumn and second winter period of 1985 was reflected in the good numbers still present early in 1986. In January there were reports from 19 localities of mainly one to 5 birds but larger parties as follows: Lostwithiel 35 Jan 2nd, 20 Jan 5th, Launceston 25 Jan 2nd, 10 at Upper Tamar Res. Jan 4th, 14 at Swanpool Jan 7th and 50 at Luxulyan Jan 18th. February reports were slightly fewer with max of 14 at Luxulyan and 6 at Lelant. Very few remained into March and of those that did none remained after 16th. Spring passage was light with 2 each at Launceston and Swanpool and a single at Boscastle — all Apr 3rd, 2 at Harrowbarrow Apr 5th, and singles at Sheviock and St Columb May 1st. A single bird at Probus Jul 7th was a most unusual record JD but one wonders whether it may have derived from one of the extensive conifer plantations in the Ladock area. Autumn passage commenced with 2 at Rame Head Sept 20th and a single at Jericho Valley Sept 21st. c. 19 birds at 6 localities were noted during the month with a max of 6 at Penlee Sept 26th. After the excesses of 1985 autumn passage this year was much less pronounced. Throughout October numbers were low with most noted in the first half of the month, c.91 birds at 18 sites were reported with max of 7 at Kenidjack on 2nd, 6 at Cot 5th and 9 at Porthgwarra 11th. A further 94 birds were reported during November but despite the larger number the species was less widespread. 18 flew over Porthgwarra on 2nd, 9 were seen at Camel Est on 29th and on 30th there were 20 at St Clement, 30 at Truro and 9 at Little Petherick. Second winter records included 15 at Lostwithiel Dec 1st, 2 at Lelant Dec 6th, 4 at Sheviock Dec 15th, 12 at St Clement Dec 27th, 3 at Landulph Dec 26th and 20 at Respryn Dec 28th. LINNET — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. First winter flocks were abnormally small with the largest being 40 at Gerrans Jan 9th, 70 at Camel Est Jan 15th, 80 at St Cleer Feb 12th and 50 at Liskeard Feb 15th. Spring passage was average, the max being 35 at Bude Apr 10th, 40 near Kynance Apr 25th, 20 at Porthgwarra Apr 27th, 70 at Lizard May 2nd and another 20 at Bude May 10th.

91 Breeding details were sparse. Comments would be of interest because the species is thought to be declining quite dramatically nationally. Autumn passage was lighter than in 1985. Early flocks included 200 at Mount Joy Aug 3rd and 100 at Coswarth Aug 11th. There was a light movement in mid- September followed by a heavier movement in the first half of October. There were 100 at Trevose Head Sept 9th, 250 at Colliford Sept 14th, 110 at St Eval Sept 26th, 100 at Porthpean Oct 1st, 220 at Trenarren the same day, 100 at Par Oct 4th, 200 at Hayle Oct 8th and 220 at Porthgwarra Oct 11th. Later in the year there were 120 at Copperhouse Nov 15th, 150 at Ruan Lanihorne Dec 6th, 100 at Trenarren Dec 31st and 100 at Trevose Head.

REDPOLL — Breeds. Scarce resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

In the first winter period there were just two records: 10 at Luxulyan Jan 18th and one at Smallacombe Jan 25th. In March there was one at Respryn on 1st but there were no more until May when there was a very light spring passage. There were singles at Copperhouse May 16th and Jun 14th, Looe May 18th and Skewjack Jun 14th. In breeding areas there were reports of one at Minzies Downs May 19th, up to 3 at Smallacombe, a family party of 8 at Trezibbet, Upper Fowey Valley Jun 8th, one near Launcells the same day, 2 pairs at Hustyn Jun 16th, up 7 at Halvana and one at Colliford Jun 28th. Autumn passage was light. Birds were noted regularly in the Upper Fowey Valley until Oct 1st with a maximum of 30 Aug 10th. There were singles at Davidstow Sept 3rd, Navax Point Oct 6th, Porthleven Nov 8th and Colliford Nov 15th, with 2 at Porthgwarra Nov 2nd. In December there were 2 at Ruan Lanihorne on 19th and 4 at Respryn on 28th.

CROSSBILL — Breeds in low no's. Scarce passage migrant and winter visitor. Birds were again present in suitable habitat during the breeding season but breeding was not proved. Autumn passage was again good. Upper Fowey Valley: 13 Jan 8th. 2 Feb 27th. female Mar 11th. male Apr 22nd. pair Apr 25th JAdEM Smallacombe: female Mar 3rd. small party heard Mar 10th. JAdEM.SMC.MB. 2 Aug 20th. singles Sept 16th and Oct 16th. 5 Nov 30th JAdEM Davidstow: 21 Apr 29th. 2 Sept 10th. heard Dec 24th. AMJD.IK.AJB. Halvana: male May 11th AHJH Copperhouse: 3 flew south-west Jun 22nd. DSF Croft Pascoe: 37 Jul 3rd BC 4 Sept 9th BC Camel Valley: 23 Aug 9th DJ Hustyn: 2 Aug 21st DJ Caerthillian: one Sept 9th BC St Levan: 5 Sept 10th DSF St Columb: one flew north Oct 8th SMC Trevail: 3 Oct 10th DSF

SCARLET ROSEFINCH — Very rare vagrant. Porthgwarra: fem./imm. Sept 13th. GJU The fifth county mainland record. Singles now recorded in three consecutive years. BULLFINCH — Breeds. Resident. Scarce passage migrant. Winter visitor. Very few records received but no reason to suspect any change in status. Possible migrants were noted as follows: singles at Porth Joke Oct 17th and Nov 2nd, 8 at Porthgwarra Nov 2nd and 3 at Kenidjack the same day.

92 HAWFINCH — Occasional St Columb: one flew west Jun 29th SMC Records in three consecutive years after a five year gap.

LAPLAND BUNTING — Scarce passage migrant (autumn). Rare winter visitor. Another very good year. The Reskajeage record for January is the first record that I can find for that month on the county mainland. The Trevose record for February is the first record for that month since 1980. Although there were no December records this year, birds are known to have overwintered into 1987 at Trevose Head and Reskajeage. Reskajeage: 2 flew west Jan 6th CNT Trevose Head: 6 Feb 21st SMC Autumn records: Trevose Head: one Sept 9th. 2 Sept 26th. 9 Oct 3rd. 5 Oct 9th. 4 Oct 14th. SMC.PGA et al Sennen: one Sept 19th. 2 Oct 11th DSF.PGA Porth Mear: one Sept 24th. 2 Oct 1st. one Nov 10th SMC Porthgwarra: 3 Sept 26th and 29th. singles Oct 3rd and 15th to 18th. 2 Nov 2nd. DSF.EGG.MPF. Lands End: 2 Sept 27th. DSF Reskajeage: one or two Sept 28th to Oct 18th. 3 Oct 26th. 8 Nov 15th. 2 Nov 29th. DSF.CCB. et al. Lizard: one flew north Oct 12th BC Navax Point: one Oct 26th CNT Near Kynance: 2 Nov 4th ARP Camel Est: one flew over Nov 27th PGA

SNOW BUNTING — Uncommon passage migrant. Rare winter visitor.

The second year in succession with a January record. A light spring passage and a rather late autumn passage followed by overwintering in at least one area. Hayle: one flew over Jan 30th DSF Padstow: 2 Mar 15th and 16th with one to 23rd. GRW.MW.MCT. et al Near Kynance: female Mar 16th AHJH Autumn records: Navax Point/Godrevy Head: one Oct 13th. 2 Oct 27th with one to Nov 10th. PAR.CNT. Lands End: one Oct 20th SM Hudder Down/Reskajeage: one Oct 24th to 29th and 4 Nov 15th. CNT.DSF. Porthgwarra: one Oct 29th to Nov 2nd. CCB.PWS.RLL.LML. et al Trevose Head: one Nov 5th. 11 Dec 29th. SMC.MPF Near Bude: one Nov 12th GPS Penhale, Holywell Bay: male Nov 13th A.Smith Hayle Towans: 16 Nov 19th. 8 Nov 30th. one Dec 8th LPW. et al. Towan Head: 2 Nov 19th SMC Gwithian: 9 Dec 26th into 1987 PRW.DSF.ARP. (Probably part of the Hayle Towans flock). YELLOWHAMMER — Breeds. Resident. Scarce passage migrant. Interesting reports included the following comments: Redmoor reserves: possibly the second or third most common breeding species with a mosaic of territories RL Colan: one of the commonest birds during the breeding season PJD Loe Pool: more in evidence this year JSG Menadarva: fairly common in June and July CNT

93 Bodmin Moor: very much a scarce moorland fringe species JAdEM Marazion: noted in normal numbers BP Lizard: has apparently disappeared from some of its former haunts ARP. In the same area EGe reports only one sighting for the year. Largest numbers during the year included: Sandymouth, near Bude: 21 Jan 3rd. Treisaac, St Columb: the large flock of 100 with other finches and buntings had started to diminish. 60 were present Jan 7th and 30 Jan 16th. Fowey: 20 Jan 12th Pentewan: 25 Mar 22nd to Apr 3rd Caerhays: 35 Apr 2nd Curiously flocks were much smaller in autumn and the second winter period — indicative perhaps of a poor breeding season. The max. were 15 at Porth Mear Sept 24th and 12 at Crowan Res. Dec 31st.

CIRL BUNTING — Breeds. Rare resident.

Slightly better coverage than in 1985 but another poor year nonetheless. Very few in the former stronhold in the south east of the county but encouraging news from Perranporth where there have been no records since 1982. Penlee Point: male Mar 11th JMR Treleague, St Keverne: male singing Apr 27th RDP Trefusis — Mylor area: 2 males May 27th. Then regular until Jul 26th but no proof of breeding. PMcC.JRE.JAJ.JEM.KN.MCT Polbathic: male feeding juvenile in road Jun 4th BLW Little Petherick: male singing Jun 11th A.A.-L. Nansmellan, Perranporth: male Sept 9th and 12th. DFS Perran Church: pair Sept 19th DFS Trevose Head: 2 males Oct 19th DJ ORTOLAN BUNTING — Rare passage migrant. Caerthillian: one Sept 5th. ARP Near Sennen: 2 Sept 6th. PGA.DJC Trevose head: one Sept 9th SMC Nanquidno: 2 Sept 14th and up to 4 including a male Sept 16th. RB.SPF.PLF.DSF. et al Kynance: adult, probably female Sept 18th ARP Wiggle, Whitsand Bay: 3 first winters Sept 21st. PHA.SJC Gwithian: one Sept 22nd. PAR Other reports received with inconclusive details. The best single year total on record for the county mainland. LITTLE BUNTING — Rare vagrant

Lizard: one Nov 4th BC The ninth county mainland record. Accepted by BBRC. REED BUNTING — Breeds. Resident. Passage migrant. Winter visitor.

Described as widespread in suitable habitat on Bodmin Moor JAdEM. At Gunwalloe ARP reports a healthy population and at Marazion BP noted a good breeding season with above average numbers trapped in autumn. Conversely, JAJ has noted a decline over the last few years at Stithians. At Helman Tor RL located 15 to 20 pairs within a mile radius of the Tor. The largest flock at the beginning of the year was 60 at Hensbarrow Feb 1st. The Treisaac finch/bunting flock contained 10+ of the present species. Few were reported for spring with 10 at Colliford Apr 6th the max. Autumn migrants were noted from Sept 14th when 5 were at Perranporth. There followed a light passage involving

94 80/90 birds. Most reports were of one to 5 birds but 21 were at Perranporth Sept 21st, 10 at Kynance Sept 27th, 11 at Porthgwarra Oct 11th and 27 flew south there Nov 2nd. In December there were 20 at Ruan Lanihorne Dec 6th. This species appears to be on the decrease generally after undergoing a population explosion in the 1960's and 1970's. Comments would be welcome.

CORN BUNTING — Breeds. Resident. Apparently no change in the North coast population. On the Lands End peninsula there were reports from mid April of 2 near Sennen and 2 pairs near Treen. There was also one at Carn Euny, Sancreed Sept 20th. A singing male at Penhallick Jul 3rd was the only report from The Lizard but there were a couple of odd records; a male was singing at Jun 15th whilst at Gwinear breeding may have occurred. PAR regularly noted one or two birds here May 18th to Jun 6th. They always dropped into the same field on his approach. Inland in North Cornwall 4 were noted at Rumford Apr 24th and 2 males were singing at St Breock Downs Jul 6th. Largest flocks during the year: Mawgan Porth: 25+ roosting in reedbed. Trevose Head: 24 Sept 9th. North Cliffs: 25 including a leucistic bird Sept 15th. At Porthcothan TOD reports that the species used to hold an 'annual conference' in the bay and environs most years during March. 20 were noted 20th March 1981, 15th March 1983 and 22nd March 1984. These birds would sit around in the tamarisk singing for about a week but this has not happened recently.

95 'EXOTICA* BAR-HEADED GOOSE Hayle. one May 16th DSF Bude. one Jul 22nd on. BTI.DFI. MANED GOOSE Hayle. one all year. DSF. et al RED-CRESTED POCHARD Trenance Lake: one Feb 25th ACH.BW. WOOD DUCK Trenance Lake: drake Oct 20th on PJD.SMC.LW.BTSC. et al LANNER FALCON Falmouth: one with jesses flew over Jul 13th BC PEACOCK Golitha Falls: one perched 4 metres up an oak tree May 30th JAdEM. COCKATIEL Bodmin Moor Nature Observatory: one Apr 29th. Mrs K. Jones

'ERRATA'

1985 BITTERN Marazion Marsh: first date should read 5th not 7th.

WHOOPER SWAN Copperhouse: adult + 2 juveniles not juvenile Nov 28th.

RING-NECKED DUCK Stithians: bird still present Oct 25th COMMON SCOTER Porthgwrra: max. of 40 Jul 21st not 28.

MONTAGU'S HARRIER Gwithian: female May 1st not ringtail. RING OUZEL Hayle Towans: male Apr 24th

MELODIOUS WARBLER Porthgwarra: delete adult Oct 7th to 10th Near St Just: initials should read LPW not PLW WOOD WARBLER Near St Just: two, not one Sept 29th. CHAFFINCH 1000+ Jan 29th should read Penjerrick, not Pencalenick.

1984 SURF SCOTER Having been told that the St Ives bird of Nov 6th had been accepted I now note in British birds that it was in fact rejected by BBRC. 96 BBRC DECISIONS. 1986

Blue-cheeked Bee-Eater 1 at Bay May 17th Rejected Spectacled Warbler 1 at Cot Valley Aug 28th & 31st Rejected 1985 Night Heron Sennen Not submitted by observers Cattle Egret Looe Accepted Little Egret Tresillian and Fowey Pending Surf Scoter Cot Valley Accepted Lesser Golden Plover All Accepted Long-billed Dowitcher Davidstow Accepted Wilsons Phalarope Camel Est Accepted Ring-billed Gull Mounts Bay. 1st wint. bird Nov Accepted 2nd. I.Lycett and M.C. Buckland Yellow-billed Cuckoo Pendeen Accepted Siberian Thrush Both pended Wilsons Warbler Rame Head Accepted. Record currently with BOU Records Committee The following records which did not appear in Birds in Cornwall 1985 were all rejected. Little Shearwater St Agnes Sept 3rd Laughing Gull Hayle Est. Jul 26th Ring-billed Gull Gwithian. Feb 17th Desert Wheatear Porthgwarra. Oct 19th Eye-browed Thrush St. Austell. Nov 17th Bonelli's Warbler St Ives. Aug 8th to 10th 1984 Surf Scoter St Ives Rejected

1983 Bairds Sandpiper Davidstow Airfield Accepted 1981 and 1982 American Wigeon Skewjack: 4 including 2 males Accepted Sept 26th Hayle Est. At least (4 males) Accepted Sept 26th to at least Oct 24th and probably to Feb 17th 1982 Davidstow Airfield Rejected 1978 Semipalmated Sandpiper Hayle Est. juv Sept 17th ARP Accepted

97 RINGING REPORT

Compiled by R. J. Salmon

During the year, a total of 2844 birds of 62 species were reported as ringed in the county. Of these, 2767 were full grown and 77 were pulli.

The main feature of the year would seem to be the persistant unsuitable ringing weather. Despite this the total was about average.

Acrocephalus warblers maintained their populations but less hardy species like Song Thrushes and Long-Tailed Tits were affected by the bitter first half of the winter. A welcome is extended to new ringers and appreciation expressed to the faithful old stalwarts.

Please submit records in the sequence as shown in "The 'British Birds' List of Birds of the Western Paleartic" obtainable from British Bird Bookshop, Fountains, Park Lane, Blunham, Bedford MK44 3NJ.

(Errata:- Last year's Ringing Report should read "1985" and not "1984".) Contributors:

S. M. Christophers — 1550 birds of 48 species — St Columb and Par R.M.Clarke — 60 birds of 15 species — St Erth N. B. Exelby — 256 birds of 25 species — Mullion and Poldhu E.G. Gynn — 116 birds of 23 species — Zennor F. H. C. Kendall — 107 birds of 24 species — Bude J. A. d'E Miller — 161 birds of 26 species — Upper Fowey Valley B. Pattenden — 415 birds of 21 species — Marazion R. J. Salmon — 25 birds of 4 species -- Lanivet and Redmoor P. L. Stubbs — 154 birds of 16 species — Mullion and Poltesco

RECOVERIES, CONTROLS AND RING SIGHTINGS Cormorant Adult on Hayle Estuary 28th October 1986. Metal BTO ring on rt. leg, yellow Darvic ring with "AUA" in black letters on left leg. Bird ringed as pullus on 14th June 1985 at Lambay Island, Co. Dublin, Eire. Part of study of fishery damage by Cormorants, fidelity of Winter feeding sites and dispersal patterns during winter.

An immature with blue Darvic ring at Crowan Reservoir on 10th September 1986 and at Pendarves Nature Reserve on 2nd October 1986. One at College Reservoir, age and date not known. Buzzard Bird ringed as pullus (number not supplied) at Bolventor on 4th June 1985, found dead at Braunton, Devon on 20th March 1986. Guillemot Adult found dead at Hayle on 17th January 1986 had been ringed as an adult at Isle of Ganna, Highland, Scotland on 4th July 1984. Water Rail Ring no. DH 6311702 found dead at Illogan 29th September 1985 had been ringed as a nestling at Fallerslaben, Braunschweig, West Germany on 16th July 1985.

98 Dunlin One at Davidstow was dyed banana yellow.

Curlew One at Godrevy with green and black rings on left leg and two yellow rings on right leg on 22nd March 1986. N.B. Observers are requested to report colour marking in any form to the County Bird Recorder (S. M. Christophers). Such markings are usually national schemes operating under licence from the Nature Conservancy Council. Black-Headed Gull Ring no. EK 47101 adult ringed at St. Columb Major on 18th January 1985 was found dead at Farmoor Reservoir, Oxfordshire on 3rd November 1986. The following Black-headed Gull entries are all from Millbrook Refuse Site unless otherwise stated. They are all telescope sightings and the pioneering work of Keith Pellow of Exmouth, Devon to whom we are indebted. Gdansk — FB 60451 ringed as pullus Przenkox Lognica, Poland, 25th May 1981, seen 23rd November 1985. Bruxells — 3 T 41188 ringed as pullus 26th May 1984 at St. Kruiswinkel, Belgium, seen 11th January 1986.

Stavanger — 6113711 ringed as pullus 14th June 1985 Hanangeruoon, Farsund, Norway, seen 25th February 1986. Arnhem — 3.250.081 ringed as pullus on 13th May 1987 at Darplein, Budel, Noord- Brabant, Holland. Seen 26th October 1985.

Helsinki — ST 044.087 ringed as adult 4th May 1985 at Jarvenpaa, Laani, Finland. Seen 31st December 1985, 1st August 1986 and 25th December 1986.

Arnhem — 3.086.022 ringed as pullus 14th June 1975 at Hatortse, Vernen, Overassett, Holland. Seen at Par 18th February 1985.

Arnhem — 3.238.512 ringed as pullus 17th June 1976. Seen at Torpoint 24th February 1986.

It will be noted that all the above are cold-weather movements from the Baltic and North Sea areas. EJ 45715 ringed as pullus on 10th July at The Calf, Isle of Man and seen 31st December 1985. EJ 48697 ringed as pullus 28th June 1980 at Walcot, Wellington, Shropshire and seen 27th February 1986. Great Black-back Gull HW 98390 ringed as pullus 10th July 1985 at The Calf, Isle of Man and seen at Millbrook 31st December 1985. Sedge Warbler Ring no. C746963 ringed as a juvenile male at Par on 10th September 1985 was controlled at Murcar, Aberdeen, Grampian, Scotland on 21st July 1986. Willow Warbler Ring no. OH3243 ringed at Tamar Lake, Bude on 12th August 1986 and controlled at Stodmarsh, Kent on 31st August 1986.

Ring no. OH3454 ringed at Tamar Lake, Bude on 28th July 1984 and controlled there on 14th June 1986.

99 Blue Tit Ring no. C061060 ringed at Tamar Lake on 17th April 1985 and controlled there on 23rd August 1986. Starling Ring no. T 29003 1st year female ringed at Le Foulon, Guernsey, Channel Isles 15th September 1985 was controlled at Mullion on 28th January 1986. Second year female ringed at Kartenhoef, Noord-Holland, Netherlands, on 29th March 1985 was killed by cat at Camborne on 3rd January 1986.

Second year female, ring no. RA 14867, ringed at St. Columb Major on 13th January 1985 was controlled at Kartenhoef, Noord-Holland, Netherlands on 21st March 1985. Second year female, ring no RA 14899, ringed at St. Columb Major on 18th February 1985 was found freshly dead at Laldegem, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium on 13th April 1986.

Chaffinch Ring no. C746963 ringed as a second year female at Treisaac, St. Columb Major on 7th January 1986 was found dead at Strangnas, Sodermanland, Sweden on 9th August 1986.

Ring no. C746971 ringed as a second year male at Treisaac, on 7th January 1986 was controlled at Antwerp, Belgium on 19th March 1986.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF SPECIES RINGED 1986 Cumulative Totals F.G. Pulli Total F.G. Pulli Total Storm Petrel — — — 1 — 1 Fulmar — — — 3 — 3 Common Scoter — — — 1 — 1 Manx Shearwater — — — 2 — 2 Gannet — — — 2 — 2 Mute Swan — — — 66 — 66 Shelduck — — — 8 — 8 Mallard — — — 1 — 1 Sparrowhawk 2 — 2 13 2 15 Buzzard — 1 1 — 18 18 Kestrel — — — — 24 24 Water Rail 6 — 6 11 — 11 Spotted Crake 1 — 1 2 — 2 Oystercatcher — — — 409 6 415 Ringed Plover — — — 203 203 Lapwing 2 — 2 24 3 27 Knot — — — 4 — 4 Sanderling — — — 22 — 22 Curlew Sandpiper — — — 1 — 1 Dunlin — — — 992 — 992 Jack Snipe — — — 1 • — 1 Snipe — — — 8 — 8 Woodcock — — — 1 — 1 Black-tailed Godwit — — — 1 — 1 Bar-tailed Godwit — — — 1 — 1 Whimbrel — — — 5 — 5 Curlew — — — 73 — 73

100 Spotted Redshank — — — 7 — 7 Redshank — — — 297 — 297 Greenshank — — — 48 — 48 Turnstone — — — 45 — 45 Black-headed Gull 6 — 6 16 — 16 Herring Gull — — — 12 — 12 Guillemot — — — 24 — 24 Razorbill — — — 1 — 1 Stock Dove — — — — 2 2 Woodpigeon — — — 4 5 9 Collared Dove — 2 2 11 4 15 Cuckoo — — — 1 2 3 Barn Owl — 7 7 10 122 132 Tawny Owl — — — 13 12 25 Short-eared Owl — — — 1 — 1 Long-eared Owl — — — 1 — 1 Little Owl — — — 1 2 3 Swift 1 — 1 4 — 4 Kingfisher — — — 5 — 5 Green Woodpecker — — — 3 — 3 Great Spotted Woodpecker — — — 4 — 4 Skylark — — — — 6 6 Swallow 300 10 310 3035 363 3398 Sand Martin 2 — 2 40 — 40 House Martin 12 — 12 32 22 54 Tree Pipit 2 — 2 7 7 14 Meadow Pipit 11 — 11 35 15 50 Water Pipit — — — 1 — 1 Rock Pipit — — — 5 5 Yellow Wagtail — — — 39 — 39 Grey Wagtail — 5 5 14 44 58 Pied Wagtail 22 — 22 154 49 203 Dipper 1 — 1 24 142 166 Wren 90 — 90 775 24 799 Dunnock 63 — 63 671 15 686 Robin 90 — 90 887 57 944 Black Redstart — — — 2 — 2 Redstart — — — 8 11 19 Whinchat 1 — 1 11 — 11 Stonechat 4 — 4 43 10 53 Wheatear 1 — 1 321 302 623 Blackbird 51 4 55 681 96 777 Fieldfare 2 — 2 4 — 4 Song Thrush 19 — 19 226 30 256 Redwing 2 — 2 116 — 116 Mistle Thrush — 2 2 5 9 14 Cettis Warbler 6 — 6 58 — 58 Grasshopper Warbler 2 — 2 28 — 28 Aquatic Warbler 1 — 1 14 — 14 Sedge Warbler 242 — 242 2281 — 2281 Reed Warbler 232 — 232 2119 4 2123 Icterine Warbler — — — 1 — 1 Melodious Warbler — — — 1 — 1 Lesser Whitethroat — — — 11 — 11 Whitethroat 9 — 9 199 — 199 Garden Warbler 15 — 15 137 — 137 Blackcap 34 — 34 375 — 375 Yellow-browed Warbler — — — 1 — 1

101 Chiffchaff 44 — 44 649 8 657 Pallas's Warbler — — 1 — 1 Willow Warbler 182 7 189 1424 92 1516 Goldcrest 15 — 15 480 — 480 Firecrest 1 — 1 43 — 43 Spotted Flycatcher 2 4 6 29 56 85 Pied Flycatcher — — — 9 108 117 Long-tailed Tit 35 — 35 429 1 430 Marsh Tit 9 — 9 112 14 126 Willow Tit 12 — 12 112 14 126 Coal Tit 8 — 8 115 38 153 Blue Tit 320 22 342 3309 1368 4677 Great Tit 82 7 89 882 195 1077 Nuthatch 2 6 8 12 32 44 Treecreeper 8 — 8 71 — 71 Jay — — — 9 — 9 Magpie — — — 10 32 42 Jackdaw 1 — 1 28 12 40 Rook 2 — 2 10 — 10 Carrion Crow - — — — 3 21 24 Starling 219 — 219 1077 — 1077 House Sparrow 33 — 33 271 1 272 Hawfinch — — — 1 — 1 Chaffinch 245 — 245 1114 24 1138 Brambling 26 — 26 30 — 30 Greenfinch 166 — 166 1111 20 1131 Goldfinch 1 — 1 62 9 71 Siskin 5 — 5 47 — 47 Linnet 14 — 14 140 18 158 Redpoll — — — 3 — 3 Bullfinch 49 — 49 386 3 389 Yellowhammer 1 — 1 75 7 82 Cirl Bunting — — — — 3 3 Reed Bunting 63 — 63 331 4 335 Corn Bunting — — — 1 21 22 Totals 2767 77 2844 27086 3514 30600

A STUDY OF ACROCEPHALUS WARBLERS AT MARAZION MARSH 1986 (Long Rock Reed-bed 50 08'N, 5 30'W) BIRDS RINGED SEDGE WARBLER Returned from previous May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Total years Adults 3 1 2 5 11 Juveniles 9 74 45 3 131 REED WARBLER Adults 1 8 2 11 13 Juveniles 16 76 37 1 130

102 Cattle in the field bordering my net sites compelled me to move to new locations by the sluice on the south side of the reed-bed. Reed and Sedge warblers returned in spring in good numbes, but my optimism for large catches following a good breeding season were soon dashed by atrocious weather. Thunderstorms in late June and July soaked and flattened the reeds with the result that many nests must have been deserted. The number of reed warblers ringed was the lowest for ten years. Sedge Warbler totals were also dismally low for the fourth year in a row. They would have been even worse but for 'falls' on the 8th and 17th August. The weather was so bad that I could not take advantage of these extra birds as they seldom remained for longer than a day. Previously ringed Sedge Warblers were seen in the spring but were not retrapped. The oldest retrap Reed Warbler from previous ringing was seven years. No reed aphids were seen during the autumn and most warblers did not stay to fatten up. Very few birds were retrapped. Of special interest was a juvenile Aquatic Warbler caught on 26th September, which on one side of its tail six feathers were fully formed, and the other side the feathers were only just emerging from the sheaths. In autumn especially, I have noted the large amount of foraging for insects in the willow scrub by reed and sedge warblers. In spring these bushes are used as song posts by sedge warblers and reed buntings. Apart from the acrocephalus warblers, the scrub is a major source of insects for willow warblers, chiffchaffs, all the tit species and crests. It is possible the willows are a greater source of food for all these birds than the reeds. It is sometimes said that there is too much scrub on the marsh and that some of these bushes should be eradicated. In view of the foregoing remarks would this really be a benefit to the birds! Unacceptable damage and disturbance would be created by entering the reed-birds in spring and summer to destroy the bushes, and in winter the water is too deep. Some of this type of cover may help to protect the nests of water rails as well. At the present time there is a fair balance of reed and scrub and possibly the salty gales may help to keep the willows in check. Our newest breeding bird, the Cetti's Warbler would not remain without the thick bramble and blackthorn for its nest sites. Marazion Marsh is a very important site for sedge warblers, especially, to boost their fat reserves whilst migrating south. Before any changes are attempted to the habitat these points should be carefully thought out thoroughly beforehand. Its doubtful that waterfowl and waders will ever breed on the marsh so lets make sure that we keep the breeding birds already present. Grateful thanks to Lord St. Levan for permission to trap birds at Marazion Marsh. Bernard Pattenden

103 WILSON'S WARBLER At Rame Barton Farm, Rame Head, Cornwall on 13th Octobe 1985 — a species new to Britain and Europe At about 1100 hours on 13th October 1985 I was checking through a small tit flock which was moving through the cover of a hedge near Rame Barton Farm when the upperparts of a bird on the far side of a Hawthorn bush caught my attention. The mantle and coverts showed bright olive green and the flight feathers slightly darker. No wing bar was visible. Within seconds the bird turned to show a bright yellow head and underparts, a prominent black eye and a neat black cap. The effect was stunning. I realised that I was watching an American wood warbler but could not put a name to it. I was particularly puzzled by the black cap, because I was unable to think of any likely candidate showing this field mark. The bird quickly dropped into cover and when it did not reappear in a minute or two I rushed off to Rame Head to fetch V.R. Tucker and R. Burridge who I knew were in the area. We hurriedly returned to the area where I had found the bird but it could not initially be relocated. R. Burridge from his knowledge of wood warblers in the U.S.A. thought that the combination of yellow underparts and black cap strongly suggested Wilson's Warbler, a species not previously recorded in the Western Palearctic. We searched for nearly two hours before R.B. found the bird in the topmost branches of a small Ash tree, no more than 20 metres from its' original location. He immeditaely confirmed that it was a Wilson's Warbler. After a short time it dropped into cover of an Ivy bush and remained there or in the surrounding undergrowth for the remainder of the day. After about half an hour K. Pellow arrived and agreed with the indentifiction having had experience with the species in Bermuda. He added, that in his opinion, it appeared to be an adult male. The following description was taken during the next two hours during which time the bird fed very actively amongst the foliage, giving excellent, if at times fleeting views and never again showing in the top of the Ash tree. Size Puzzling at first. The brilliance of the bird took ones' breath away and made concentration rather difficult at first. It was obviously larger than the tits and crests that it was first seen with but although it was never seen directly alongside another bird it was thought, after careful watching, to be Chiffchaff size. It could very noticeably change its shape depending on where and how it was feeding. High in the Ash tree it looked slender and Phylloscopus-like, whilst feeding in cover it appeared more compact and rounded at times flicking its tail and drooping its wings. Head Initially looked all yellow with a black cap. More prolonged watching however, brought out other points: The cap was black and glossy. It was a small 'skull cap' type cap on the crown and not nearly as extensive as the cap of a Blackcap. A wide yellow superciliary was present following the length of the cap. The lores and ear coverts were a subtle olive green shading into the surrounding yellow. Nape and hindneck greenish yellow merging into the olive of the mantle. Upperparts Mantle and coverts bright olive green. No wing bars present. Secondaries and tertials olive brown and primaries darker olive brown. The folded wing appeared dull in comparison with the bright mantle and coverts. Pale edges to secondaries. Underparts Throat to undertail, coverts bright, rich yellow. Careful study in good light revealed no markings, or indeed any change in the colour of the underparts. At certain angles the flanks appeared less yellow but when the positioned was changed this was found to be not so. 104 Tail When viewing the bird at the top of the Ash tree I thought that the tail was black and mentioned this to VRT who thought that it was more dark olive brown. Subsequent views showed this to be the case although it stood out markedly against the yellow and olive green of the remainder of the plumage. Upper tail coverts probably rather more olive yellow than mantle/wing coverts. Undertail similar in shade to upper tail, but rather paler. The tail was in proportion to the size of the bird, not particularly long or short. It was slightly notched. It was unmarked. Bare Parts Legs: Orange/flesh. Bill: Broad-based, sharp-tipped and rather substantial. Pink/horn coloured with upper mandible slightly darker. Eye: Black, beady and large. Voice Two types of call heard. Both heard when bird in deep cover but the second type also heard when bird was in the open and possibly more agitated. Type 1: loud, rather liquid 'twick'. Uttered singly. Type 2: a short series of 'kick - kick - kick' notes reminiscent of Red-breasted Flycatcher. Comment A truly stunning bird, in immaculate adult male type plumage. In fact the plumage was so immacultate as to be puzzling. As pointed out by AH J Harrop, if the bird was an adult male, why was the plumage so fresh? One would have expected that a breeding season plus an Atlantic crossing to show much more in the way of feather wear than was apparent. The bird was somewhat at odds with the literature as regards the colour of the undertail. Wilson's Warbler displays a black undertail and this is one of the identification criteria differentiating from Hooded Warbler. Although there was some difference of opinion amongst observers as to the exact shade of the undertail, with some considering it paler than others, the Rame bird certainly did not show a black undertail. Because the underparts were so evenly bright yellow it seems likely that the Rame bird may have been of the bright south-western race 'Wilsonia pusilla chryseola'. List of observers in the order that they saw the bird:- R. Smaldon, V. R. Tucker, R. Burridge, M. D. Rayment, K. Pellow, R. W. Gould, E. Griffiths, A. E. C. Aston, A. H. J. Harrop and S. C. Madge. Roger Smaldon (Editors comment: I understand that this record has been accepted by BBRC and is now with the BOU Records Committee awaiting acceptance to the British List. It was not possible to include the record in the 1985 Report owing to lack of space).

105 SHAG IN CORNWALL SHOWING CHARACTERS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE P.a.desmarestii On 19th February 1986 whilst looking through a flock of Shags P. aristotelis and Cormorants P. carbo at St. Anthony Head near St. Mawes, I noticed a very odd individual. Although clearly a shag on size and jizz, it differed markedly from neighbouring birds on four basic points: 1. White underparts 2. Pale upper wing-coverts 3. Yellow bill with black culmen 4. Bright pink-orange legs and feet Suspecting that it might be a completely different species, I quickly fetched my colleague C.C. Barnard standing nearby who then joined me in continued observation of the bird for several minutes before it flew off up the estuary of Carrick Roads. We obtained excellent views of it in good light with binoculars and telescopes as it stood amongst the group of birds (incl. at least ten first-winter Shags with numerous adults and Cormorants of mixed ages) c. 150m below us on a rocky outcrop by the lighthouse. The following details were noted: Description Plumage much as first-winter Shag except for differences outlined above. The underparts, throat, breast and belly were clear white but the flanks were washed grey and there was a grey smudge at the sides of the lower neck which reminded me of a winter-plumaged Great Northern Diver G.immer. The forehead, lores, crown, nape and mantle were dark brown as first-winter nominate Shags but most of the upperwing coverts were creamy-white. The bill was largely yellow, much more so than the other Shags and had a blackish culmen ridge and tip. The legs and feet were very different from the other Shags and Cormorants, being a conspicuous pink- orange instead of dark-brown/black. We were therefore rather disappointed when an on-the-spot quick reference to Harrison (1983) revealed no species exhibiting the distinctive plumage and bare-part coloration of this individual. Whilst I have occasionally seen first-winter Shags with extremely pale, almost leucistic upperwing coverts much as this bird, none have ever shown the other features mentioned here. However, on 6th August 1985, I watched a juvenile Shag flying west off St. Ives, Cornwall (with an adult) which showed gleaming white underparts except for dark undertail-coverts and large white upperwing covert patches. My notebook sketch of that bird, drawn at the time, bears a very strong resemblance to the St. Anthony individual although I did not note its bare parts coloration. Further reference to Harrison and also Cramp & Simmons (1977) revealed that the Mediterranean race P.a.desmaretii closely matched the plumage and bare-part characteristics of our bird. Not much is known about this race, however, and there is scant detail on first-winter individuals. Cramp & Simmons state "...Juvenile with much white on underparts; throat, breast and belly at least white, sometimes chin to undertail-coverts (but not flanks)." For bare part coloration, only that of adults is mentioned "...bill usually yellow except black culmen and tip; foot brown with yellow webs." Following receipt of my notes and sketches, P.R. Colston, sub-dept. of Ornithology at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) kindly examined some skins for us and replied "Your bird would appear to be an example of the Mediterranean race desmarestii or possibly riggenbachi of north-west Africa. "Although we have good series of the nominate form which occurs in north­ western Europe, we have very few skins of desmarestii. One immature of the latter is

106 very similar in plumage to your bird although the feet are recorded as yellowish rather than pinky-orange." Whilst we cannot find reference to this race occurring in British Waters previously, there is probably no reason why it should not when the central-southern European race of the Cormorant P.c. sinensis and other Mediterranean seabirds such as the Balearic Shearwater, P.p. mauretanicus do so with some regularity. Of P.a. desmrestii, Cramp & Simmons state "... Extent of dispersal little known, but one ringed Corsica moved 130 km to Sardinia and species occurs at intervals on coasts where does not breed in Mediterranean, Black Sea, and apparently Sea of Azov". D. S. Flumm 'Chy Vean', 3 Penmare Terrace, Hayle, Cornwall. TR27 4PH

References Cramp, S., & Simmons, K.E.L. (eds) 1977. Birds of the Western Palearctic Vol. 1. Oxford Harrison, P. 1983. Seabirds: an identification guide. Beckenham

HIGH CONCENTRATION OF DIVERS, GREBES AND SEA-DUCK IN CARRICK ROADS IN FEBRUARY 1986 Bitterly cold easterly winds continued throughout most of February with temperatures often below -5°C. Whilst spending virtually every day birding on the south coast of Cornwall, it became apparent that most diving birds were seeking shelter on the leeward (west) side of headlands and promontories which is the reverse of the normal situation when south westerly winds prevail. Recalling the relatively high cliffs to the east of Carrick Roads and the extensive estuary affording shelter from the prevalent conditions, one or two trial visits in mid-February actually confirmed that theory was indeed borne out in practice for once. Further visits gave some tantalisingly high counts for individual species within all three groups, particularly Slavonian Grebe, the much rarer Red-necked Grebe, all three divers and the 'standard' Goldeneye and Merganser flocks. It soon became apparent that full-day visits were necessary to assess the total accumulation. The first day visit took place on February 25th, a week before the thaw. Commencing at St Anthony Head, an excellent viewing platform below the cliffs facing Pendennis Castle to the northwest showed a considerable variety of divers and grebes: i.e. 1 Red-throated, 6 Black-throated and 4 Great Northen Divers, 4 Slavonian and no less than 6 Red-necked Grebes all in one sweep of the 'scope'! Percuil River produced the usual few Red-breasted Mergansers. The next stop was St Mawes and Castle combined with a northward walk along the shore of the Roads. This added another 4 Black-throated and 4 Great Northern Divers, 12 additional Slavonian and 2 Red-necked Grebes with 4 Eider as a bonus. A drive to St Just-in- Roseland creek and coast yielded 1 Black-throated Diver, 4 Dabchick, 2 Slavonian Grebe and 3 adult drake Velvet Scoter. The last stop at Turnaware Point added 2 Dabchick, 3 Red-throated Divers, 2 Black-throated Divers, 1 Great Northern Diver, 2 Great Crested Grebes and 3 (elusive) Black-necked Grebes together with 46 Goldeneye and 48 Red-breasted Mergansers at roost. Thus the days total for Carrick Roads was at least; 4 Red-throated, 14 Black-throated and 10 Great Northern Divers, 7 Dabchick, 2 Great Crested, 8 Red-necked, 18 Slavonian and 3 Black- necked Grebes, 3 Velvet Scoter, 4 Eider, 46 Goldeneye and 48 Red-breasted Mergansers — a somewhat exceptional concentration even by Carrick Roads standards.

107 The final trip before the thaw was made in company with a friend to verify the numbers, on February 28th. Starting below St Anthony Head this visit proved even more rewarding with 2 Red-throated, 6 Black-throated and 4 Great Northen Divers, 6 Red-necked and 10 Slavonian Grebes. At Percuil River we added a Great Crested Grebe and a female Velvet Scoter plus those few Mergansers. St Mawes and the pather north brought another 6 Black-throated and 5 Great Northen Divers, a Great Crested and 2 Slavonian Grebes plus 4 Eider. Our next stop at St Just creek and coast produced 2 Black-throated and 2 Great Northen Divers, 2 Red-necked, 4 Slavonian and 4 Little Grebes and a bonus 3 drake Velvet Scoter (different to the Feb 25th birds which had been seen to fly out of the Roads). The last stop at the upper Roads and down to Turnaware Point at roost time added 8 Red-throated, 2 Black-throated and a Great Northen Diver, 2 Dabchick, 5 Great Crested and 4 Black-necked Grebes. This gave a verified total for the Roads of; 10 Red-throated, 14 Black-throated and 12 Great Northen Divers, 4 Dabchick, 16 Slavonian, 7 Great Crested, 8 Red-necked and 4 Black-necked Grebes together with 4 Velvet Scoter and 4 Eider and no light left to do more than estimate the Goldeneye and Red-breasted Merganser flocks at c.40 each. These figures mean that all three common divers, all five grebes and four species of sea-duck were seen on two different days. Particularly satisfying were the double-figure totals for all of the divers. Few other years are likely to produce this sort of concentration of diving species in Cornwall for no less than 5 or 6 of these species' totals would appear to be recent maxima for Carrick Roads. At least the spectacle was well worth every sub-zero hours spent there. The problem is, what did we miss? Roger Lane Editors comment 'All this and finding the King Eider! I doubt if you missed anything. Well done Roger.

GREAT TITS NESTING IN A POST-BOX My neighbours in the caravan next door feed birds at two peanut feeders all year round and I think this is the reason that my post-box was chosen as a nest site this year by a pair of Great Tits. House Sparrows, Greenfinches, Blue Tits and Great Tits are the only species I have seen attracted to these feeders during the past fifteen years. On the 2nd May I collected mail and found several blades of grass in the box. Later that morning I heard churrs and saw Blue and Great Tits on the wire fence near the box. The latter had grass in her beak. The Blue Tit was not seen again. To prevent any disturbance I arranged mail collection away from the box each morning. To deter the many cats living on the caravan site I creosoted the box lid and support every two nights. After dark I strewed a large amount of gorse cuttings around and under the box and also along the main flight line of the birds to the fences and entrance. The precautions proved very effective. My neighbours also feed Magpies, Crows and Jackdaws with bread. The Magpies had a nest in dead elms about three hundred yards away from my caravan and gave a lot of trouble swooping at the tits. The Crows and Jackdaws were never seen to molest the birds. The post-box is three feet from my front window and the same distance from the site road. It is by the front path, with a low wire fence a foot in front of the entrance and a similar fence on the other side of the path. The birds mostly flew in

108 to land on the garden fence, then across the path to the second fence and then in to the box. Quite often the female would fly through both fences (very wide mesh) into the box without stopping but the male never did this. He appeared more hesitant in his actions and certainly more wary. In a caravan it is easy to hear all bird calls and songs, even without a window open. Each visit to the nest by the female was a very noisy affair with the male following about six feet behind calling his teechu note. The final note as he landed on the fence was slurred on the second syllable to a musical sneeze-like sound. I never saw the male carry nesting material and only rarely enter the box, whilst the female was building. He flew back and forth with the female, continuously giving her musical support. On occasions he perched on the fence vibrating his wings and givng a quiet churr note. The female also did this and churring was the only sound ever heard from her apart from alarm calls. Each morning from about 05.00 hrs, prior to the building activity, the male sang at various high vantage points around the caravan site. A continuous teechu note was given and several times I heard him singing against male in elms near the site entrance. The nest was completed in about nine days and consisted of two circular 'false nests' of dead grass filling the base of the box. This was covered with moss and the real nest was at the rear of the box as shown in the diagram. The nest contained a large amount of white fluff of almost cotton-wool texture and what appeared to be blue carpet pile. Also there was a two inch piece of thin white string. During the nesting period I viewed the box three times when I was certain both birds were absent. The first was at the grass stage with two 'false nests' covering the base. The second was when the real nest was complete but with no eggs. The final view on the 18th May, the nest contained eight eggs which were white with fine brown spots. From the 18th to 30th May the female brooded the eggs and was fed continuously by the male. Every feed was accompanied by the teechu noted followed by the discordant finale. At about 06.30 hrs he would call the female off the nest with a quiet seep note, rather like a prolonged Redwing call. I heard and saw this on several mornings. It occurred later in the day as well. Two or three times I saw the male feed the female whilst perched on the fence near the box, both birds crouching with vibrating wings. This happened both when nest building and when feeding young. The only food brought up the male that I would identify were green caterpillars but other dark coloured food was also brought. At no time did I see the male feed his mate with peanuts, though he fed on them himself. If cats were in the area, the male would fly up to a telephone wire next door and give a loud "Churr churr chink chink chink" until danger had passed. On occasions he sat tight while I moved the offending animal and then carried on as normal. The telephone wire was also used by both parents for an alarm perch when feeding the young, for both cats and magpies. The birds were much less wary of humans and quite often sat tight on the fence or moved silently round a buddleia near the fence. They ignored people standing talking about twelve feet away from the front gate. Dogs were also ignored, as was the milk van and the very noisy, vibrating refuse lorry which passed within three feet of the box. Once or twice I saw an adult startled by a person it had not noticed and it responded by giving a sharp chip note and flying a few feet. Each evening it appeared that the male roosted in some dead ivy covered elms. I saw him fly in this direction between 20.30 and 21.30 hrs on several occasions.

109 On 30th May I saw both parents entereing and leaving the box together an I considered that the eggs bad hatched. The birds sometimes entered and left the letter -slot together but this was the exception. The female seemed to make many more trips than the male but he certainly brought larger beakfuls of food. Mostly green caterpillars, but some moths and other dark food was the diet. However, the male would visit the peanut feeders about mid-morning and take a nut to the wire fence or cotoneaster branch, hold it down with one foot, hammer it hard for about thirty seconds and then fly into the box. A few nuts were taken to the brood without being dealt with first. This happened every day until the young fledged. Some natural food was also held in a claw and mashed before being fed to the young. Removal of faecal sacs were regular. Feeding the young varied in intensity with peaks from 07.30 to 09.30, 11.30 to 13.00 and 16.30 to 20.00 hrs, but there was a good deal of variation. At different times, after a period of tending the young, both adults would perch on the first fence, with full beaks for up to a minute as if undecided what to do, and then would fly into the box. From this behaviour I thought the brood had received sufficient food in that period.

Visits were more frequent in cloudy weather than sunshine — perhaps prey was easier to see. A day of heavy rain did not make any noticeable difference to the rate of feeding. Most prey was obtained from a row of elms about forty yards distant and a large Hawthorn about twenty yards away. Each day both parents hunted in the garden, searching cotoneaster, gooseberry, escallonia and nettles. During breaks from feeding the young, I often saw both parents feed themselves on peanuts. On 17th June at about 17.45 hrs I heard a quiet tipp note and saw the male on the fence with something white in his beak hopping backwards. A young bird fluttered across the path and landed near the adult and then into the buddleia. Nothing occurred further and the adults continued to feed the young in the box until about 21.00 hrs. The following day feeding the young in the box continued as normal until 08.15 hrs when a fledgling emerged on to the wire fence and then flew into the nearby escallonia hedge when no adults were present. At 09.00 hrs another came out, climbed on to the lid of the box, crouched and stretched its wings and lightly preened its breast feathers. Two or three times it turned its head, looking up at noisy Jackdaws and House Sparrows flying over. Eventually it fluttered down and joined another of the brood on a cotoneaster. They stayed together for about ten minutes, sunning and wing stretching until suddently the male flew into the garden calling a loud fast teechu, followed by tuee and a long seep note. The young very slowly perked up and moved in his direction and he enticed them into the nearby escallonia. The last fledgling emerged about 12.30 and perched on the wire for a short time before flying into the escallonia when no adults were present. Although the young had been very noisy in the nest, they left the box in silence and made no sound until joined by the adult. Fortunately the magpies were absent during this period. At 13.00 hrs the male came into the garden giving the teechu call and two or three seep notes and the young were taken out to a neighbours hedge and then into elms. Later I examined the nest and found one squashed young which on size I thought may have died about ten days previously. Eight eggs had hatched and seven young left the box.

110 During the following week I saw the family in elms near the entrance to the caravan site. Several mornings following departure, I saw both adults feeding on my neighbours peanuts but did not see any taken to the young. Dimensions Letter slot 9| ins x 1 inch Breadth 12.25 ins Width 9.75 ins Depth 7.5 ins Height from ground 3 feet 2 inches

Bernard Pattenden 17 Wheal Rodney, Marazion, Cornwall.

Ill WILDFOWL COUNTS — CORNWALL 1986 The counts in Cornwall are organised by D. S. Flumm of Chyvean, 3 Penmare Terrace, Hayle, TR27 4PH. During 1986, 29 sites were covered but help is still needed for the following areas; Bussow Res., Fal Est., Gannel Est., Camel Est., Walmsley Sanctuary/Amble Marshes, Fowey Est. and Restronguet Creek. If you feel that you can assist please contact Mr Flumm above. Counters and the areas covered during 1986 were; Sennen and Drift Res. — H.P.K. Robinson, Marazion — T.K. Plummer, Hayle Est. and Copperhouse — D.S. Flumm, Hayle Millpond, Cargenwen Res., Clowance and Pendarves Ponds — E.J. Thomas and A. Rowe, Loe Pool and Helston Park Lake — J.S. Gilbert, Stithians Res. — A. Langford, Argal and College Res. — D.J. Lidstone, Restronguet Creek — A.D. Smith, Tresillian and Truro Rivers — P.S. Christie, Ruan Lanihorne — J. Conbeer, Carrick Roads — P. McCartney and D.S. Flumm, Porth Res. — R.H. and R.P. Poynton, Par Pools — P. Searle, Crowdy Res — B.T. Craven, Colliford Res and Dozmary Pool — J.A.d'E. Miller, Siblyback Res. — J.H. Finch, Looe Est. and Lynher Est. — S.C. Madge, St Johns Lake — M.D. Rayment, Camel Est. — P.G. Akers and D.J. Chown.

Mute Swan The monthly wildfowl counts at the principal localities were: Jan Feb Mar Sept Oct Nov Dec County total 99 96 75 107 114 94 114 Hayle/Copperhouse 19 14 6 3 12 14 14 Loe Pool 1 1 _ 10 13 0 1 College Res. 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 Restronguet 2 2 nc 2 11 5 Tresillian/Truro 6 6 2- _ _ _ Par 4 4 4 7 5 5 5 Looe Est. 46 44 45 34 43 32 41 St Johns Lake 2 5 2 26 5 nc 20 Camel Est. - - - nc 10 12 12

Canada Goose The monthly wildfowl counts at the principal localities were: Jan Feb Mar Sept Oct Nov Dec County total 54 26 _ _ Crowdy Res. 13 - 4 - - _ _ Lynher Est. 41 - 20 - - Shelduck The monthly wildfowl counts at the principal localities were; Jan Feb Mar Sept Oct Nov Dec County total 495 712 747 11 4 49 428 Hayle/Copperhouse 65 76 94 7 1 0 27 Tresillian/Truro 88 188 157 - - 25 83 Lynher Est 156 - 60 nc nc nc nc St Johns Lake 174 428 334 4 - nc 187 Camel Est. - - nc 3 24 83 112 Gadwall The monthly wildfowl counts at the principal localities were; Jan Feb Mar Sept Oct Nov Dec County total 13 20 6 0 0 7 12 Drift Res. 5 14 0 0 0 4 Hayle Est 6 1 6- 0 0 4 8 Loe Pool 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

Wigeon The monthly wildfowl counts at the principal localities were; Jan Feb Mar Sept Oct Nov Dec County total 2163 1017 442 201 1087 977 1800 Hayle/Copperhouse 720 439 116 129 450 769 795 Stithians Re 294 91 106 - - - Ruan Lanihorne 200 180 36 - - - Colliford Res 122 121 14 5 -3 4-9 76 Lynher Est 460 80 - - St Johns Lake 287 1-6 56 60 550 n-c 80-0

Teal The monthly wildfowl counts at the principal localities were; Jan Feb Mar Sept Oct Nov Dec County total 1531 973 335 353 593 643 1004 Hayle/Copperhouse 370 198 11 89 254 360 277 Stithians Res 104 12 34 - Restronguet Creek 25 145 25 - - 3-5 40 Truro River 142 305 142 170 11-9 41 170 Colliford Res 406 69 48 72 127 91 263 Lynher Est. 180 - 15 - - - - Mallard The monthly wildfowl counts at the principal localities were; Jan Feb Mar Sept Oct Nov Dec County total 936 713 452 823 987 761 808 Sennen 104 91 83 81 66 115 110 Loe Pool 70 14 10 61 8 8 10 Stithians Res. 64 54 24 - - Tresillian River 63 38 10 - - Par Pools 55 87 60 8-6 14-5 15-0 91 Crowdy Res 20 74 20 205 180 36 11 Colliford Res 245 164 79 226 302 195 233 Lynher Est. 60 - 60 nc nc nc nc Camel Est. - - - nc 16 73 68 Pintail The monthly wildfowl counts at the principal localities were; Jan Feb Mar Sept Oct Nov Dec County total 33 3 6 _ _ _ Lynher Est 21 2 n-c nc nc nc St Johns Lake 12 -1 4 - - - _ 113 Shoveler The monthly wildfowl counts at the principal localities were; Jan Feb Mar Sept Oct Nov Dec County total 26 45 - - - - - Sennen 2 13 - - - - - Marazion Marsh 21 28 - - - - - Pochard The monthly wildfowl counts at the principal localities were; Jan Feb Mar Sept Oct Nov Dec County total 251 205 211 34 56 315 273 Drift Res 7 10 3 0 2 0 14 Pendarves Pool 18 1 6 - - - - Loe Pool 38 24 14 13 22 117 53 Stithians Res 8 16 10 - - - - College Res 9 22 7 - - - - Par Pools 9 15 7 2 2 30 7 Colliford Res 105 89 143 11 21 83 134 Siblyback Res 5 7 1 - - - - Tufted Duck The monthly wildfowl counts at the principal localities were; Jan Feb Mar Sept Oct Nov Dec County total 264 277 193 73 120 157 228 Drift Res. 25 25 5 0 1 13 7 Loe Pool 46 32 31 40 38 20 52 Stithians Res. 23 6 18 - _ - Argal/College Res 55 55 42 0 5 51 3-9 Porth Res. 32 42 20 8 14 20 33 Colliford Res. 33 30 40 4 12 10 21 Goldeneye The monthly wildfowl counts at the principal localities were; Jan Feb Mar Sept Oct Nov Dec County total 17 26 17 0 0 15 17 Drift Res 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 Hayle Est. 5 8 4 0 0 2 1 Colliford Res. 1 2 3 - - - 1 St Johns Lake 5 _ - - - - - Camel Est. - - - - 0 2 3 Coot The monthly wildfowl counts at the principal localities were; Jan Feb Mar Sept Oct Nov Dec County total 386 324 245 224 264 254 237 Marazion Marsh 18 30 - - - - _ Loe Pool 56 52 13 53 90 14 19 Stithians Res. 51 27 43 82 62 47 32 College/Argal Res. 98 21 53 - 6 26 53 Colliford Res. 42 31 26 - - - - Siblyback Res. 68 105 95 - - - - Dave Flumm

114 (Editors comment. 'These counts are a welcome addition to the information available to the County Bird Report. Unfortunately they refer to only one day in each month and do not extend to some of the most important waters in Cornwall. They should be read in conjunction with the summary in the systematic list.)

BOOK REVIEW Seabirds of the World — A photographic guide. By Peter Harrison. Christopher Helm 1987. 320 pages. 741 colour photographs. 23 colour illustrations. 24 black and white plates. 322 maps. £15.95 Since publication of his first tome, 'Seabirds — an identification guide', in 1983 (revised and reprinted 1986), the name of Peter Harrison has become synonymous with seabirds and their identification. His first book was deservedly voted 'Best bird book of 1983' and became a best-seller. For his second venture Peter has chosen to compile a book based on seabird identification by photograph. The photographic concept, as an identification aid, has hitherto been little-used probably because it has proved relatively unpopular and unsuccessful. In the book under review the author has selected 741 photographs from a staggering total of 60000 submitted for consideration and where no suitable photograph was forthcoming has substituted his own colour illustration. Following brief introductory chapters covering acknowledgements, how to use the guide, seabird taxonomy and bird photography, approximately one half of the book is devoted to the photographs.

Each species is illustrated by two photographs, with the exception of the frigatebirds, skuas and gulls which are more lavishly dealt with by four. I was particularly pleased to note the liberality as regards the skuas but disappointed that the terns were not similarly covered. In my opinion an opportunity to take a lead with this very topical group has been missed. Regrettably, the situation is compounded by the wrong caption being appended to the alleged juvenile Roseate Tern (photo 648) which is quite clearly a juvenile Common Tern by virtue of its red legs if nothing else. Perhaps in a revised edition more tern plates could be included at the expense maybe of some of the gull plates which appear to have been selected in a very arbitrary fashion. One would have hoped (and indeed expected) that with four photographs of each gull species, the range of plumages shown should have been more diverse. For instance no immature plumages of Ross's Gull or Red-legged Kittiwake are illustrated, neither is there a second winter or summer Ring-billed Gull and no intermediate plumages between first winter and adult Herring Gull. However the inclusion of photographs of the recently discovered Amsterdam Albatross and the near-mythical Fiji (McGillivray's) Petrel, which has only been documented twice, although of little more than curiosity value to sea-watchers in British waters, certainly enhances the authoritative nature of the book.

Overall, the photographs are a mixture of all grades of excellence from superb to indifferent. The vast majority fall into the former category and include the comparison between Cory's (photos 193 and 194) with Great Shearwater (195 and 196) and the stunning Long-tailed Skua (427).

115 In the latter category I was mystified to find out of focus shots of Manx (201) and Little Shearwaters (205 and 206). Maybe I am missing the point and they are deliberately fuzzy, thus presenting a more realistic representation of a distant bird seen in adverse conditions at sea. If that is the case, then surely a decent photograph of Little Shearwater should have been included as well to assist in what is currently the most vexed of British seabird identification problems.

Whilst on shearwater matters, I note that the author has followed the current popular demand for separation of the Mediterranean shearwaters, Balearic and Levantine from Manx and identified them as a distinct species.

Conversely he prefers to continue to lump all Herring Gull races together rather than identify the so-called Yellow-legged Gull separately. Despite this I feel that photographic evidence of Yellow-legged Gull could have been usefully included. The descriptions which follow are admirably succinct and call for little comment whilst the accompanying distribution maps have been updated since Peter's first book. Examples include the North and South expansion in range of Great Skua and the increasing vagrancy of Laughing Gull. The final section of the book consists of 24 black and white plates covering tubenose identification. These plates, employing a Peterson-type system of arrows plus brief notes on diagnostic plumage characteristics, are excellent. They also demonstrate size comparison — a seemingly insurmountable problem with photographs. The author acknowledges that this is a book to be used in conjunction with his earlier work and I would not quibble with his declaration 'one for the pocket and one for the shelf.

This book is attractive, concise, easy to use, pocket-sized and above all, apparently water resistant. I can thoroughly recommend it to all birders and have no doubt that it, like its predecessor will become a best-seller. In fact, who could afford to be without it, whether at St Ives, Flamborough Head, Cape Clear or even Towan Head?

P.S. It is worth every penny if only for the wonderful pair of hands in photo 171 — buy it and see. Stan Christophers

116 THE SOCIETY'S RULES (Current from 14th April, 1984) Rule 1. (Name) The Society shall be called "The Cornwall Bird-Watching and Preservation Society". Rule 2. (Objects) The objects of the Society shall be:— (a) To further the study of birds in the field. (b) To assist in their preservation. Rule 3. (Membership) The Society shall consist of the following Honorary Officers; President, Chairman, Vice-Chairman, General Secretary, Meetings Secretary, Treasurer and Registrar, Field Meetings Officer, Conservation Officer, Assistant Conservation Officer, Newsletter Editor, Public Relations Officer, Solicitor, County Recorder and Editor, Assistant Editor, Officer for Youth and Education, General Secretary for the Isles of Scilly and two joint Recorders and Editors for the Isles of Scilly, who shall be fully paid up members of the Society. Any persons under the age of 18 years shall be eligible for Junior Membership, and any person who has attained his or her 18th birthday for Full Membership. Junior members shall be entitled to participate in the activities of the Society, but shall be ineligible for election to the Executive Committee or Officers of the Society. Life Members may be elected on a single payment of £75.00. With a view to recognition of useful service to the aims of the Society, a General Meeting may, upon the proposition and seconding by any members, elect any person to be a Honorary Member of the Society without regard to the actual membership or non-membership of such person, who is deemed worthy of such election. Any Honorary Member so elected shall enjoy the right of Full Membership without payment of any subscription being required. The Officers shall be elected annually at the first General Meeting of the year (which Meeting shall be named the Annual Meeting) and shall be eligible for re­ election. New Members may be elected at any General or Executive Committee meeting provided they have paid the subscription as required under Rule 4. The Executive Committee shall have authority to exclude or cancel membership to any person if it considers that person has contravened any requirements contained in these Rules or legislation relating to bird protection or the countryside, or any other matter which the Executive Committee consider offends the well-being, aims or objectives of the Society. Rule 4. (Subscription) The Subscription shall be £5 for Full Members: £2.50 for each additional member of the same family sharing the same literature: and £1 for Junior Members, payable on election and thereafter on the 1st January. But any member who pays the first subscription after 30th September in any year, shall not be liable to pay a Full Members subscription until after the close of the current year. A member whose subscription is three months in arrears shall, after being reminded, cease to receive the Society's publications and when six months in arrears shall be deleted from the list of members. Rule 5. (Management) The Secretaries shall keep minutes of the meetings and prepare such literature as will keep members informed of the Society's activities. The Treasurer shall present a Statement of Accounts at the Annual Meeting each year. 117 There shall be an Executive Committee consisting of the Officers and nine ordinary members. A nomination in writing containing the name and address of the member proposed for election to the Executive Committee together with the names and addresses of a proposer and seconder must have been received by a Secretary at least 10 days before the Annual General Meeting. This Committee shall be elected annually at the Annual Meeting and shall deal with all business and any obligation undertaken by the Executive Committee on behalf of the Society shall be an obligation of the Society. The Executive Committee shall have power to add to this number subject to confirmation at the next Annual Meeting. No ordinary member shall serve on this Committee for more than three consecutive years. The Executive Committee shall delegate five Officers — Chairman, Vice Chairman, General Secretary, Treasurer and Conservation Officer to be known as the Management Team — to be responsible for the day to day decisions on the Society's affairs. Those delegated should agree unanimously on their decisions and report to the next Executive Committee for confirmation of their actions. Rule 6. (Meetings) General Meetings shall be held as often as necessary, but not less than twice a year, one of which shall be the Annual Meeting. The Executive Committee shall meet when necessary for the transaction of routine business. All meetings shall be convened in consultation with the President and Chairman. A special general meeting may also be called at the request of the Executive Committee or any fifteen members by application to the General Secretary, such appliciation to be accompanied by details of the motion or motions to be moved.

Rule 7. (Alteration of Rules) An alteration of Rules may be made at any General Meeting, provided that the precise alteration has been shown in advance on the Agenda, and that the alteration be passed by a two-thirds majority of those present.

Rule 8. This Society shall neither be dissolved, nor amalgamated with, nor subordinated to any other body without the consent of two-thirds of the Members, at a General Meeting at which business is transacted, and in respect of which dissolution, amalgamation or subordination, prior notice must have been given under Rule 7. For the purpose of this Rule, Members may vote by post.

Rule 9. The property and effects of the Society shall be vested in not less than four members as Trustees to be appointed at a General Meeting. They shall have power to invest money and adopt such measures as may appear to them necessary in the interests of the Society, subject to the approval of the Executive Committee. Each Trustee shall remain in office until death, resignation or removal and replacement by a General Meeting. In the event of the death, resignation or removal of any of the Trustees, the Executive Committee shall if necessary fill the vacancy subject to confirmation at the next General Meeting.

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