DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of TLC Chromatographic-Densitometric Procedure for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Ceftobiprole

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of TLC Chromatographic-Densitometric Procedure for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Ceftobiprole processes Article Development of TLC Chromatographic-Densitometric Procedure for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Ceftobiprole Zaneta˙ Binert-Kusztal, Małgorzata Starek , Joanna Zandarek˙ and Monika D ˛abrowska* Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] (Z.B.-K.);˙ [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (J.Z.)˙ * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Currently, there is still a need for broad-spectrum antibiotics. The new cephalosporin antibiotics include, among others, ceftobiprole, a fifth-generation gram-positive cephalosporin, active against Staphylococcus aureus methicillin agonist (MRSA). The main focus of the work was to optimize the conditions of ceftobiprole qualitative determination and to validate the developed procedure according to ICH guidelines. As a result of the optimization process, HPTLC Cellulose chromatographic plates as a stationary phase and a mixture consisting of ethanol:2-propanol: glacial acetic acid: water (4:4:1:3, v/v/v/v) as a mobile phase were chosen. The densitometric detection was carried out at maximum absorbance of ceftobiprole (λ = 232 nm). Next, the validation process of the developed procedure was carried out. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for precision was less than 1.65%, which proves the high compatibility of the results, as well as the LOD = 0.0257 µg/spot and LOQ = 0.0779 µg/spot values, which also confirm the high sensitivity of the procedure. The Citation: Binert-Kusztal, Z.;˙ Starek, usefulness of the developed method for the stability studies of ceftobiprole was analyzed. Study M.; Zandarek,˙ J.; D ˛abrowska, M. was carried out under stress conditions, i.e., acid and alkaline environments, exposure to radiation Development of TLC ◦ Chromatographic-Densitometric imitating sunlight and high temperature (40–60 C). It was found that cefotbiprole is unstable in Procedure for Qualitative and an alkaline environment and during exposure to UV-VIS radiation. Moreover, the lipophilicity Quantitative Analysis of Ceftobiprole. parameter, as a main physicochemical property of the biologically active compound, was determined Processes 2021, 9, 708. https://doi. using experimental and computational methods. org/10.3390/pr9040708 Keywords: ceftobiprole; TLC method; validation of the method; stability testing; lipophilicity Academic Editor: Ofelia Anjos Received: 24 March 2021 Accepted: 14 April 2021 1. Introduction Published: 16 April 2021 Cephalosporins, which belong to the group of semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics, have their origins as early as in the middle of the 20th century. The first research work Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral on their use in the therapeutics was carried out at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. with regard to jurisdictional claims in The discoverer of cephalosporins is considered to be the Italian scientist Giuseppe Brotzu published maps and institutional affil- iations. (1895–1976), professor and microbiologist of the Medical Faculty in Cagliari (Sardinia). In 1945 the scientist became interested in people who swam in rivers polluted with faeces or consumed shellfish fished from them. These people did not get sick, while in other parts of Italy, there was a typhoid pandemic—at the time known as abdominal typhus. On this basis, Brotzu hypothesised that these sewage systems probably contain microorganisms Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. that inhibit the growth of pathogenic intestinal bacteria—Salmonella typhi—that can prevent Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. the spread of typhus [1]. In 1948, together with Howard Florey, they discovered that a This article is an open access article strain of the fungus can produce seven antibiotics—five varieties of cephalosporin P, N distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons and C. The latter is considered to be the most important, as it is on its basis that all the Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// cephalosporin antibiotics used today are created. Despite its considerable advantages, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ such as high resistance to staphylococcal penicillinase enzyme and hydrolysis in an acidic 4.0/). environment, like the rest of the natural penicillin, it has unfortunately not been used in Processes 2021, 9, 708. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9040708 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/processes Processes 2021, 9, 708 2 of 18 Processes 2021, 9, 708 2 of 18 the therapeutic field due to its low activity. For this reason, we are currently using its semi-syntheticsemi-synthetic derivatives derivatives obtained obtained from from 7- 7-aminocephalosporicaminocephalosporic acid, whichwhich waswas formedformed as asa a product product of of the the hydrolytic hydrolytic decomposition decomposit ofion cephalosporin of cephalosporin C. The C. basis Thefor basis the structurefor the structureof cephalosporins of cephalosporins is the aforementioned is the aforem 7-aminocephalosporicentioned 7-aminocephalosporic acid, which acid, contains which the containscharacteristic the characteristicD2-cephem Δ system2-cephem (Figure system1)[ 2(Figure]. 1) [2]. (a) (b) FigureFigure 1. 1.ChemicalChemical structure structure of of7-am 7-aminocephalosporicinocephalosporic acid acid (a) ( aand) and Δ2-cephemD2-cephem (b ().b ). CephalosporinsCephalosporins belong belong to tothe the well-tolerated well-tolerated group group ofof antibiotics, antibiotics, which which is isextremely extremely diversediverse and and can can be be grouped grouped into into five five classes classes in in terms terms of of their their activity. activity. The The classification classification intointo a aparticular particular generation generation is isbased based on on the the differences differences in in action: action: bactericidal bactericidal effect effect on on Gram-negativeGram-negative bacteria bacteria (including (including BacteroidesBacteroides andand Gram-positive Gram-positive anaerobics), anaerobics), ProteuProteus, s, β PseudomonasPseudomonas, reaching, reaching the the cerebrospinal cerebrospinal fluid fluid and and sensitivity sensitivity to to β-lactamases.-lactamases. It Itcan can be be assumedassumed that that a lower a lower generation generation has has greater greater activity activity against against Gram-positive Gram-positive bacteria, bacteria, and and a highera higher generation generation has has greater greater activity activity ag againstainst Gram-negative Gram-negative bacteria. bacteria. There There are are some some exceptions, such as cefepime, which is included in the fourth generation, and its activity exceptions, such as cefepime, which is included in the fourth generation, and its activity against Gram-positive bacteria is comparable to that of the first generation, and against against Gram-positive bacteria is comparable to that of the first generation, and against Gram-negative bacteria is equal to the third generation [3]. Currently, in a hospital and Gram-negative bacteria is equal to the third generation [3]. Currently, in a hospital and out-of-hospital treatment, there are infections caused by resistant strains of bacteria that are out-of-hospital treatment, there are infections caused by resistant strains of bacteria that insensitive to methicillin. These are mainly Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, are insensitive to methicillin. These are mainly Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus Enterococcus spp. The use of similar chemotherapy regimens varies according to the type of pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp. The use of similar chemotherapy regimens varies according hospital or out-of-hospital infection, as using the same regimens is not equally effective. to the type of hospital or out-of-hospital infection, as using the same regimens is not Therefore, the need to look for new antibacterial compounds that will be able to overcome equally effective. Therefore, the need to look for new antibacterial compounds that will the existing resistance mechanisms is growing [4]. The new group of cephalosporin be able to overcome the existing resistance mechanisms is growing [4]. The new group of antibiotics includes the fifth generation. Unlike the fourth generation, these compounds cephalosporin antibiotics includes the fifth generation. Unlike the fourth generation, these have a broad spectrum of effect on Gram-positive bacteria and an extended spectrum of compoundsresistance tohave methicillin, a broad i.e.,spectrum MRSA of and effect other on resistant Gram-positive enterococci, bacteria mainly and VRSA an extended (S. aureus spectrumresistant of to resistance vancomycin) to methicillin, [5]. i.e., MRSA and other resistant enterococci, mainly VRSA (AnS. aureus example resistant of generation to vancomycin) V cephalosporin [5]. is ceftaroline. It exhibits a wide spectrum of activityAn example against of generation Gram-positive V cephalosporin and Gram-negative is ceftaroline. pathogens It exhibits and most a wide importantly spectrum it ofshows activity activity against against Gram-positive VISA (S. aureusand Gram-negativestrain moderately pathogens resistant and to most vancomycin), importantly hVISA it shows(precursor activity of against VISA), VISA MRSA (S. andaureus VRSA. strain It moderately has been provenresistant effective to vancomycin), against bacterialhVISA (precursorpathogens of of VISA), the respiratory MRSA and system, VRSA. e.g., It S.has pneumoniae been proven[6]. Ceftarolineeffective against
Load more

Recommended publications
  • B-Lactams: Chemical Structure, Mode of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance
    b-Lactams: chemical structure, mode of action and mechanisms of resistance Ru´ben Fernandes, Paula Amador and Cristina Prudeˆncio This synopsis summarizes the key chemical and bacteriological characteristics of b-lactams, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbanpenems, monobactams and others. Particular notice is given to first-generation to fifth-generation cephalosporins. This review also summarizes the main resistance mechanism to antibiotics, focusing particular attention to those conferring resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins by means of production of emerging cephalosporinases (extended-spectrum b-lactamases and AmpC b-lactamases), target alteration (penicillin-binding proteins from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and membrane transporters that pump b-lactams out of the bacterial cell. Keywords: b-lactams, chemical structure, mechanisms of resistance, mode of action Historical perspective Alexander Fleming first noticed the antibacterial nature of penicillin in 1928. When working with Antimicrobials must be understood as any kind of agent another bacteriological problem, Fleming observed with inhibitory or killing properties to a microorganism. a contaminated culture of Staphylococcus aureus with Antibiotic is a more restrictive term, which implies the the mold Penicillium notatum. Fleming remarkably saw natural source of the antimicrobial agent. Similarly, under- the potential of this unfortunate event. He dis- lying the term chemotherapeutic is the artificial origin of continued the work that he was dealing with and was an antimicrobial agent by chemical synthesis [1]. Initially, able to describe the compound around the mold antibiotics were considered as small molecular weight and isolates it. He named it penicillin and published organic molecules or metabolites used in response of his findings along with some applications of penicillin some microorganisms against others that inhabit the same [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Computational Antibiotics Book
    Andrew V DeLong, Jared C Harris, Brittany S Larcart, Chandler B Massey, Chelsie D Northcutt, Somuayiro N Nwokike, Oscar A Otieno, Harsh M Patel, Mehulkumar P Patel, Pratik Pravin Patel, Eugene I Rowell, Brandon M Rush, Marc-Edwin G Saint-Louis, Amy M Vardeman, Felicia N Woods, Giso Abadi, Thomas J. Manning Computational Antibiotics Valdosta State University is located in South Georgia. Computational Antibiotics Index • Computational Details and Website Access (p. 8) • Acknowledgements (p. 9) • Dedications (p. 11) • Antibiotic Historical Introduction (p. 13) Introduction to Antibiotic groups • Penicillin’s (p. 21) • Carbapenems (p. 22) • Oxazolidines (p. 23) • Rifamycin (p. 24) • Lincosamides (p. 25) • Quinolones (p. 26) • Polypeptides antibiotics (p. 27) • Glycopeptide Antibiotics (p. 28) • Sulfonamides (p. 29) • Lipoglycopeptides (p. 30) • First Generation Cephalosporins (p. 31) • Cephalosporin Third Generation (p. 32) • Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins (p. 33) • Fifth Generation Cephalosporin’s (p. 34) • Tetracycline antibiotics (p. 35) Computational Antibiotics Antibiotics Covered (in alphabetical order) Amikacin (p. 36) Cefempidone (p. 98) Ceftizoxime (p. 159) Amoxicillin (p. 38) Cefepime (p. 100) Ceftobiprole (p. 161) Ampicillin (p. 40) Cefetamet (p. 102) Ceftoxide (p. 163) Arsphenamine (p. 42) Cefetrizole (p. 104) Ceftriaxone (p. 165) Azithromycin (p.44) Cefivitril (p. 106) Cefuracetime (p. 167) Aziocillin (p. 46) Cefixime (p. 108) Cefuroxime (p. 169) Aztreonam (p.48) Cefmatilen ( p. 110) Cefuzonam (p. 171) Bacampicillin (p. 50) Cefmetazole (p. 112) Cefalexin (p. 173) Bacitracin (p. 52) Cefodizime (p. 114) Chloramphenicol (p.175) Balofloxacin (p. 54) Cefonicid (p. 116) Cilastatin (p. 177) Carbenicillin (p. 56) Cefoperazone (p. 118) Ciprofloxacin (p. 179) Cefacetrile (p. 58) Cefoselis (p. 120) Clarithromycin (p. 181) Cefaclor (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Management of Penicillin and Beta-Lactam Allergy
    Management of Penicillin and Beta-Lactam Allergy (NB Provincial Health Authorities Anti-Infective Stewardship Committee, September 2017) Key Points • Beta-lactams are generally safe; allergic and adverse drug reactions are over diagnosed and over reported • Nonpruritic, nonurticarial rashes occur in up to 10% of patients receiving penicillins. These rashes are usually not allergic and are not a contraindication to the use of a different beta-lactam • The frequently cited risk of 8 to 10% cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins is an overestimate based on studies from the 1970’s that are now considered flawed • Expect new intolerances (i.e. any allergy or adverse reaction reported in a drug allergy field) to be reported after 0.5 to 4% of all antimicrobial courses depending on the gender and specific antimicrobial. Expect a higher incidence of new intolerances in patients with three or more prior medication intolerances1 • For type-1 immediate hypersensitivity reactions (IgE-mediated), cross-reactivity among penicillins (table 1) is expected due to similar core structure and/or major/minor antigenic determinants, use not recommended without desensitization • For type-1 immediate hypersensitivity reactions, cross-reactivity between penicillins (table 1) and cephalosporins is due to similarities in the side chains; risk of cross-reactivity will only be significant between penicillins and cephalosporins with similar side chains • Only type-1 immediate hypersensitivity to a penicillin manifesting as anaphylaxis, bronchospasm,
    [Show full text]
  • Antibiotic Use for Sepsis in Neonates and Children: 2016 Evidence Update
    Antibiotic Use for Sepsis in Neonates and Children: 2016 Evidence Update Aline Fuchsa, Julia Bielickia,b, Shrey Mathurb, Mike Sharlandb, Johannes N. Van Den Ankera,c a Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland b Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom c Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA WHO-Reviews 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Aims ......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Background ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.1. Definition and diagnosis ................................................................................................. 3 Neonatal Sepsis ............................................................................................................................... 3 Paediatric Sepsis ............................................................................................................................. 4 Community versus hospital acquired sepsis .................................................................................. 5 1.2.2. Microbiology ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CEFOTAXIME Cefotaxime Sodium, Powder for Injection, Equivalent to Cefotaxime 500 Mg, 1 G and 2 G
    CEFOTAXIME Cefotaxime sodium, powder for injection, equivalent to Cefotaxime 500 mg, 1 g and 2 g PRESENTATION Cefotaxime is a white to slightly yellowish powder, which, when dissolved in Water for Injections B.P., forms a straw coloured solution given by intravenous or intramuscular administration. Each Cefotaxime 500 mg vial contains sterile cefotaxime sodium equivalent to cefotaxime 500 mg. Each Cefotaxime 1 g vial contains sterile cefotaxime sodium equivalent to cefotaxime 1 g. Each Cefotaxime 2 g vial contains sterile cefotaxime sodium equivalent to cefotaxime 2 g. Variations in the intensity of colour of the freshly prepared solution do not indicate change in potency or safety. USES Actions Cefotaxime is a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum bactericidal cephalosporin antibiotic. It is a other β-lactam antibiotic whose mode of action is inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cefotaxime is exceptionally active in vitro against Gram-negative organisms sensitive or resistant to first or second generation cephalosporins. It is similar to other cephalosporins in activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Susceptibility Data Dilution or diffusion techniques – either quantitative minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) or breakpoint, should be used following a regularly updated, recognised and standardised method e.g. NCCLS. Standardised susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory control micro-organisms to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. A report of “Susceptible” indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the microbial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable. Some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (approximately 25%) and Bacteroides (approximately 43%) have in vitro MIC <16 mg/L.A report of “Intermediate” indicates that the results should be considered equivocal, and if the micro-organism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceftaroline in Complicated Skin and Skin-Structure Infections
    Infection and Drug Resistance Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW Ceftaroline in complicated skin and skin-structure infections Paul O Hernandez1 Abstract: Ceftaroline is an advanced-generation cephalosporin antibiotic recently approved by Sergio Lema2 the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure Stephen K Tyring3 infections (cSSSIs). This intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic exerts potent bactericidal activity Natalia Mendoza2,4 by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. A high affinity for the penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) makes the drug especially 1University of Texas School of Medicine at San Antonio, beneficial to patients with MRSA cSSSIs. Ceftaroline has proved in multiple well-conducted San Antonio, TX, 2Woodhull clinical trials to have an excellent safety and efficacy profile. In adjusted doses it is also recom- Medical and Mental Health Center, mended for patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Furthermore, the clinical effectiveness Brooklyn, NY, 3Department of Dermatology, University of Texas and high cure rate demonstrated by ceftaroline in cSSSIs, including those caused by MRSA Health Science Center at Houston, and other multidrug-resistant strains, warrants its consideration as a first-line treatment option 4 Houston, TX, USA; Department of for cSSSIs. This article reviews ceftaroline and its pharmacology, efficacy, and safety data to Dermatology, El
    [Show full text]
  • ESBL Disc Tests - Rev.2 / 19.06.2014 ESBL Disc Tests Disc Tests for Detection of ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae
    © Liofilchem® - ESBL Disc Tests - Rev.2 / 19.06.2014 ESBL Disc Tests Disc tests for detection of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. DESCRIPTION Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes hydrolyzing most penicillins and cephalosporins, including oxyimino- β-lactam compunds but not cephamycins and carbapenems. Most ESBLs belong to the Amber class A of β-lactamases and are inhibited by β-lactamases inhibitors: clavulanic acid, sulbatam and tazobactam. ESBL production has been observed mostly in Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pnuemoniae, but all other clinically-relevant Enterobacteriaceae species are also common ESBL-producers. In many areas, ESBL detection and characterization is recommended or mandatory for infection control purpose. ESBL detection involves two important steps. The first is a screening test with an indicator cephalosporin which looks for resistance or diminished susceptibility, thus identifying isolates likely to be harboring ESBLs. The second step is a confirmation test which evaluates the synergy between an oxyimino cephalosporin and clavulanic acid, distinguishing isolates with ESBLs from those that are resistant for other reasons. METHOD PRINCIPLE ESBL Disc Screening Disk-diffusion method for ESBL screening can be performed using cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, according to EUCAST and/or CLSI guidelines (table 1). Since the affinity of ESBLs for different substrates is variable, the use of more than one of these agents for screening improves the sensitivity of detection. However, it is adequate to use the couple cefotaxime (or ceftriaxone) and ceftazidime. If only one drug can be used, cefpodoxime is the most sensitive indicator cephalosporin for detection of ESBL production may be used for screening.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Use for Old Antibacterial Agents: Polymyxins, Rifamycins, and Aminoglycosides
    Current Use for Old Antibacterial Agents: Polymyxins, Rifamycins, and Aminoglycosides a, b,c Luke F. Chen, MBBS (Hons), MPH, CIC, FRACP *, Donald Kaye, MD KEYWORDS Rifaximin Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Toxicity Polymyxins Aminoglycoside Rifampin The polymyxins, rifamycins, and the aminoglycosides may be considered special use antibacterial agents. They are all old agents and are rarely considered the drugs of choice for common bacterial infections. The polymyxins are increasingly important because of the continued emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-negative organisms, such as strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae that are susceptible to few remaining drugs. Rifampin is only considered in the context of nonmycobacterial infections where its role is limited and sometimes controversial. Rifaximin is a new enteric rifamycin that is increasingly used for gastrointestinal infections such as trav- eler’s diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs). This article will also review the current role of aminoglycosides in nonmycobacterial systemic infections, with an emphasis on the use of single daily administration. POLYMYXINS The polymyxins were discovered in 1947. Although there are five known polymyxin molecules, sequentially named polymyxin A through polymyxin E, only two polymyxins are available for therapeutic use: polymyxin B and polymyxin E (colistin) (Table 1). Both polymyxin B and polymyxin E are large cyclic cationic polypeptide detergents A version of this article appeared in the 23:4 issue of the Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. a Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102359, Hanes House, Durham, NC 27710, USA b Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA c 1535 Sweet Briar Road, Gladwyne, PA 19035, USA * Corresponding author.
    [Show full text]
  • Test Antibioticos.Pdf
    Lioflchem® Product Catalogue 2021 © Lioflchem® s.r.l. Est. 1983 Clinical and Industrial Microbiology Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy Antibiotic discs in cartridge Description µg CLSI 1 EUCAST 3,4 Ref.* Amikacin AK 30 ✓ ✓ 9004 Amoxicillin AML 2 9151 Amoxicillin AML 10 ✓ 9133 Amoxicillin AML 25 9179 Amoxicillin AML 30 9005 Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid AUG 3 (2/1) ✓ 9191 Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid AUG 7.5 9255 Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid AUG 30 (20/10) ✓ ✓ 9048 Amoxicillin 10 + Clavulanic acid 0.1 AC 10.1 (10/0.1) 9278 ◆ Amoxicillin10 + Clavulanic acid 0.5 AC 10.5 (10/0.5) 9279 ◆ Amoxicillin 10 + Clavulanic acid 1 AC 11 (10/1) 9280 ◆ Ampicillin AMP 2 ✓ 9115 Ampicillin AMP 10 ✓ ✓ 9006 Ampicillin-sulbactam AMS 20 (10/10) ✓ ✓ 9031 Ampliclox (Ampicillin + Cloxacillin) ACL 30 (25/5) 9122 Azithromycin AZM 15 ✓ 9105 Azlocillin AZL 75 ✓ 9007 Aztreonam ATM 30 ✓ ✓ 9008 Bacitracin BA 10 units 9051 Carbenicillin CAR 100 ✓ 9009 Cefaclor CEC 30 ✓ ✓ 9010 Cefadroxil CDX 30 ✓ 9052 Cefamandole MA 30 ✓ 9014 Cefazolin KZ 30 ✓ 9015 Cefepime FEP 5 9219 Cefepime FEP 10 9220 Cefepime FEP 30 ✓ ✓ 9104 Cefepime + Clavulanic acid FEL 40 (30/10) ✓ 9 9143 Cefderocol FDC 15 9265 Cefderocol FDC 30 ✓ 9266 Cefxime CFM 5 ✓ ✓ 9089 Cefoperazone CFP 10 9210 ◆ Cefoperazone CFP 30 9016 Cefoperazone CFP 75 ✓ 9108 Cefotaxime CTX 5 ✓ 9152 Cefotaxime CTX 30 ✓ 9017 Cefotaxime + Clavulanic acid CTL 15 (5/10) ✓ 8 9257 ◆ Cefotaxime + Clavulanic acid CTL 40 (30/10) ✓ 9 9182 Cefotaxime + Clavulanic acid + Cloxacillin CTLC ✓ 9 9203 Cefotaxime + Cloxacillin CTC 230 (30/200) ✓ 9 9224 Cefotetan
    [Show full text]
  • Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019
    ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE THREATS IN THE UNITED STATES 2019 Revised Dec. 2019 This report is dedicated to the 48,700 families who lose a loved one each year to antibiotic resistance or Clostridioides difficile, and the countless healthcare providers, public health experts, innovators, and others who are fighting back with everything they have. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019 (2019 AR Threats Report) is a publication of the Antibiotic Resistance Coordination and Strategy Unit within the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Suggested citation: CDC. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2019. Available online: The full 2019 AR Threats Report, including methods and appendices, is available online at www.cdc.gov/DrugResistance/Biggest-Threats.html. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:82532. ii U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Contents FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................................V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ VII SECTION 1: THE THREAT OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE ....................................................................1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Cephalosporins
    Case Histories of Significant Medical Advances: Cephalosporins Amar Bhidé Srikant Datar Katherine Stebbins Working Paper 20-133 Case Histories of Significant Medical Advances: Cephalosporins Amar Bhidé Harvard Business School Srikant Datar Harvard Business School Katherine Stebbins Harvard Business School Working Paper 20-133 Copyright © 2020 by Amar Bhidé, Srikant Datar, and Katherine Stebbins. Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Funding for this research was provided in part by Harvard Business School. Case Histories of Significant Medical Advances Cephalosporins Amar Bhidé, Harvard Business School Srikant Datar, Harvard Business School Katherine Stebbins, Harvard Business School Abstract: Our case history describes the development of three generations of cephalosporins – antibiotics that have significantly reduced hospital infections. Specifically, we chronicle how: 1) Early (pre-cephalosporin) antibiotics were developed in the first half of the 20th century. 2) Drug companies developed first-generation cephalosporins in the 1960s using foundational discoveries made by researchers in Italy and the UK in the 1940s and 1950s. 3) Continued modifications of cephalosporin molecules resulted in second and third generation of the drugs in the 1970s and 1980s. Note: Cephalosporins, like the others in this series of case-histories, are included in a list compiled by Victor Fuchs and Harold Sox (2001) of technologies produced (or significantly advanced) between 1975 and 2000 that internists in the United States said had had a major impact on patient care. The case histories focus on advances in the 20th century (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • PACKAGE LEAFLET: INFORMATION for the USER Cefotaxime 500Mg
    PACKAGE LEAFLET: INFORMATION FOR THE USER Cefotaxime 500mg powder for solution for injection or infusion Cefotaxime 1g powder for solution for injection or infusion Cefotaxime 2g powder for solution for injection or infusion Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start to take this medicine. - Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again while you are receiving your treatment. - If you have any further questions, please ask your doctor or nurse. - This medicine has been prescribed for you. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, even if their symptoms are the same as yours. - If any of the side effects get serious, or if you notice any side effects not listed in this leaflet, please tell your doctor or pharmacist. Process Black (non-printing) Keyline The name of your medicine is cefotaxime 500mg, 1g or 2g powder for solution for injection or infusion. In the rest of this leaflet it is called cefotaxime Colours Used for injection. In this leaflet: 1. What cefotaxime for injection is and what it is used for 2. Before you are given cefotaxime for injection 3. How cefotaxime for injection should be given 4. Possible side effects n-a 5. How to store cefotaxime for injection 6. Further information 1. WHAT CEFOTAXIME FOR INJECTION IS AND WHAT IT IS USED FOR Pharma Code Cefotaxime belongs to a group of medicines called cephalosporins which are antibiotics. These medicines work by killing bacteria that cause infections. Cefotaxime for injection is used for the treatment of a range of serious bacterial infections including infections of the blood stream (septicaemia), bones (osteomyelitis), the heart valves (endocartitis), the membranes covering the brain (meningitis) and the lining of the abdomen (peritonitis), and to prevent and treat infections following surgical operations.
    [Show full text]