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Conserving Common Ground: Exploring the Place of Cultural Heritage in Protected Area Management

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2020-12-08

Conserving Common Ground: Exploring the Place of Cultural Heritage in Protected Area Management

Weller, Jonathan

Weller, J. (2020). Conserving Common Ground: Exploring the Place of Cultural Heritage in Protected Area Management (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112818 doctoral thesis

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UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
Conserving Common Ground: Exploring the Place of Cultural Heritage in Protected Area
Management

by

Jonathan Weller

A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
CALGARY, ALBERTA
DECEMBER, 2020
© Jonathan Weller 2020 ii

Abstract

That parks and protected areas are places where the conservation of cultural heritage can and should take place has not always been immediately apparent. However, today there is widespread acknowledgement that the management of cultural heritage resources needs to be brought into large-scale planning and management processes in an integrated and holistic manner. This is particularly true in protected areas, which not only contain significant cultural heritage resources, but are also often mandated to conserve these resources and can benefit significantly from the effort. This dissertation aims to address the challenge of integrating cultural heritage conservation into protected area management. Focusing specifically on Alberta, this research employs a qualitative methodology to undertake a broad document analysis and a series of in-depth qualitative interviews with protected area managers to identify the current state of cultural heritage conservation in the provincial protected area system, as well as the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities that exist. Using this information, a set of policy recommendations are developed. Ranging from high-level policy goals to site-specific tools and resources, these recommendations aim to support more effective cultural heritage conservation in Alberta.

iii

Table of Contents

Abstract............................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents...............................................................................................................iii List of Figures..................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2: Research Design.............................................................................................. 14
Research Purpose.................................................................................................................. 14 Researching Natural and Cultural Heritage – Literature Review......................................... 16 Research Framework ............................................................................................................ 22
Methodology............................................................................................................................. 26 Methods..................................................................................................................................... 27
Alternate Practice Review..................................................................................................... 29 Document Analysis............................................................................................................... 30 Interviews.............................................................................................................................. 31 Data Analysis and Interpretation .......................................................................................... 32 Online Survey ....................................................................................................................... 34 Data Management................................................................................................................. 35
Ethical Considerations .............................................................................................................. 35 Research Quality....................................................................................................................... 36 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 38
Chapter 3: Literature Review............................................................................................ 39
Emergence of Natural and Cultural Heritage Conservation ..................................................... 40 Cultural Heritage....................................................................................................................... 43 Natural Heritage........................................................................................................................ 67 The Place of Cultural Heritage in Protected Areas................................................................... 86 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 90
Chapter 4: Alternate Practice Review............................................................................... 91
Introduction............................................................................................................................... 91 World Heritage.......................................................................................................................... 91 New South Wales, Australia..................................................................................................... 98 United Kingdom...................................................................................................................... 116 Parks Canada........................................................................................................................... 124 Ontario .................................................................................................................................... 138 British Columbia..................................................................................................................... 146 Analysis................................................................................................................................... 151 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 159
Chapter 5: Alberta Parks History and Development....................................................... 160
Introduction............................................................................................................................. 160 Birth of Alberta's Protected Area System (1930-1950).......................................................... 161 Growth of Alberta's Parks System (1950-1964)..................................................................... 163 Expanding from Recreation to Preservation (1964-1973)...................................................... 165 New Directions for Provincial Parks (1973-1990) ................................................................. 166 iv
Cutbacks, Coherence, and Special Places (1990-2000).......................................................... 170 Rising from the Ashes (2000-Present).................................................................................... 179 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 182
Chapter 6: Cultural Heritage Resource Management in Alberta Parks.......................... 184
Introduction............................................................................................................................. 184 Early Developments in Cultural heritage resource Management (1930-1974) ...................... 184 From the Centre to the Periphery (1974-2000)....................................................................... 187 Management Planning in the 2000s........................................................................................ 197 Interview Analysis .................................................................................................................. 220 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 245
Chapter 7: Recommendations......................................................................................... 247
Introduction............................................................................................................................. 247 Recommendations................................................................................................................... 248 Survey Results ........................................................................................................................ 266 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 273
Chapter 8: Conclusion..................................................................................................... 275 Reference List................................................................................................................. 285 Appendix A: Interview Questions .................................................................................. 315 Appendix B: Consent Form ............................................................................................ 316 v

List of Figures

Figure 1: The data analysis spiral (Creswell, 2007, p. 150). ........................................................ 28 Figure 2: The Burra Charter Process: Steps in planning for and managing a place of cultural significance. .................................................................................................................................. 60 Figure 3: The fundamental components of landscape and the dynamic interaction of them (Stephenson, 2008, p. 134-135).................................................................................................... 62 Figure 4: The Cultural Values Model (Stephenson, 2008, p. 136)............................................... 63 Figure 5: An alternate methodology for a values-centered conservation planning process as proposed by the Burra Charter (R. Mason, 2006, p. 39; adapted from Demas 2003). ................. 65 Figure 6: Cultural heritage conservation measures. (BC Parks, 2019)......................................... 66 Figure 7: Some types of values to be considered in assessing protected area context (Marc Hockings et al., 2006, p. 15)......................................................................................................... 77 Figure 8: Enhancing Our Heritage Toolkit, Worksheet 1a, Identifying major site values and objectives (M. Hockings et al., 2008, p. 23)................................................................................. 79 Figure 9: Enhancing Our Heritage Toolkit, Worksheet 1b, Documenting management objectives and their relationship to site values (M. Hockings et al., 2008, p. 23). ........................................ 80 Figure 10: Steps in applying a cultural landscape approach (S. Brown, 2010, p. 13)................ 105 Figure 11: Values of the area, Mungo National Park (NPWS, 2006, p. 8-9) ............................. 109 Figure 12: Actions for objective 1.1, Peak District National Park Cultural Heritage Strategy (Peak District National Park Authority, n.d, p. 132). ................................................................. 123 Figure 13: Excerpt from the typology of heritage resources (BC Parks, 2018, p. 41). .............. 150 Figure 14: Operating and total (operating plus capital) budget of the Alberta Parks Division 1987-2008. (Reeves & Walsh, 2007, p. 50)................................................................................ 171 Figure 15: Types of protected area classifications in Alberta in 1995 ....................................... 173 Figure 16: Evolution of cultural heritage resource management terminology in Alberta Parks' management plans....................................................................................................................... 199 Figure 17: Cultural heritage resource management issues, objectives, and strategies/actions in Cypress Hill Provincial Park (Alberta Tourism, Parks, and Recreation, 2011, p. 25). .............. 208 Figure 18: Management guidelines for cultural heritage in Eagle Point Provincial Park and Blue Rapids Public Recreation Area (Alberta Tourism, Parks, and Recreation, 2011, p. 35)............ 210 Figure 19: Combined responses from all recommendations for each survey question. ............. 267 Figure 20: Survey response for recommendation 8.................................................................... 269 Figure 21: Survey responses for recommendations 6 and 7. ...................................................... 270 vi

Acknowledgments

In justifying my decision to pursue a doctorate I reassured myself that no one comes out the other side a worse person, perhaps less financially secure and no more certain about the future, but without doubt an improved version of oneself. Now, having nearly reached the other side I find myself writing the final entry into a document that has consumed several years of my life with a profound sense of gratitude. Not only for the ways in which I have improved as an individual, although those are multiple, but for the support that has made this opportunity possible. Without the mentorship of David Monteyne, who patiently listened to me as I sought out a path through the muddied and unkempt grounds of my own thinking, I do not know where this work would have ended up. I do know, however, that it would be desperately in need of commas and overflowing with something called a split infinitive. Without the generous financial support from the University of Calgary I likely never would have felt compelled to see this through, much less enjoyed myself as I did. Without the encouragement, distraction, and general bemusement of my friends and family, who gracefully sat through my attempts to explain what I had been thinking about, the perpetual uncertainty that kept me company throughout this process may well have been too daunting. Fortunately, there was always somewhere else to go. And finally, without my partner Emma, it would all be less. The great joy in getting lost in a world of ideas is coming back, again and again, to a world filled with life, love, and connection. It is to her that I owe that place to return.
7

Chapter 1: Introduction

Starting out from the car park, the trail leading into Glenbow Ranch Provincial Park overlooks the valley of the Bow River. The prairie sky spreads out in all directions, sloping up the foothills and crashing into the mountains to the west, scattering through the towers of the City of Calgary to the east. From this vantage, the valley is expansive and open. But as the trail dips down, that expansiveness is edged in by the undulating landscape of forested coulees and meadows, an intricate web of features that have resulted from thousands of years of water carving away what was left behind by glaciers.
In the spring and early summer, when I tend to visit, the seemingly bare land is giving way to new life. The aspen forests are filled with bright green fresh leaves, crocus are shooting up on the sunniest hillsides, and the new shoots of native grass are pushing up through the matted layer of the previous year’s dead stalks. Weeks later, as the winter chill begins to fade, the land races forward, playing catch up to the sun as it nears the end of its northern traverse. Prairie flowers spring up across the fields, grasses shoot up and go to seed, birds return to their summer home, and the wolf willow blooms with its small yellow flowers, layering the land with what Wallace Stegner describes as its “tantalizing and ambiguous and wholly native smell” (1962, p. 18).
The benchlands, ravines, and meadows of Glenbow Ranch Provincial Park are remnants of the native landscape, one of relatively few such parcels left along the Bow River west of Calgary. Much of the land in the region has been carved up for development or plowed over for crops, and what is left is under ongoing pressure from the same forces. The protection of these kinds of rare and valued natural landscapes is at the heart of why protected areas emerged over a century ago. Concerned citizens and decision-makers saw the danger in unchecked development and pressured governments to implement measures to set aside tracts of land to be maintained as natural environments. Walking through Glenbow Ranch Provincial Park, it is tempting to think of the land as one more example of such an environment, one that was set aside to allow for the cyclical process of the natural world to continue.
Yet, somewhat hidden beneath the prairie ecosystem, Glenbow Ranch Provincial Park is a deeply peopled landscape. For millennia, the Indigenous peoples of the region travelled, camped, hunted, and revered these lands. Countless generations lived their lives surviving and flourishing

78on these prairie landscapes. Since the late 1800s, with the arrival of European settlers and the imposition of control by the Canadian government, these lands were incorporated into an expanding nation. The lands of Glenbow Ranch Provincial Park were originally a part of the much larger Cochrane Ranch, the first government lease ranch in western Canada. Covering over 40,000 hectares, the Cochrane Ranch was an immense operation that ran thousands of cattle over the lush prairie grasslands. In 1881, when construction began on the Canadian Pacific Railway, the Cochrane Ranch found itself at the center of a transnational transportation corridor. This change was initially beneficial as it allowed easier access to markets for cattle but also marked the transition away from the big ranch era of western Canadian history to the homesteading period. By 1888, the ranching lease was surrendered and the lands opened up to settlement.
With easier access to the western territories, Dominion surveyors set out to carve the land into segments, ready for claim by hopeful settlers. Due to the rolling terrain and relative isolation, surveyors deemed the lands of Glenbow Ranch “unfit for cultivation,” but this did not deter several early homesteaders who were drawn to the area. Seeing potential, homesteaders like Joseph and Elizabeth Cockbaine, an English couple, filed for patent in 1895, built a log cabin, and started growing their holding of sheep, cattle, and horses. The Cockbaines did not last long at their ranch. Despite the railway running close to the property, the ranch was far from any significant settlements and the steep valley, while beautiful, only served to increase the isolation. Several other homesteaders gave this portion of the valley a try, but it was not until 1908 with the sale of the ranch to two wealthy New Yorkers, Leonard H. Kennerley and Chester Rhodes de la Vergne, that the area began a transition to something different: a quarry, town, and country retreat for the wealthy.
Kennerley and de la Vergne joined together on the partnership with the intention of starting a small ranch on the frontier. To this end, they built comfortable new homes on the hillside overlooking the valley. Describing the view, Kennerley noted that “the Rockies are to be seen from both houses. In all kinds of weather, they look magnificent, some days looking at them one can imagine that the whole range of mountains is unreal they look so far away and again at times they look very close and appear almost human in their grandeur” (Stenson, 2012, p. 62). But this was not only to be a quiet retreat along the valley. Kennerley and de la Vergne also saw potential for the area as a new settlement. Parallel to the ranch property, a thriving sandstone quarry had begun operating, employing over a hundred men. At the time, a construction boom was

89underway in the big cities of Alberta, and, due to several recent fires, the cities had made a requirement that all new downtown buildings be made of stone. Sandstone was, at the time, a popular building material, and thus the quarry along the river, next to the railway track, boomed. From 1904 until the closure of the quarry in 1912, this section of the valley buzzed with activity. The village of Glenbow emerged to support those working at the quarry with a general store, a dance hall, and a railway landing. Dozens of miner’s houses were built to accommodate the workers and their families. As well, up the slopes, on what became known as ‘Millionaire’s Hill,’ the Kennerleys and de la Vergnes were joined by several other wealthy families who built large homes overlooking the valley. The families, along with their staff, socialized with the mining community and advocated for a bridge link across the Bow River to the village, a move that would have cemented the settlement as a thriving community in the region. Unfortunately, the quality of sandstone quickly degraded as the miners dug deeper, and the quarry abruptly closed. A small brickworks emerged to fill the gap left by the quarry, but this was short-lived as higher quality products outcompeted the operation. The miners moved on, and the prospects for the community dried up. Several of the ‘millionaires’ carried on living in the valley, but with the outbreak of the First World War this period of activity and potential came to a close.
In the years that followed, the property reverted to a cattle ranch, with several families being brought on by de la Vergne to oversee the operation. However, with the collapse of the Global Stock Market in the 1930s, de la Vergne lost much of his wealth and was forced to reorganize his holdings. In this process, ownership of the Glenbow Ranch property shifted to Eric Harvie, a Calgary lawyer and friend of de la Vergne, who oversaw the reorganization. Harvie, who would come to acquire great wealth by being involved in several of the most significant discoveries in the Alberta oil patch, found a welcome retreat in the Glenbow Ranch property. He and his family treated the property as a sanctuary, a place to get away from the city and spend time outdoors. One of Eric’s sons, Neil Harvie, took to the land and through his life operated the property as a working ranch. Alongside his efforts to steward the land through the ranching operation, Neil Harvie became a vocal promoter of conservation efforts in Canada. He advocated for and ultimately saw come to pass, changes to the federal government’s capital gains tax to promote land donations for conservation purposes. In the end, Harvie’s stewardship and commitment to conservation laid the foundation for realizing his desire to see those lands permanently protected and available to the public. Following his death in 1999, the Harvie family sold the land to the

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  • Camp Responsibly Recreate Responsibly Know Before You Go Castle Parks Management Plan

    Camp Responsibly Recreate Responsibly Know Before You Go Castle Parks Management Plan

    Important Note: This interim Castle Park Guide is for the 2017 summer season only. Revisions will occur following approval of the Camp Responsibly Recreate Responsibly Know Before You Go Castle Parks Management Plan. Welcome to the Castle Parks The Castle parks offer diverse camping experiences in frontcountry and remote backcountry settings. All camping in the Trails It is your responsibility to become familiar with the activities allowed in this area before you visit. Refer to the information Castle parks requires a permit, and the daily checkout time is at 2 pm. The maximum stay in any campsite is 16 consecutive and map in this publication for further details, pick-up or download the Alberta Parks regulations brochure, look for park Encompassing more than 105,000 hectares, the new In 2017, all trails in the Castle parks will be assessed to inform the development of a trails strategy. Be aware that most trails nights. All camping in the Castle parks is rst come, rst served, except the Syncline Group Camp, available by reservation information kiosks, and contact us if you have any questions. Visitors who do not follow the rules could be ned or charged Castle Provincial Park and Castle Wildland Provincial are not yet improved, and natural hazards are prevalent. only. under provincial legislation. Contact information is printed on the back panel of this publication. Park in southwest Alberta protect valuable watersheds and habitat for more than 200 rare species such as Campgrounds in Castle Provincial Park Hiking & Biking Alberta Parks Regulations whitebark and limber pine, Jones’ columbine, dwarf Hikers are free to explore both the Provincial Park and Wildland Provincial Park.
  • Bow & Kananaskis Valleys Trail

    Bow & Kananaskis Valleys Trail

    Old Fort Creek 1300 Stone Creek To Cochrane 1650 To Calgary BOW CORRIDOR & To Banff Bow Valley 0 40 20 3 Yamnuska 0 4 2 0 Tibits 3 N Ridge 6 Quarry 0 KANANASKIS VALLEY 0 0 3 NW NE Montane 1 Wildland 8 0 0 8 1A 2 Traverse 2000 W E Bow 1 0 Ridge 0 6 0 2 Yamnuska River Mount Traverse SW SE Harvie 1 Mount John Laurie 2 0 0 4 Stoneworks 2 Lady MacDonald Provincial 1 (aka Yamnuska) 4 Mount Heights Creek 0 2 0 2 S 1 6 0 0 2,606 m 0 2 1 8 0 Rundle 1 2,240 m Meander ROAD CLOSURES: 2,949 m ParkEExxplpl rree Montane HIGHWAY #40: Traverse Mount Lady Cougar Bow Valley st Bow Valley 1 MacDonald Creek Closed December 1 to Wildland th Wildlife Corridor Wildland June 14 inclusive from Johnny’s Management Area Stoney Provincial 1500 Nakoda Kananaskis Lakes Trail to 1X Resort & Chiniki Canmore Lake Park Cougar Provincial Brewster’s Casino the Highwood House Junction. Goat Kananaskis Nordic Creek Jura Slabs Guest Douglas Montane Creek Ranch 40 Centre Policeman’s Fir Traverse Loder Park 1A 1 Creek Bench Door Jamb Peak P POWDERFACE TRAIL/ROAD: Banff Provincial Mountain 2,088 m Flowing 1,996m Open May 1- Water Closed December 1st to May 14th, P Bow October Long Park Nanny Goat Weekend National Butress Valley Canmore Bow River Montane inclusive south of Dawson. Kananaskis Nordic Centre Grotto Exshaw Mountain Grotto Creek Park Day Lodge Horseshoe 2500 Mountain Willow Stoney Nation Canmore Loop 2,706 m Kid Goat Bow Rock No 142, 143, 144 Butress WhiteshMoraine Valley Reclaimer 1500 Bike ALBERTA East End Grassi Middle Path 2000 Lake Grassi Lakes 2200 Middle (Paved)