University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2020-12-08 Conserving Common Ground: Exploring the Place of Cultural Heritage in Protected Area Management Weller, Jonathan Weller, J. (2020). Conserving Common Ground: Exploring the Place of Cultural Heritage in Protected Area Management (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112818 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Conserving Common Ground: Exploring the Place of Cultural Heritage in Protected Area Management by Jonathan Weller A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN CALGARY, ALBERTA DECEMBER, 2020 © Jonathan Weller 2020 ii Abstract That parks and protected areas are places where the conservation of cultural heritage can and should take place has not always been immediately apparent. However, today there is widespread acknowledgement that the management of cultural heritage resources needs to be brought into large-scale planning and management processes in an integrated and holistic manner. This is particularly true in protected areas, which not only contain significant cultural heritage resources, but are also often mandated to conserve these resources and can benefit significantly from the effort. This dissertation aims to address the challenge of integrating cultural heritage conservation into protected area management. Focusing specifically on Alberta, this research employs a qualitative methodology to undertake a broad document analysis and a series of in-depth qualitative interviews with protected area managers to identify the current state of cultural heritage conservation in the provincial protected area system, as well as the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities that exist. Using this information, a set of policy recommendations are developed. Ranging from high-level policy goals to site-specific tools and resources, these recommendations aim to support more effective cultural heritage conservation in Alberta. iii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2: Research Design .............................................................................................. 14 Research Purpose .................................................................................................................. 14 Researching Natural and Cultural Heritage – Literature Review ......................................... 16 Research Framework ............................................................................................................ 22 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 26 Methods..................................................................................................................................... 27 Alternate Practice Review ..................................................................................................... 29 Document Analysis ............................................................................................................... 30 Interviews .............................................................................................................................. 31 Data Analysis and Interpretation .......................................................................................... 32 Online Survey ....................................................................................................................... 34 Data Management ................................................................................................................. 35 Ethical Considerations .............................................................................................................. 35 Research Quality ....................................................................................................................... 36 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 38 Chapter 3: Literature Review ............................................................................................ 39 Emergence of Natural and Cultural Heritage Conservation ..................................................... 40 Cultural Heritage ....................................................................................................................... 43 Natural Heritage ........................................................................................................................ 67 The Place of Cultural Heritage in Protected Areas ................................................................... 86 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 90 Chapter 4: Alternate Practice Review ............................................................................... 91 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 91 World Heritage .......................................................................................................................... 91 New South Wales, Australia ..................................................................................................... 98 United Kingdom ...................................................................................................................... 116 Parks Canada ........................................................................................................................... 124 Ontario .................................................................................................................................... 138 British Columbia ..................................................................................................................... 146 Analysis................................................................................................................................... 151 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 159 Chapter 5: Alberta Parks History and Development ....................................................... 160 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 160 Birth of Alberta's Protected Area System (1930-1950) .......................................................... 161 Growth of Alberta's Parks System (1950-1964) ..................................................................... 163 Expanding from Recreation to Preservation (1964-1973) ...................................................... 165 New Directions for Provincial Parks (1973-1990) ................................................................. 166 iv Cutbacks, Coherence, and Special Places (1990-2000) .......................................................... 170 Rising from the Ashes (2000-Present) .................................................................................... 179 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 182 Chapter 6: Cultural Heritage Resource Management in Alberta Parks .......................... 184 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 184 Early Developments in Cultural heritage resource Management (1930-1974) ...................... 184 From the Centre to the Periphery (1974-2000) ....................................................................... 187 Management Planning in the 2000s ........................................................................................ 197 Interview Analysis .................................................................................................................. 220 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 245 Chapter 7: Recommendations ......................................................................................... 247 Introduction ............................................................................................................................