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THE FATE of the JEWS DURING WORLD WAR II by Sister Mary

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THE FATE of the JEWS DURING WORLD WAR II by Sister Mary j THE FATE OF THE JEWS IN POLAND DURING WORLD WAR II by Sister Mary Frumentla MIkula, Phe. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University In Partial Fulfillment of the Re­ quIrements for the Degree of Mas ter of Arts Mtl ..uke., Wisconsin July. 1962 j PREFACE At no other time In hIstory have European Jews suffered as uch 8' between the years of 1939 and 1945 . .t .... s then that Nazi Germany un 1eashed I ts fury agal ns t the bearers of the Jewl sh re 1191 on and Jewish nation•• culture. The events of this period present some of the saddest and most tragic chapters of contemporary European history. It Is essential to make the study of these happenings an object; of historical research and to evaluate them from the viewpoint of moral law. Such Is the aim of this paper. In presenting my research on the fate of the Jews In Poland during World War I', t am restricting It to the area occupied by the Germans. Documentary facts show that Poland .... s the central extermi­ nation area for Jews driven there from parts of Poland and from other Nazi-enslaved countrIes, I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Roman Smal-Stockl, of Marquette University who gave so generously of time, scholarly criticism. and evaluation, and to Dr . Judah Rosenthal of the College of Jewish Studies, Chicago, for the loan of Invaluable reading materIals. I am also Indebted to my Community Superior, Reverend Kother Leona, for making study at Marquette possible. l TAIL&. OF CONTMS Page I.MTRO-DUCT ION. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • •• • • • • I CHMTER HistorIcal Sketch Of The Jews In Po'land To The ResurrectIon Of The PolIsh Republic •••• 2 CHAPTER •• The JewIsh P,oblem .In Poland aetween The Wars. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 CHAmA III The Nazi Occ;upetJon Of Poland And Its Consequences For The Jews........ ........... 31 A. Olscrlmlnatlve Laws B. Elimination Of Jews froat Polish Life C. Organization Of Ghettos D. The final Aim of the Nazi 'otlcV. the "FInal Solutlon"-Mass Murder of the Jews I. The EDlc of the Warsaw Ghetto CHAPTER IV Summery--The Results Of This Policy •••••••• 63 A. Statlsttcs of Losses 8. Statl,tlc, of Cultural Losses CHAPTlR V ' ,resent S.I tua t Ion .•.................•.•..•• 75 Bt8L I OGMPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 82 l INTRODUCTION The history of the Jews In Poland dates as far back as the tenth century. Within a span of almost a thousand years, despite desperate struggl.s, the Jews of Poland succeeded In building a strong central organIzation that fostered the development of Jewish life and religion and that carried out Important economic. socl,l, and political activities. This Jewish organization was bound not only by religious traditions but also by cuhure and language, As a resuh of their accomp 11 shments throughout the centuri es. Po 11 sh Jewry became the center ot: Hebrew culture. Polish Jewry also figured prominently In the economic growth of Poland. In 1939. Poland numbered over three million Jews and was at the tIme the center of World Jewry. Today this once spiritually and culturally richest Jewish eonnunlty of Poland Is practical1y non-existent. It had become the victim of the holocaust of the NazI occupation and had been reduced to a mere remnant. A community that evolved through a period of almost a thousand years,. within a span of a few cruel years became dissolved by HItler's savage and bestial rule. The open I n9 chapters of th I s paper wi 11 unfold the I nl t la I Influx of Jewish life In Poland. The last chapter wI t1 record the almost complete foldIng up of JewIsh life. ! " CHAPTER I HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE JEWS IN POLAND UP TO THE RESURReCTION OF THE POLISH REPU8LIC The tradition of the Jews In Poland Is more than a thousand years old. It Is therefore, Important to know of the origIn an~ settlement of the Jews In a country to ~Ich they were bound for a millenium. Some old legends trace the Jewish settlements to dates long before the hIstorically recorded accounts. an the early anctent days the Influx must have been slow and seemingly Insignificant. Gradually, the spr~d of Jews having reached signIficant proportIons, gave rise to the growth of Jewish settlements. Before we gIve an account of the appearance of Jews as ImmIgrants Into Poland, we must go Into some historical background. Among the earliest ancIent Greek settlements In Eastern Europe, Greek colonies on the northern shores of the Blaek Sea occupied a pro- mlnent place. The original home of the Slavs was between the Ba ltic and the Black Seas. But the Slavs dId not reach the shores of the Blaek Sea, colonized since the eighth century B. C. by the Greek cities, because of the Scythian barrier which separated them. 1 The Jews followed In the ~ke of the Greeks, and spread Jewish colonies along the Black Sea, as far as Crimea. It Is In this area of IRoman Smel-Stockl, Slavs and Teutons ("I hilBukee: Bruce PublishIng Co., 1950), p. 49. 3 the Greek colonies that the streams of Jewish Inmlgratlon meet to form East turopean J.ewry. I After the conquests of Alexander the Great (336-323 B.C,), Judea bee.e part of the Hellenistic Or.lent. Following the ex"nv>le of the Greeks. the Jews wandered. and undoubtedly some branches of the D1aspore reached the colony of Taurls. Here. In the first cen­ turies of the Chrhtlan era, which recorded the merging of the ROIIWIn power over the Hellenized East. there Is evidence of weI l-establ I$hed Jewish conmunltles which are the result of a much older colonization. At this time there prospered in Crimea. on the nearby shores of the Bl.~k and Azov Seas, other small communities of Hellenized Jews whose rulers acknowledged the sovereignty of Rome. These centers of we1t"organlzed Jewish cOIlInunal life led writers to belteve that set­ tlements must have existed here In earlier centuries. The most prosperous of these was Bosporus and the strength of this community Is revealed on Inscriptions found on Its soil and In the writings of the famous Church father, St. Jerome. 2 After the division of the Roman Etaplre In 476 A.D., the Greco-Judean colonies on the Black Sea fell under the Influence of the Byzantine Empire. Trade brought the colonies of both Taurls and Byzantium Into closer contact. During the persecutions under the Emperors Theodoslus II, Zeno. and JustInian In the fIfth and sixth centuries, !DOre Jews dispersed from the ancient provinces into the co lony of Taud s so that. by the .'gh t century. the Jews were In d 13-'7. 4 the foreground. The mIgration of Jews along 'the trade routes of the Black / Sea and the Volga was of g,qt consequence. In this region. there existed a strong Khanate of the Khazars. a conglomeratIon of Flnno­ Turkish tribes. which pressed In the dIrectIon of the Byzantine domInion. Contradietory dates and varyIng opInIons are found In numerous historical sources regarding the date of theIr conversion. But, It is presumed that In about 740, the I.. der of the Khazars, Buland, and a part of the Khazar people, prIncipally the nobility. adopted JudaIsm. AgaIn. It Is not cleer whether I t .as wholly embraced or In 1IiIh I ch trad I ti on. Accord I"g to scanty records that have been preserved, Buland's successor InvIted many sages to Instruct the Khazar5 I.n the BIble and the Talmud . Though Khazarla never had. sIgnIfIcantly large settlement. nor did It develop any JewIsh culture. it prospered for a perIod of 250 years and .as governed by Khans. profen lng Judaism. I t was ru led In a spIrit of tolerance and the Jewish Khazars maIntained theIr authority untfl the tenth century. However. by the end of the tenth century, the strength of the Russians Increesed. Under the leadership of the Duke of Kiev, the Khazar Khanate was conquered. SOt'II8 Khazars withdrew to regions along the Black Sea and to the Crimean PenInsula, where they contInued their Jewlsh-KhazarJan traditions. Those who professed Judaism probably merged with the native Jews on the shores of the Black Sea and Increased the Jewish settlements on the Crimean peninsula. On the other hand, as a result of their de'eat by the RussIan princes, a fractIon 0·' the Jewish Khazarians beca ... absorbed and Integrated into the KIngdom of Rus . This 5 group of Jews resided .In Kiev, the capital, which was at this tIme deve' op t ng 1n to a great commerc I a 1 center 11 nk I ng Wes tern Europe, the ~/ Black Sea prov'nces, and the Asiatic contlnent.3 Before Poland had even adopted thrlsthlnlty at tl1e end of the tenth century. Jewish travellers and ..rchants crossed Poland from the west to the east. Wht Ie the Jewish s.ttl ....nts on the shores of the present U.S.S.R. were the result of 1_lgratton from Greco... Byzantine and Mohammedan lISt, the orlglNl' Jewish settlements in Poland were founded predominantly by newcomers from Western Europe. In the eleventh century. there was a slow Influx of Jews Into Poland from Byzantium, Persia, the C4ueasus, and from the shores of the Black Sea. It Is quite possIble that the Jewish mixture from the former Khazar Khanate and 'rom Crimea merged with the westarn Jewish elements In Poland. Afte, the first Crusade In 1098. when the Crusaders attacked the Jews as Infidels and tried unsuccessfully to enforce ChrJstianlty upon them about twelve thousand Jews were kIlled In GerMany alone.
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