Elias Magnus Fries Und Seine Sammelgebiete Bei Femsjö M

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Elias Magnus Fries Und Seine Sammelgebiete Bei Femsjö M \ Elias Magnus Fries und seine Sammelgebiete bei Femsjö M. MOSER Institut für Mikrobiologie, A-6020 Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15 Eingegangenam 8.3.1978 Moser, M. (1978) - EI i a sM ag n u s Fr i es and his collectinggrounds around Femsjö. Z. Mykol.44 (2) 179-189 K e.y W0 r d s: EI i a s M. Fr i e s, Femsjö, neotypes, topotypes Ab s t r a c t: On February 8th 1978 we commemoratedthe 100th anniversaryof the death of EI i a s F r i e s. Fr i e s was born in Femsjö on-August 15th 1794. His life shows some remarkable parallelism with that of L i n n e.One of his most important collecting areas was that around Femsjö. F r i e s has not left a fungus herbarium. Thus, based on a short analysis of the vegetation types of the area, the problem is commented on whether it is possible and useful to collect topotypes and select neotypes today in the area. Zu sam m e n f ass u n g: Am 8. Februar 1978 jährte sich der Todestag von EI i a s Mag n u s Fr i e s zum 100. Male. Fr i e s ist am 15.8.1794 in Femsjö geboren. Sein Leben zeigt manche bemerkenswerte Parallelen zu jenem von L i n n e. Eines der wichtigsten Sammelgebiete von ihm war das Gebiet um Femsjö. Da F r i e s kein Herbarium hinterlassen hat, wird anband einer kurzen Darstellung der Vegetationstypen des Gebietes die Frage geprüft, inwieweit das Sammeln von Topotypen und die Selektion von Neotypen im Gebiet heute noch möglich und sinnvoll ist. :1 Am 8. Februar 1978 jährte sich zum 100. Male der Todestag von EI i a s Fr i e s. Aus diesem Anlaß wird in diesem Jahre in Femsjö ein Fries-Museum eröffnet, das seine .1 Entstehung vor allem der Initiative des früheren Pastors G u s t a f Hag I und ver- dankt und zu dessen Entstehen besonders die Mitglieder der Fries-Gesellschaft, einer Gruppe von Naturfreunden in Smoland und Halland aktiv beigetragen haben. Das Museum steht ca. an der Stelle, an der seinerzeit das alte Pfarrhaus gestanden hat (Abb. 1). Auch die schwedische Postverwaltung wird in diesem Jahr ein Briefmarken- heftchen mit sechs Pilzmotiven herausbringen, das dem Gedenken an E 1i a s F r i e s . gewidmet ist. F r i e s hat wie wenige andere die Entwicklung der systematischen Mykologie beein- flußt. Man braucht nur die Autorenzitate in einem Pilzbestimmungsbuch.ansehen um festzustellen, wie oft der Name ,,F r i es" dabei vorkommt. Und sein Werk ist heute noch die Basis flir die Nomenklatur eines Großteils der Pilze. Wie die Eintragung im Taufregister zeigt (Abb.2) (heute in privatem Besitz), wurde EI i a s Mag n u s Fr i e s am 15. August 1794 um 11 Uhr vormittags als Sohn des Pastors Mag n u s T h e 0 d 0 r F r i e s und der S ara E I isa b e t h geb. Wer n e - I i n geboren. Spätere Eintragungen von anderer Hand geben die wichtigsten Stufen seiner beruflichen Entwicklung an. Ungewöhnlich mag die große Zahl der angeführten - 180 Z. MYKOL. 44(2).1978 Abb. 1: Kirche und Pfanhaus von Femsjö in den Jugendjahren von E 1i a s Fr i e s. Das alte Pfanhaus (Geburtshausvon E 1i a s Fr i e s) wurde 1854 abgebrochen. Abb.2: Auszug aus dem Taufregister von Femsjö mit der Eintragung der Ge- burt von E 1i a s Fries. Zeugen erscheinen. Darunter finden wir auch die Pastorswitwe Wer n e I i n, die Großmutter~von E I i a s F r i e s mütterlicherseits. Es ist in diesem Zusammenhang ganz interessant, daß die Farniliengeschichte von E I i a s F r i e s mütterlicherseits durch sechs Generationen mit der Pfarre Femsjö verknüpft war, da jeweils eine Tochter aus dem Pfarrhaus den künftigen Pastor von Femsjö ehelichte: .' MOSER: Fries, Sarnmelgebiete bei Femsjö 181 C h r ist i n a Wir s h n a e a, Pastorsfrau XL u n n a e A nna Lunnae X Magn us N ae rs ta di u s B ritt a Na e r s ta d i u s X Pet r usA n n er s t a d i u s Anna Maria Annerstadius X Magnus Bolin BrittaChristina Bolinx BengtWernelin Sara Elisabeth Wernelin XTheodor Fries EliasMagnusFries Femsjö lag im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert im Grenzgebiet gegen Dänemark, und das ganze Gebiet war durch langwierige kriegerische Ereignisse stark verödet und entvölkert, sodaß man am Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts daran dachte, die Pfarre Femsjö aufzu- lassen. Daß es nicht dazu .kam, verdankt Femsjö der Initiative der oben erwähnten B r i t t a N a e r s t a d i u s, die viermal nach Stockholm zum König reiste, davon zweimal zur Winterszeit - damals ein mühsames und anstrengendes Unterfangen. 1723, beim vierten Mal hatte sie Erfolg. Leben und Entwicklungsgang von E 1i a s F r i e s zeigen manche überraschende Ähn- lichkeit mit dem Li n n es, der ein Jahrhundert vor Fr i e s lebte und genau hundert Jahre vor ilun (1778) gestorben ist. Beide sind in Smoland geboren (Rashult bzw. Femsjö), beide waren Pastorensöhne, beide besuchten die Volks- und Mittelschule in Växiö, beide kamen zum Studium an die Universität nach Lund, L i n n e nur für ein Jahr, Fr i e s bis zum Doktorat, beide waren lange Jahre Professor für Botanik an der Universität in Uppsala, beide sind in Uppsala verstorben. Das Grab von E 1i a s F r i e s ist auf dem Friedhof von Uppsala - nicht wie Kill e r man n (1927) angibt, im Botanischen Garten. Beide haben ein ungewöhnlich umfangreicheswissenschaftlichesWerk hinterlassen. Was uns überraschen mag ist der Umstand, daß es über Li n n eund sein Leben eine sehr umfangreiche Literatur gibt, über E 1i a s F r i e s hingegen überraschend wenig, und das wenige basiert meist auf der Autobiographie von ilun in Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae 1857, von seinen Söhnen ergänzt und verbessert in Icones Hymenomycetum 1878. Das Gebiet von Femsjö hat wesentlich dazu beigetragen, daß Fr i e s zum Botaniker und speziell Mykologen wurde. Als Kind von 12 Jahren wurde er schon durch den Vater in die Kenntnis der Flora eingeführt und lernte die wichtigsten Pflanzen der Gegend kennen. 1806 war er einmal mit der Mutter zum Erdbeerpflücken auf einer Waldbrandfläche. Dabei fand er ein großes Exemplar von Hericium coralloides~Dieser Fund gab den Anstoß zum Studium der Pilze. Ein Buch beeinflußte wesentlich seine mykologische Entwicklung: L i 1j e b 1a d s Svensk flora, dessen Lektüre ihn zu der verschiedentlich zitierten Frage veranlaßte: Die pater, quid est lamella (Vater, was ist eine Lamelle?). Mit dem Vater mußte er bekanntlich Latein sprechen, das er früher beherrschte als die schwedische Sprache. 1808/09 war die Schule in Växiö bedingt durch Seuchen infolge des Krieges mit Rußland geschlossen. Dies Jahr verbrachte EI i a.s F.r i e s zu Hause mit der Inventarisierung, Beschreibung und Benennung von Pilzen, bis 1810/11 etwa 300-400 Arten. r 11 Während seiner Studien in Lund wurden seine mykologischen Neigungen und Unter- suchungen besonders durch A. J. R e tz i u sund C. A. Aga r d h gefördert, durch die ihm Per s 0 0 n s Synopsis fungorum und Alb e r tin i s Conspectus Fungorum Agri I Niskiensis bekannt wurden. 1813 war dann ein besonders pilzreiches Jahr, und aus den Studien und Aufsammlungen dieser Zeit resultierte sein erstes größeres Werk: Observa- tiones Mycologicae,Bd. I 1815, Bd. 11 1818. 11 .. I I , I I 182 Z. MYKOL. 44(2). 1978 .Auch als er beruflich in Lund (ab 1819 als Demonstrator, ab 1824 als Tit. Professor) und in Uppsala (ab 1834 als Professor für praktische Ökonomie, ab 1851 für Botanik) tätig war, verbrachte er häufig die Ferienzeit, also im wesentlichen die Hauptpilzsaison, in Femsjö. Somit kann dieses Gebiet als einesder wichtigsten, wenn nicht das wichtigste Sammelgebiet von E. F r i e s bezeichnet werden. Danach rangiert die Umgebung von Uppsala in Upland. Des weiteren hat er natürlich auch in der Umgebung von Lund gesammelt, von wo ein guter Teil seiner Kalkbodenpilze stammen dürfte. Weiters findet man vereinzelt in seinen Werken noch andere FundsteIlen angegeben wie z. B. Reymyra, Skärstad, Kinnekulle. Die Funde von Reymyra, das unweit von Norrköping liegt, stam- men wohl alle aus der Sammeltätigkeit von v. Pos t. Es gibt meines Wissenskeinen Hinweis, daß Fr i e s selbst dieses Gebiet besucht bzw. dort gesammelthat. Skärstad li~gt östlich des Vetter-Sees unweit von Husquama, heute von Femsjö in etwa zwei Autostun- den erreichbar, zu Fr i e s's Zeiten wohl eine gute Tagereise. Fr i e s dürfte auf den Reisen zwischen Uppsala und Femsjö dort Station gemacht haben. Das Gebiet liegt auf Kalkuntergrund, ist daher mykologisch interessant. Der Typus der Untergattung Phleg- macium, Cort. saginusFr., stammt z. B. aus dieser Gegend. Kinnekulle ist ein kleiner Berg in Västergötland am Ostufer des Vänersees.Auch hier sind Kalkschichtenzu finden. Auch botanisch ist dieser Hügel bekannt. Man könnte also annehmen, daß F r i e s das Gebiet selbst besucht hat. F r i e s hat bekanntlich kein Herbarium hinterlassen, nur ganz wenige Herbarbelege finden sind in Uppsala, die von F r i e s persönlich stammen, meist Poriales.
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