Informe 045-2010-Dgsp-Esnapacmposq/ Minsa

APPENDIX 1

INFORME 045-2010-DGSP-ESNAPACMPOSQ/ MINSA

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 233 A. Valencia, Human Rights Trade-Offs in Times of Economic Growth, Latin American Political Economy, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-48868-8 234 APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2

“A Capability-Oriented View of Human Rights: A Case Study of the Mining Community of La Oroya-Peru” You are invited to participate in a study entitled, “A Capability-Oriented View of Human Rights: A Case Study of the Mining Community of La Oroya, Peru” that is being conducted by Areli Valencia. I am a graduate student in the Faculty of Law at the University of Victoria (UVIC) and you may contact me if you have further questions by e-mail at [email protected]. As a graduate student, I am required to conduct research as part of the requirements for a degree of Doctor of Laws (PhD). It is being conducted under the supervision of Professor Hester Lessard (Faculty of Law- UVIC), and Professors Cecilia Benoit (Department of Sociology-UVIC) and Laura Parisi (Department of Women’s Studies-UVIC). You may contact my main supervisor, Hester Lessard, at (1)(250) 721-8164, or by email at [email protected]. I hold a Canadian Graduate Scholarship sponsored by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). This research is also being funded by the University of Victoria-Graduate Studies.

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 235 A. Valencia, Human Rights Trade-Offs in Times of Economic Growth, Latin American Political Economy, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-48868-8 236 APPENDIX 2

Purpose and Objective The purpose of this research project is to collect lived experiences and insights from community members of La Oroya regarding their needs, social struggles, values, expectations and obstacles impeding the improve- ment of the quality of their lives. The reason for collecting this data is to inform my research on the extent to which human rights violations in this community refl ect the decrease in the range of opportunities for community members to make life decisions at the individual and collective level. More specifi cally, this data will provide valuable information to enable a better understanding of the extent to which the history of a long-standing mining tradition has transformed people’s lives and social relationships in this community. Dependency on mining activity has exacerbated the susceptibility to domination by political and economic powers, which has resulted in social confl icts and impediments to the realization of essential human rights for this community—i.e. the right to health, environment and the right to enjoy job opportunities.

Importance of This Research Understanding human rights violations in terms of their impact on the well-being of people from La Oroya is crucial to critically evaluate how responsive and/or connected, if at all, the Peruvian social, economic, and environmental policies and laws are to the expectations and the needs of people from La Oroya. Whereas important studies have focused mainly on denouncing consequences of human rights violations in this community, my study seeks to contribute to these studies and the literature on human rights in general, by advancing a complementary framework to evaluate human rights violations that focus on the extent to which such human rights violations are historically, socio-economically, and institutionally determined.

Participants Selection You are being asked to participate in this study because, as a resident of the community of La Oroya, your insights and lived experiences are valuable and play a central role in this project.

What Is involved? If you agree to voluntarily participate in this research, your participation will include meeting with me for an interview lasting approximately 1–1.5 hours, during which I will ask you questions about your values, goals, APPENDIX 2 237 needs, struggles faced by your community, and your expectations for the future in La Oroya. The interview will be scheduled at a time and place that are convenient for you. Prior to starting the interview, I will ask your permission to digitally record your responses. During the interview I will also take hand-written notes. If necessary, I might contact you again for a follow-up interview.

Voluntary Participation Your participation in this research must be completely voluntary. If you do decide to participate, you may withdraw at any time without any consequences or any explanation. If you do withdraw from the study your data will not be used or will be used only if permission is given by you.

Anonymity If you agree to participate, your identity will be protected. For this purpose, rather than using your name I will employ numeric and anonymous codes.

Confi dentiality In order to preserve your anonymity, privacy, and the confi dentiality of your responses, I will store the digitally recorded interviews, transcripts, and interview notes in a secure location such as a locked cabinet and/ or password protected electronic fi les on my personal computer. No one other than me will have access to this information.

Risks As a researcher, I am aware of the struggles community members from La Oroya face in order to protect their health and environment vs. the defense of employment opportunities, which are directly and indirectly related to mining activity. I am also aware of the social tension and lack of trust this situation has created among community members who actively defend one of these positions. If you are afraid that your participation may cause you emotional stress or discomfort, you should be aware that this is an independent academic study that seeks to capture and understand a diverse range of perspectives in this community. Thus, it will provide space for both major concerns of this community—health and work—to be heard. In addition, your participation and confi dentiality of responses will be protected in order to avoid or minimize any potential risk. 238 APPENDIX 2

Benefi ts The potential benefi ts of your participation in this research include the opportunity to voice your values, needs and expectation for improving your quality of life both as an individual and as part of the community of La Oroya. In doing so, this study will promote individual and community values and expectations for a life of well-being and the goal is to infl uence the thoughts that these are important considerations when designing and implementing social and economic policies in Peru. Moreover, this study will create increased awareness about how the historical, socio-economic and institutional factors create the space and function as the root causes for human rights violations in La Oroya, and the extent to which these factors place signifi cant barriers for you and your community to improve their quality of life.

On-Going Consent To make sure that you continue to consent to participate in this research, I will ask you to sign the consent form each time I meet you.

Dissemination of Results It is anticipated that the results of this study will be shared with others in the following ways: dissertation and/or published articles or a monograph and/or presentations at scholarly meetings. Upon your request, you can also have access to a summary of my research results once the analysis of the data collected is complete. In order to ensure accountability to your community, my ultimate goal is to publically present the conclusion and recommendations made in my dissertation in La Oroya immediately after my oral examination in Canada.

Disposal of Data Data from this study such as digitally recorded interviews and interview notes will be destroyed upon the completion of the PhD dissertation, publishing of the book monograph based on the PhD project in question or after publication of subsequent academic papers.

Contacts Individuals that may be contacted regarding this study include Ms. Areli Valencia, the principal investigator, and the project supervisor, Prof. Hester Lessard. Contact information for both has been provided on page one of this consent form. In addition, you may verify the ethical approval APPENDIX 2 239 of this study or raise any concerns you might have, by contacting the Human Research Ethics Offi ce at the University of Victoria at (250) 472- 4545 or [email protected]. Your signature below indicates that you understand the above conditions of participation in this study and that you have had the opportunity to have your questions answered by the researchers.

Name of Participant Signature Date

A copy of this consent will be left with you, and a copy will be taken by the researcher. BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTERNATIONAL COVENANTS AND DECLARATIONS Declaration on the Right to Development, UN A/RES/41/128 (entered into force 4 December 1986). Indigenous and Tribal People’s Convention , 27 June 1989, International Labour Organization Convention No. 169, Sess. 76 (entered into force 5 September 1991). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , 19 December 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 March 1976). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights , 16 December 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 3 January 1976). Universal Declaration of Human Rights , GA Res. 217(III) UN GAOR, 3d Sess., Supp. No. 13, UN No. 13, UN Doc. A/810 (1948).

NATIONAL LEGISLATION (PERU) Declaration of the Privatization of Centromin Peru as a matter of national interest , Legislative Decree No. 647 (10 February 1992). Directoral Resolution No. 334-97-EM/DGM (16 October 1997) [Setting up the distribution of responsibilities between the state and Doe Run to address environmental pollution in La Oroya]. Environmental Mitigation and Management Plan for La Oroya (PAMA). Approved in accordance with Supreme Decree No. 016-93-EM (1 May 1993). General Environmental Law , Law No. 28611 (13 October 2005). General Health Law , Law No. 26842 (20 July 1997).

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 241 A. Valencia, Human Rights Trade-Offs in Times of Economic Growth, Latin American Political Economy, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-48868-8 242 BIBLIOGRAPHY

General Law for the Promotion of Private Investment , Legislative Decree No. 757 (13 November 1991). General Law Granting Legal Guarantees to Private Investors , Legislative Decree No. 662 (2 September 1991). General Law Regarding Access to Public Information , Law No. 27806 (2 August 2002). General Law for Environmental Monitoring and Enforcement, Law No. 29325 (4 March 2009). General Mining Law , Supreme Decree No. 014-92-EM (3 June 1992). Indigenous Consultation Law , Law No. 29785 (7 September 2011). Law No. 29410 (26 September 2009) [granting a second extension to fund and complete the sulphuric acid plant project and the modifi cation of the copper circuit in the La Oroya smelter]. Maximum Permissible Levels of Liquid Effl uent in Mining-metallurgic Activities , Ministerial Resolution No. 011-96-EM/VMM (13 January 1996). Maximum Permissible Levels of Toxic Elements in Gaseous Emissions from Mining- metallurgic Activities , Ministerial Resolution No. 315-96-EM/VMM (19 July 1996). Ministerial Resolution No. 257-2006-MEM/DM (29 May 2006) [granting a three- year deadline extension for the sulphuric acid plant project of the PAMA, La Oroya]. National Mining Code . Legislative Decree No. 11357 (12 May 1950). New National Standards for Air Quality , Supreme Decree No. 003-2008- MINAM (22 August 2008). Peruvian Descentralization Law, No. 27783 (20 July 2002). Political Constitution of Peru (1993). Regional Governments Law, No. 27867 (8 November 2002). Regulations on National Standards for Air Quality , Supreme Decree No. 074- 2001-PCM (24 June 2001). Regulations Pursuant to the General Mining Law Regarding the Environment , Supreme Decree No. 016-93-EM (1 May 1993). Supreme Decree No. 046-2004-EM (29 December 2004) [listing the requirements for requesting an exceptional deadline extension for PAMA’s projects]. Supreme Decree No. 075-2009-EM (28 October 2009) [establishing the proce- dures and modalities to secure the enforcement and economic fulfi llment of the obligations derived from Law No. 29410].

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CASES AND JURISPRUDENCE Case No: 4:15-cv-00705-CDP Doc. #:1 Filed: 05/01/15, J.J.S.V, and Sister Kate Reid and Megan Heeney as next friends of plaintiffs v. Doe Run Resources Corporation and others. BIBLIOGRAPHY 243

Community of La Oroya v. Peru , Case 12.718 and PM 271/05 (Hearings on Precautionary Measures, 23 March 2010), Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Aida-Americas. http://www.aida-americas.org/project/laoroya_en . Community of La Oroya v. Peru, Petition 1473-06 (Admissibility Report, 5 August 2009), Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: 2009-76, OAE/Ser.L/V/II.Doc.51, (corr.1.), Organization of American States. http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2009eng/Peru1473.06eng.htm . Pablo Miguel Fabian Martinez, et al. v. The Peruvian Ministry of Health (2006), Exp. 2002-2006-PC/TC, Constitutional Tribunal of Peru.

INTERNATIONAL AGENCY DOCUMENTS AND REPORTS Amnesty International. 2013. The dark side of migration: Spotlight on Qatar’s construction sector ahead of the World Cup . London: Amnesty International Ltd. International Council on Mining and Metals. Good practice guide: Indigenous peoples and mining . ICMM. http://www.icmm.com/library/indigenouspeoplesguide . International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). Mining’s contribution to sustainable development: The series . http://www.icmm.com/minings-contribution . International Labour Organization. 2000. Documento de Trabajo No. 124: Estudios sobre la fl exibilidad en el Peru. Lima: OIT. Kellogg Innovation Network (KIN) Catalyst. Reinventing mining: Creating sustainable value: Introducing the development partner framework. http://www. kinglobal.org/catalyst.php . Peruvian Ombudsman’s Branch for the Prevention of Social Confl ict and Governance- Monthly reports. http://www.defensoria.gob.pe/confl ictos-sociales.php . Ruggie, John. 2011. Guiding principles on business and human rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” framework. Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises (March). OHCHR. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Business/A-HRC-17-31_AEV.pdf . The Blacksmith Institute Annual 2006 Report. http://www.blacksmithinstitute. org/annual-reports.html . United Nations. Our common future. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) UN. http://www.un-documents.net/ wced-ocf.htm . United Nations. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Earth Summit) . Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992) UN. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/ aconf15126-1annex1.htm . United Nations – Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR). 2000. General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12 of the Covenant) (11 August 2000), E/C.12/2000/4, UNHCR. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4538838d0.html . 244 BIBLIOGRAPHY

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2000. Human rights and human development , The 2000 Human Development report. New York: UNDP. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2011. Sustainability and equity: A better future for all , The 2011 Human Development report. New York: UNDP. World Bank. 2005. Republic of Peru wealth and sustainability: The environmental and social dimensions of the mining sector in Peru , Report No. 38044- PE. Washington, DC: The World Bank. World Health Organization. 2008. Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health , Commission on Social Determinants of Health – Final report. Geneva: World Health Organization.

PRIMARY SOURCES: LEAD POISONING STUDIES AND GOVERNMENTAL REPORTS Buchanan, Sharunda, et al. 2005. Development of an integrated intervention plan to reduce exposure to lead and other contaminants in the mining center of La Oroya, Peru . Atlanta: U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clark, Scott, Eric Partelpoeg, and James W.S. Young. 2006. Expert comments on exceptional fulfi llment extension request for the sulphuric acid plant project of La Oroya Metallurgical Complex PAMA . Lima: MEM. Consorcio UNES. 2000. Evaluación de niveles de plomo y factores de exposición en gestantes y niños menores de 3 años de la ciudad de La Oroya . Lima: CooperAcción, Cenca and Filomena Tomayra Pacsi. CooperAcción. 2010. Informe cartográfi co sobre concesiones mineras en el Peru . Lima: CooperAcción. Cornejo, Astrid, and Perry Gottesfeld. 2004. Interior dust lead levels in La Oroya, Peru . Lima: Asociacion Civil Labor, Occupational Knowledge International and CooperAcción, Lima. La Oroya, Plan de Desarrollo Urbano 2004–2014, vol. 1. Memoria Descriptiva. La Oroya: Municipalidad Provincial de Yauli, La Oroya, 2005. Ministry of Energy and Mines – Environmental Affairs Directorate. 2006. Informe Final sobre la solicitud de prorroga excepcional del proyecto “plantas de acido sulfúrico” del PAMA La Oroya. Report No. 118-2006-MEM-AAM/RC/FV/ AL/HS/PR/AV/FQ/CC. Ministry of Health. Plan Operativo – 2005, para el control de los niveles de plomo en sangre en la población infantil y gestantes de La Oroya Antigua. Ministry of Health – Environmental Health Directorate. 1999. Estudio de plomo en sangre en una población seleccionada de la Oroya. November 23–30, Lima. Ministry of Health and Doe Run Peru. 2003. Convenio de Cooperación entre el Ministerio de Salud y la empresa Doe Run Peru S.R.L., Convenio No. 008-2003-MINSA. BIBLIOGRAPHY 245

Municipality of Yauli, La Oroya. 2005. La Oroya, Plan de Desarrollo Urbano 2004– 2014: Memoria Descriptiva . Peruvian Congress. 2007. Parliamentary report: The problem of environmental public health in La Oroya . Working Group on the Environment and Ecology of the Commission of Andean, Amazonian and Afro-Peruvian Communities. Peruvian Congress. Parliamentary report to implement the recommendations of the committees investigating acts of corruption perpetrated during the Government of Former President Alberto Fujimori. 1990–2001. Government of Peru. http:// www.congreso.gob.pe/historico/ciccor/infofi nal/priv_centromin.pdf . Peruvian Ombudsman’s Branch for Governance and the Prevention of Social Confl ict. Monthly report on social confl icts. Government of Peru. http://www. defensoria.gob.pe/confl ictos-sociales-reportes.php . Peruvian National Institute of Statistics. Censos 2007: Sistema de consulta de datos: XI de Población – VI Vivienda. Peruvian National Institute of Statistics. Mapa de pobreza provincial y distrital 2007. Peruvian National Institute of Statistics (INEI-Junín). Censos 2007: Perfi l sociode- mográfi co del departamento de Junín. Peruvian National Institute of Statistics (INEI-Junín). Estudio socio-económico 2001: La Oroya, Peru. School of Public Health, Saint Louis University, Missouri. 2005. Estudio sobre la contaminación ambiental en los hogares de La Oroya y Concepción y sus efectos en la salud de sus residentes . Lima: Universidad de San Luis y Arzobispado de Huancayo.

INTERVIEWS Interview with Eliana Ames (14 December 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with Juan Aste (29 October 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with Mons. Pedro Barreto (19 October 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with Raul Chacón (12 December 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with César Gutiérrez (16 December 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with Ivan Lanegra (22 December 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with Astrid Puentes (15 December 2010), Lima, Peru (via Skype conference). Interview with Martin Scurrah (15 December 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with Guillermo Shinno (10 December 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with Dr. Hugo Villa (6 November 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with FP 1 (15 October 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with FP 2 (7 December 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with HR 1 (16 October 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with HR 2 (25 October 2010), La Oroya, Peru. 246 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Interview with HR 3 (16 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 1 (22 October 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with MC 2 (25 October 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with MC 3 (27 October 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 4 (27 October 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 5 (27 October 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 6 (27 October 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 7 (27 October 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 8 (27 October 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 9 (27 October 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 10 (4 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 11 (8 November 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with MC 12 (13 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 13 (13 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 14 (13 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 15 (13 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru, Interview with MC 16 (13 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 17 (14 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 18 (14 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 19 (14 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 20 (14 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 21 (15 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 22 (15 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 23 (15 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 24 (15 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 25 (15 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 26 (16 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 27 (16 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 28 (16 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 29 (16 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 30 (17 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 31 (28 November 2010), Lima, Peru. Interview with MC 32 (29 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru, Interview with MC 33 (30 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 34 (30 November 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 35 (1 December 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 36 (1 December 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 37 (1 December 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 38 (2 December 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 39 (2 December 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 40 (2 December 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 41 (10 December 2010), La Oroya, Peru. BIBLIOGRAPHY 247

Interview with MC 42 (16 December 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 43 (16 December 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 44 (16 December 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 45 (20 December 2010), La Oroya, Peru. Interview with MC 47 (20 December 2010), Lima, Peru. Follow up interviews with participant MC 01 (15 August 2015). Follow up interview with participant MC 031 (19 August 2015).

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Glave, Manuel, and Juana Kuramoto. Minería, minerales y desarrollo sustentable en el Peru. PAHO. http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd29/mineria/cap8- 10.pdf . Gobierno aprueba Plan Nacional de Diversifi cacion Productiva. RPP Noticias , July 28, 2014. http://www.rpp.com.pe/2014-07-28-gobierno-aprueba-plan- nacional-de-diversifi cacion-productiva-noticia_711593.html . Gomez Fernandini, David. 2010. La Oroya, pueblo fantasma. Report aired on the television program Prensa Libre , Channel 4, Lima, Peru, December 14, YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-2nKprxWxk . Gremio minero expulsa a Doe Run por no cumplir compromisos. Diario La Republica , January 29, 2010. House of Lead: A story of greed – La Oroya, Peru. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpwu8DOmzoU . International Women and Mining Network. 2010. Women from mining affected communities speak out: Defending land, life and dignity. http://landportal. info/sites/default/fi les/2010rimmwomenspeakout.pdf . La Oroya al limite. Revista Caretas , March 26, 2009. http://www.caretas.com. pe/Main.asp?T=3082andidE=820andidS=251 . La Oroya: Globalization we can grasp. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=hy1xend3PFQ . La Oroya – Reportaje especial de telemundo, Los Angeles 2009. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3FTvIyI2mwandfeature=related . La Oroya: bloqueo en carretera central se agrava. Diario El Comercio , August 12, 2015. La Oroya: Piden al Gobierno fl exibilizar los estandares ambientales. RPP Noticias , August 12, 2015. La Oroya: Nosotros le decimos si a la inversion minera. El Comercio , June 24, 2015. Ley de Empleo Juvenil se hizo sin consultar a interesados. La Republica.pe, December 29, 2014. http://archivo.larepublica.pe/29-12-2014/ley-de- empleo-juvenil-se-hizo-sin-consultar-a-interesados . Mayo, Raul. 2010. Cierre de Doe Run: La Oroya se convierte en un pueblo fantasma. Diario El Comercio , September 3. http://elcomercio.pe/peru/633182/ noticia-junin-panamorama-oroya-mas-ano-cierre-doe-run . Minera Doe Run anuncia paralización del 95% de sus operaciones. Diario El Comercio , March 25, 2009. http://elcomercio.pe/economia/264280/ noticia-minera-doe-rum-anuncia-paralizacion-95-sus-operaciones . Otra vez Doe Run contra el Peru. Editorial. Diario El Comercio , January 10, 2011. http://elcomercio.pe/opinion/696371/noticia-editorial-otra-vez-doe- run-contra-peru . 270 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ollanta Humala: Peru es hoy un pais minero de primer orden. La Republica, September 21, 2013. http://www.larepublica.pe/21-09-2013/ollanta-humala-peru-es-hoy-un-pais-minero-de-primer-orden (28 December 2013). Ollanta Humala: Confi rman caida de su aprobacion por Tia Maria. Diario El Comercio, July 20, 2015. http://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/ollanta- humala-confi rman-caida-su-aprobacion-tia-maria-noticia-1812591 . Oxfam Australia. 2009. Women, communities and mining: The gender impacts of mining and the role of gender impact assessment. https://www.oxfam.org.au/ explore/mining . Peru liderara el crecimiento económico en Latinoamérica hasta el 2015. Diario El Comercio, May 30, 2010. http://elcomercio.pe/economia/487533/ noticia-fmi-liderara-crecimiento-economico-latinoamerica-hasta-2015 . Peru liderará crecimiento economico en Sudamerica entre 2011 y 2013. Peru21 Newspaper, January 3, 2013. http://peru21.pe/economia/peru-liderara- crecimiento-economico-sudamerica-entre-2011-y-2013-2110761 . Peru y Doe Run aun evalúan marco para controversia. Diario Gestión, July 11, 2011. http://gestion.pe/noticia/852174/peru-doe-run-aun-evaluan-sobre- que-marco-resolveran-controversia . Renco uses U.S.-Peru FTA to evade justice for La Oroya pollution, December 2012. http://www.citizen.org/documents/renco-la-oroya - Publiccitizen memo.pdf. Trabajadores de Doe Run “en pie de lucha” tras anuncio de liquidacion de la empresa. Diario el Comercio, April 18, 2002. http://elcomercio.pe/economia/1401039/noticia-trabajadores-doe-run-peru-pie-lucha-anuncio- liquidacion-empresa . Uceda, Ricardo. 2009. El ministerio de plomo: La derrota del Estado ante Doe Run desde la desencantada experiencia de tres funcionarios publicos. Revista Poder 360, October 19. http://www.poder360.com/article_detail.php?id_ article=2816 . Vardi, Nathan. 2002. Man with many enemies. Forbes, July 22. http://www. forbes.com/forbes/2002/0722/044.html . White, Sarah. 2009. Bridging well-being into development practice. Wellbeing Research in Developing Countries (WeD) Working Paper 09/50. http:// www.welldev.org.uk/wed-new/workingpapers/index.html . INDEX

A Asociación Pro-Indígena , 107, 128n40 aboriginal communities, 79 Auty, Richard, 10, 18n46 aboriginal peoples, 195 Ackerly, Brooke, 53, 88n19, 98n167 Activos Mineros B historical pollution, 25, 36 Ballantyne, Janet, 114, 130n87 soil remediation, 25, 36, 37, 227, Barandarian, Alberto, 40n15, 209n13, 227n2 213n77 adaptive preferences, 6, 68, 70, 83, Barreto, Jose Manuel, 54–5, 89n32 197, 198, 214n86, 225 basic needs, 62, 63, 68, 72, 148, 161 agency Bebbington, Anthony, 9, 17n35, collective, 7, 14, 176, 192, 201, 18n44, 20n57, 90n39, 91n49, 202, 204, 205, 207, 218 91n50, 91n51, 94n92, 230n9 and freedom process, 76 Becker, David, 102, 126n8, 208n5 individual, 200, 202 Bertram, Geoffrey, 119, 126n3 agricultural-based economy, 128n52, 126n15, 131n115, 181, 209n18 178, 184 Blacksmith Institute, 1, 14n1, 33, Alexander, John, 64, 93n74, 94n96, 45n58 97n139 blood lead levels (BLL), 27, 28, 31, Alkire, Sabina, 65, 80, 93n77, 43n35, 155, 157, 174n96, 188, 98n157, 231n11 194, 228 Alston, Phillip, 55, 90n33 Bolivia, 57, 215n107 Ames, Eliana, 31, 45n51 Bravo, Jose J., 105, 127n20, 169n9 arsenic, 1, 22, 27–8, 104, 138, 152, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South 153, 164, 187, 194, 195 Africa (BRICS), 58

Brown, Phil, 164, 173n91, 173n94 Centre for Human Rights and the Buen Vivir, 67 Environment (CEDHA), 32 Bury, Jeffrey, 9, 17n35, 18n44, Centro de Investigación Agrícola, 105 91n51, 94n92 Centromin Peru fragmented sales, 24 outright sale, 24, 38, 39n7, 40n9 C privatize, 24 cadmium, 1, 22, 27–8, 152, 164, 194, 195 Cerderstav, Anna, 25, 195 Canada, 195, 238 Cerro de Pasco Corporation (CPC), cancer, 152, 153, 164, 194, 195, 102–11, 113, 114, 116, 117, 213n75, 228 127n32, 128n40, 137–9, 141, 178, capability 179, 183, 184, 187, 188, 202, 203 to achieve health, 7, 69, 167, 176, Class identity, 104, 110, 111, 121, 193–200, 205, 207 184, 203 combined, 191–2 collective actions, 66, 121–2, 176, deprivation, 7, 14, 65, 68, 79, 200, 201, 205, 207, 224 207, 218 collective agency, 7, 14, 176, 192, enlargement, 65 201, 202, 204, 205, 207, 218 expansion of, 6, 66, 70, 71, collective capabilities, 83, 93n78, 168, 193 94n84, 176, 200–2, 205 internal, 192 collective wellbeing, 8, 67 plurality of, 193 colonialism, 10, 71 to work, 69, 176, 193, 196–200, legacy, 195 205, 207 Comin, Flavio, 93n80, 98n156, capability approach (CA) 230n8 capability impacts, 6, 175–6, 199 Comite de Damas , 110 comparative aspect, 72–3 common good , 56, 65, 228 critical-structural approach, 6, 64, community of Huaynacancha, 138 66 comuneros , 106, 143, 144, 185, 197, 221 list of, 73, 74, 162 comunidades , 104 and minimum threshold, 73 confl icts and pluriversal reality, 67 mining, 9, 120–2, 165, 185 relational nature, 72 socio-environmental, 8–10, 12, 13, and relational ontologies, 67 17n35, 66, 74, 102, 120–3, structurally oriented interpretation of, 66 125, 136–7, 163, 177, 180, capability-oriented methodology, 80 185, 190, 191, 203, 217, 222, Catholic church, 156, 161 223, 225–6, 230 causes of causes, 5, 125 Consortium for Sustainable Center for Disease Control and Development, 27 Prevention (CDC), 28 Constitutional Court of Peru, 182 Central Andes, 1, 13, 21, 100–3, contamination 106–13, 178, 179, 197, 221 arsenic, 27–8 capitalist transformation, 101, 106, cadmium , 1, 27–8, 42n26 112, 178 lead , 27–8, 36 INDEX 273

Convenio MINSA-Doe Run, 28, 157, creditors, 33–7 172n64 and economic rescue, 34 Convention on the Rights of the Child environmental responsibilities, (CRC) , 182 26, 34 conversion factors, 70, 71, 77, 84, fi nancial diffi culties, 30 175–91, 206, 220–2, 224 and the Renco Group Inc., 24 corporate social responsibility (CSR), sulphuric acid plant projects, 28 9, 10, 121 Doha, Qatar, 57 Corrective Environmental and migrant workers, 57 Management Instrument (IGAC) , Donelly, Jack, 5, 15n18 35, 227 Dore, Elizabeth, 102, 117, 126n7, Corvera, Luis, 30, 44n45 130n78, 131n103, 180, 208n6 Cotrell system, 105 drivers of values, 75, 195–6 criminalization of public protest, 122 culture, 8, 11, 54, 124, 150, 165, 181, 196, 219 E and cultural blindness, 9 Earth justice, 32 economic dependency, 7, 9, 13, 29, 58, 100, 101, 115, 117, 120, D 142, 147, 150, 165, 179–81, Damonte, Gerardo, 18n37, 120, 183, 185, 186, 196, 217, 221, 130n77, 133n129, 174n99, 224, 229 210n28 economic enclaves, 101, 102, 178–9 Del Castillo, Jorge, 182 economic growth, 1–20, 50, 57, 58, Deneulin, Severine, 6, 16n23, 65, 84, 66, 74, 77, 101, 115, 119, 120, 85, 92n67, 93n76, 94n100, 181, 183, 190, 191, 204, 223, 229 95n115, 96n136, 98n168, 200, with inclusion, 122 201, 213n79, 214n95, 222, 230n8 Ecuador, 57, 91n50 dependency theorists, 8, 101, 102, emplomados , 158, 166 127n32 empowerment, 71, 150 de Sousa Santos, Boaventura, 80, 81, enclave structure, 101, 102, 179 98n161 enganche system, 107, 112, DeWind, Adrian, 109–10, 127n29, 127n39, 179 129n63, 130n68, 131n93, environmental 210n26 abuses, 5, 9, 32, 177, 179, 203, Dispossession of land, 104, 219, 221 221, 229 Diversifi ed economy, 50, 113, 119, assessment studies, 58 196, 229 impact assessment studies, 24, 123 Doe Run justice, 36 business needs, 30 justice movement, 53, 55, 165 business stability, 33 legal obligations, 25 274 INDEX environmental (cont.) free choice, 196, 197 pollution , 5, 24, 25, 137, 139, 141, free trade agreement (FTA), 36, 37 157, 163, 166, 169n4, 187, fugitive gas emissions, 25 194, 217, 219 Fujimori, Alberto, 119, 149, 180 regulations, 9, 24, 29, 35, 58, 165 Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko, 78, 97n150 Environmental Affairs Directorate, 26 functionings, 69, 71, 85, 229 environmental harm, perceptions, 2, 13 environmental-health defenders, 140, 161 G Environmental health inequity, 167, 221 Galindo, Flores, 127n35, 128n43, Environment Management and 202, 210n27, 214n100 mitigation Plan . See PAMA Gallardo, Jose, 123, 134n148, 208n11 epidemiological studies, 151, 152, Galtung, Johan, 51, 59, 91n58 164, 182 Ganadera Division del Centro , 105 epistemological inversion, 80 Garcia, Alan, 33, 34, 46n68, 119, equality , 8, 52, 77, 158, 196 120, 122, 181 Escobar, Arturo, 67, 89n29, 94n89, gender inequalities, 14, 196 207n3 gender roles, 136, 146–51, 185, 186, Essalud, 148, 152 217, 221 evangelical church, 155, 161 General Bankruptcy Act, 35, 226–7 Evans, Peter, 94n84, 201 General Mining Law, 24, 116 Evans, Tony, 50, 51, 59, 86n3, 91n55 general Morales Bermudez, 117 extractive industry General Velasco Alvarado, 115 and abusive processes, 124 global system of trade, 58 rents, 8, 9, 179 Golden Associated Brasil Ltd., 26, revenues, 8, 10, 113, 121, 179 41n22 extractive-led development, 6, 8, 9, Goodale, Mark, 53, 80, 88n17, 11, 125, 167, 175–215 98n159, 230n7 ontological struggles, 67 good living, 14, 67, 73, 224, 229 pluralist views, 67 good society, 53 F Goyllarisquisga mine, 113 famines, 67, 68, 71 Gran Minería, 100, 111 Farmer, Paul, 51, 58, 91n53 great transformation, 122, 225 feminized jobs, 186 Greene Agreement, 117 Fernandez Maldonado, Jorge, 116 Gudynas, Eduardo, 87n10, 122, 134n139 foreign capital, 8, 58, 114, 115, Guezzi, Piero, 123, 134n148, 208n11 119, 179 foreign direct investment, 58 Fraser, Nancy, 51, 87n6 H Fredman, Sandra, 77, 97n145 haciendas, 101, 103–5, 111, 188 and transforming rights, 77 Haggin, James B., 103 INDEX 275

Harvey, David, 90n38, 197, 214n82 actor-oriented perspectives, 59 health advocacy, 50, 56 abuses, 32 and anthropocentric view of, 55 capabilities, 77, 193 and business framework, 9 and community, 2, 12, 14, 159, in confl ict, 3, 4, 11 168, 193, 199 context-based analysis, 4 the defence of, 29–31 critical approach, 2 deprivation, 1, 2, 204 critical-optimistic lens, 51 justice, 30, 185 critical structuralist defense of, 64 lower ranking, 6, 199 Eurocentric epistemology, 54 perceptions, 5, 189, 217 evolving idea, 56 promotion , 28 genesis of, 55 the right to, 31, 74, 159, 191, 236 and historical constructionist notion, risks , 24, 30, 165, 166, 188, 189, 54–6 194, 227 and human capabilities, 13, 64, the value of, 2, 162, 194, 195 75–9, 83, 85, 176, 191, 206, hegemonic groups, 67 221–3 Herculaneum institutional fragility, 13, 224 and smelter, 36 international legal framework, and St. Louis, Missouri, 36 58–60, 229 historical methods , 3, 11, 62, 107 awareness, 82 metrics, 60 injustices, 100, 123, 124 naming and shaming strategy, 4, 59, processes, 12, 24, 49, 59, 63, 66, 60, 149 85, 101, 177, 219 origins, 3, 12, 55, 100 horizontal inequalities, 202–3 polycentric nature, 55 Humala, Ollanta, 122, 123 relational dimension, 55, 61, 220 human root causes of, 4, 12, 24, 39, 52, capabilities, 6, 12, 13, 52, 63, 64, 54, 64, 176, 220, 230n5, 68, 70, 75–9, 83, 85, 167, 168, 231n12 176, 191–200, 206, 220–4 structural approaches, 12, 51–64, development, 5, 8, 62, 64, 66, 76, 66, 72, 78–80, 85, 220 123, 181, 193, 199 structure-oriented perspectives, 59 diversity, 68, 72, 76, 78 trade-offs, 1–20, 83, 85, 100, 167, fl ourishing, 69, 76, 94n107 168, 176, 183, 191–205, 218, well-being, 2, 5–7, 9, 50, 52, 69, 220 72, 74, 125, 163, 166, 200, transformative power of, 64 222, 224 transnational network, 28 human rights violations, 4, 8, 9, 32, 37, 49–52, abuses, 5, 9, 12, 32, 38, 49–51, 54, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 64, 80, 81, 56–60, 63, 85, 99, 122, 125, 153, 175, 176, 220, 236, 238 175, 229 and Western essentialist, 55 276 INDEX

human rights systemic-analytical model Integral System of Health, 148 (HRSAM), 6, 7, 12–14, 49–99, Inter-American Association for the 125, 135, 167, 176, 177, 200, Defense of the Environment 206, 219–26, 229 (AIDA), 32 and critical-optimist lens, 51, 85 Inter-American Commission of human wellbeing Human Rights (ICHR), 32, 226 collective, 8, 67 Inter-American Court of Human components of, 2, 5, 7, 72, 74, 125, Rights (ICHR), 32 200, 222 Inter-American Development Bank, 117 individual, 8 Interethnic Association for the plurality of elements, 5 Development of the Peruvian threshold, 5 Jungle (AIDESEP), 120, 133n130 International Centre for Settlement of I Investment Disputes (ICSID), identity 36, 37 collective, 14, 136, 142–6, 168, International Council for Mining and 177, 183, 185, 186, 202, 205, Metal (ICMM), 10 207, 223 international development, 2 individual, 14 extractive-led development, 11 loss of, 14 invisibility of illness, 155 inclusive invisible symptoms, 189, 227 development, 10, 121 IQ tests, 164, 228 growth, 10 inclusive equality, 63 multilayered contextual method, 63 J income per capita (GDP), 68, 119 job stability, 2, 24, 38, 167, 204, 205 indigenous people, 115, 122 inequality, 10, 14, 59, 62, 63, 66, 68, 74, 85, 104, 115, 121, 125, 136, K 146–51, 167, 168, 177, 183, Khader, Serena, 198, 214n86 185, 186, 196, 202–5, 206, 207, Kruijt and Vellinga , 106 217, 221, 223, 224 income, 10 information, 13, 64, 75, 76, 78, 80, L 84, 136, 140, 141, 148, 151, labor movement, 110, 119, 121, 184 152, 155, 156, 162, 163, 165, Laite, Juan, 101, 104, 108, 126n2, 167, 182, 188–90, 192, 194, 127n21, 128n45, 187, 211n46 222, 223, 226, 228, 236–8 La Oroya access to, 14, 136, 155–8, 192, 194 authentic residents, 143, 144, 165, institutional arrangements, 7, 9, 50, 184, 185 51, 57, 71, 83, 85, 120, 177 circumstantial residents, 143, 144, 184 institutional freedoms, 7, 100, 118 confl ict, 21–47, 75, 219 INDEX 277

and Department of Junin, 21 Mantaro River, 101, 104, 110, 137, and emergency program, 31, 182 202 environmental crisis, 1 Mantaro Valley, 21, 107, 109, 167, and environmental health, 28, 106, 221 141, 143, 149, 159, 161, 162, marchas de sacrifi cio , 111 165, 167, 180, 181, 190, 204, Marcona Mining Company, 114 205, 221 Marks, Susan, 15n14, 51, 61, 62, 87n7, health deprivation, 1, 2, 4, 204 92n61, 100, 125n1, 220, 230n5 health problems, 31, 36, 108, 140, Martins, Nuno, 191, 212n60 157, 217 maximum permissible limits of historical appraisal, 13, 102 environmental pollution , 25 history of pollution, 13, 141 medical invisibility, 163 and Province of Yauli, 21 metallurgic refi nery, 21–3 social embeddedness, 13, 83–4, migration, 14, 55, 108–9, 136, 142–6, 136, 222 183, 184 Technical Commission for, 34 military regime, 116–18 voices of, 125, 136–63 Millennium Development Goals La Oroya smelter, 24, 25, 30, 36, 38, (MDG), 182 100, 101, 104, 106–8, 117–21, Minero-Peru, 116 136, 137, 142, 175, 194, 195, 226 mining communities, 79, 116, 235–9 privatization, 24–6, 29, 38, 111, Ministry of Environment, 14n19 120, 180 Ministry of Health, 31–3, 148, 154, Latin America 182, 183, 190 and extractive sector, 9, 11, 13, 14, and Environmental Health 117, 122, 123, 180, 181, 227 Directorate, 31, 32 mining boom , 115, 119, 230 Monetary Fund, 57, 119 and politics of international Movement for the Health of La Oroya development, 11 (MOSAO), 29, 31, 44n37, 121, social mobilization, 12, 67, 115 142, 155, 156, 165, 181, 188, structural reforms, 57 189, 202–5, 207, 223, 228 lead poisoning, 28, 29, 140, 141, and pro-health campaign, 29 154–9, 164, 166, 183, 189, 194 Moyd, Samuel, 54, 89n31 Leguia, Augusto B., 113, 179 multidisciplinary nature, 11–12 liberal economic orthodoxy, 124 Link, Bruce, 166, 174n102 Lukes, Steven, 198, 199, 214n85 N National Confederation of Communities affected by the M Mining industry (CONACAMI), MacCune, Alfred W., 103 120, 133n131 Mallon, Florencia, 106–9, 113, National Health Strategy to Provide 126n10, 127n18, 128n40, Treatment to People Affected by 130n79, 183, 207n4, 210n25 Toxic Metal Contamination, 182 278 INDEX

The National Plan to Diversify people-centered approach, 82 Production, 123, 230 perceptions National Strategy for Development of damage, 136–42 and Social Inclusion-Include to environmental harm, 2, 13 Growth, 230 historical pollution, 13, 136–42 natural resources, 3, 8, 11, 50, 52, 57, perpetuator-victim-remedy, 49, 50 66, 75, 180, 181, 186, 191, 229 Peru neo-colonialism, 102, 178 capitalist development, 3, 13, 75, neoliberalism, 13, 120, 197, 223 101, 221 neoliberal reforms, 8, 24 extractive activities, 24, 74, 113, new extractivism, 10–12, 52, 87n10, 114, 179 121 large-scale mining, 3, 13, 100, 101, and imperialist plunder, 11 111, 112, 179, 219, 221 Niezen, Cecilia, 30, 44n45 macroeconomic growth, 8 Non-Governmental Organizations mining boom , 119, 230 (NGOs), 155–7, 166 Ministry of Energy and Mines Nussbaum, Martha, 3, 5, 15n9, (MEM), 26, 27, 29, 116, 181 16n22, 52, 73–7, 95n119, Ministry of Health, 31, 142, 153, 96n121, 97n141, 162, 191, 193, 155, 157, 182, 183, 189 212n62, 214n81, 230n2 Ministry of Labour, 185–6 politics of extraction, 5, 183 politics of extractive-led O development, 8, 167 Odría, Manuel A., 114 Perú: País Minero, 120, 124, 190, 229 Offi cial Peruvian Engineering Peruvian Consortium Minero S.A Association, 34 (CORMIN), 34 open pit copper mining, 113–14 Peruvian General Bankruptcy Act, 226–7 Orihuela, Jose Carlos, 181, 209n14 Peruvian military experiment, 118 Osinergmin, 34 Peruvian Ministry of Health’s Environmental Health Directorate (DIGESA), 27, 42n23 P Peruvian National Institute for the PAMA Defence of Competence and completion, 26, 30, 33–7, 181 Intellectual Property deadline extension, 26, 33, 41n22 (INDECOPI), 34–5 fi rst deadline extension, 33 Peruvian Society for Mining, projects, 30, 34 Petroleum and Energy (SNM), 34 second deadline extension technical petite bourgeoisie, 185 design , 33 Phelan, Jo, 166, 174n102, 213n80 Parliamentary Commission of Andean, planned misery, 61–2 Amazonian, and Afro-Peruvian Pogge, Thomas, 51, 56, 57, 90n44, Communities, 33 91n47 INDEX 279 policy networks, 10, 181 R political awareness, 13, 82 Rana Plaza political economy, 57, 103, 118, 123, and Bangladesh, 57 177, 226 and tragedy, 57 and natural resource extraction, Regional Government of Junin, 28, 34 8, 11, 75 regional human rights regimens, 55 polluted communities, 2, 136, 202 relational individuals, 55, 200, 222 pollution Rennert, Ira, 29 air, 25, 27, 28, 30, 35, 157–8, resource course, 18n46 227n1 resource distribution, 68 habituation to, 139 revolutionary government, 110–11, health impacts of, 75, 136, 180 151–5, 168 Ricour, Paul, 65 responsibility for, 14, 25, 163, 164 Rights Business, 35 uncertainty, 14, 136, 151–5, rights of nature, 55 163, 168 right to a capability, 76, 77 popular epidemiology, 164 right to a healthy environment, 55 positive rights, 64 right to the city, 55 post-extractivism Robeyns, Ingrid, 65, 69, 93n79, and predatory extraction, 11 95n108, 207n1 and sensible extraction, 11 root causes, 4, 12, 24, 39, 52, 54, post-neoliberalism, 13, 120, 59–64, 68, 176, 206, 220, 238 197, 223 analysis, 61–3, 225 poverty, 8, 10, 66–8, 71, 72, 77, 119, 121, 156, 196 power as domination, 75, 198 S prior process of consultation, 122 Sachs, Jeffrey, 10 profi ts , 35, 57, 105, 114, 115, 203 Self-refl exivity, 13, 81, 82, 225 progressive realization, 78 Sen, Amartya, 5, 15n15, 52, 63, 68, proletarian class, 13, 100, 102, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 77, 92n66, 106–12, 184, 197 94n97, 95n115, 96n129, proletarian formation, 104, 106, 110 97n138, 162, 200, 201, 214n93, proletarian miners, 100 230n3 psychologizing the structural, 198 SENES, 25, 41n16 public participation, 71 Sheppard, Colleen , 51 public reasoning, 73–5, 162 Shnayerson, Michael, 29, 44n38 SINAMOS, 115 smelter workers, 2, 4, 21, 29, 33–6, Q 105, 110, 111, 137, 139–41, qualitative approaches, 78 144–51, 154, 158, 159, 161, quantitative approaches, 78, 79 165, 181, 184–6, 189, 190, quantitative methodologies, 79 197–9, 202–5, 207, 226, 227 280 INDEX

smelting activities institutional factors, 177–83 history in Peru, 1, 2, 137 personal factors, 190–1 impacts, 2, 25, 186 political-economic background, legacy, 187 99–134 smoke commission, 104, 188 social factors, 183–6 smoke controversy, 100, 105, 113, 169n4 socio-historical roots, 99–134 social embeddedness, 13, 83–4, 136, system of subordination, 101 222 social inclusion, 8, 229 socially embedded individuals, 200 T socio-economic cleavages, 13, 185, Teeple, Gary, 51, 53, 87n8, 89n26 203, 224 Thorp, Rosemary, 18n47, 19n48, 119, socio-economic rights, 53, 63, 72, 77, 120, 126n15, 131n98, 131n115, 165 133n128, 181, 209n18 Southern Peru Copper Corporation, 114 toxic metals, 2, 27, 139, 152–5, 157, Stammers, Neil, 55, 90n34 182, 183, 189 state-company partnership, 113 tragic choices, 3, 4, 83, 136, 219 Stewart, Frances, 92n72, 201, 214n101 Stiglitz, Joseph, 11, 15n17, 20n58, U 131n117 unfreedom, 71, 72, 207, 221 stigma, 166, 195, 219, 228 UN International Covenant for against the poor, 14, 136, 155–8 Economic Social and Cultural structural violence, 58, 61, 72, 87, Rights (ICESCR), 182 100, 106, 112 union leaders, 29, 34, 139, 140, 185, structures of living together, 65, 66, 228 84, 85, 200, 222, 230n8 United Nations human rights system, 55 structuring of inequalities, 74, 115, United States (US), 29, 30, 36, 103, 177, 217 108, 114, 116, 117, 119, 180, subaltern groups, 67 182 sulphuric acid plants United States Agency for International processing of lead, 33 Development (USAID), 28 processing of zinc, 33 United States Convention on the supra local identity, 205 Recognition and Enforcement of sustainable development, 24, 181 Foreign Arbitral Awards , 37 Sustainable Development Goals Universal Declaration of Human (SDG) , 182 Rights (UDHR), 52, 54, 88n12 sustainable mining, 10 University of Saint Louis, 27 systemic lack of freedom School of Public Health, 27 and conversion factors components, utilitarian orientation, 68 177 utility maximization, 68 environmental factors, 186–9 Uvin, Peter, 55, 90n41 INDEX 281

V W valuable capabilities, 73–5, 162, 193, Washington Consensus, 57, 132n118 199, 220 work Van Hees, Martin, 77, 97n143 employment stability, 2, 3, Villa, Hugo, 42n27, 181 31, 148 violation approach, 59 the right to, 14n3, 181, 191 voicing people, 82–3 World Bank, 57, 117, 119 Vyner, Henry, 163, 171n57, 173n90, World Health Organization (WHO), 174n97, 212n54 27, 32, 193–5, 212n67, 213n76