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Applications of the Free-Living Nematode, Caenorhabditis Elegans: a Review

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Applications of the Free-Living Nematode, Caenorhabditis Elegans: a Review Journal of Zoological Research Volume 3, Issue 4, 2019, PP 19-30 ISSN 2637-5575 Applications of the Free-Living Nematode, Caenorhabditis Elegans: A Review Marwa I. Saad El-Din* Assistant Professor, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Egypt *Corresponding Author: Marwa I. Saad El-Din, Assistant Professor, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Egypt. Email: [email protected]. ABSTRACT The free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, has been suggested as an excellent model organism in ecotoxicological studies. It is a saprophytic nematode species that inhabits soil and leaf-litter environments in many parts of the world. It has emerged to be an important experimental model in a broad range of areas including neuroscience, developmental biology, molecular biology, genetics, and biomedical science. Characteristics of this animal model that have contributed to its success include its genetic manipulability, invariant and fully described developmental program, well-characterized genome, ease of culture and maintenance, short and prolific life cycle, and small and transparent body. These features have led to an increasing use of C. elegans for environmental toxicology and ecotoxicology studies since the late 1990s. Although generally considered a soil organism, it lives in the interstitial water between soil particles and can be easily cultured in aquatic medium within the laboratory. It has been successfully used to study toxicity of a broad range of environmental toxicants using both lethal and sub lethal endpoints including behavior, growth and reproduction and feeding. In this work we review the choice, use and applications of this worm as an experimental organism for biological and biomedical researches that began in the 1960s. Keywords: Caenorhabditis elegans, Biomedical Science, Molecular Biology, Environmental Toxicology. INTRODUCTION on the tremendous body of knowledge developed by basic scientists using this model Animals are used to understand basic biology, organism for biological and ecotoxicological as ―models‖ for studying human biology and studies (Hope, 1990). Although scientific disease, and as test subjects for the development reports on this species have appeared in the and testing of drugs, vaccines, and other biological literature for more than one century, extensive (i.e. antibodies, hormones, ingredients in vaccines, studies on C. elegans was not started until Brenner‘s etc.) to improve and advance human health. As seminal genetics paper was published in 1974 models, scientists aim to produce artificially, a (Brenner, 1974). Since then it has emerged to be an condition in an animal in a laboratory that may important experimental model in a broad range of resemble the human equivalent of a medical areas including neuroscience, developmental disease or injury (Gawrylewski, 2007). A wide biology, molecular biology, genetics, and variety of animals are used in basic research, biomedical science. Characteristics of this animal with mice being the most common. Rats, birds, model that have contributed to its success amphibians, and fish are also used, and include its genetic manipulability, invariant and invertebrates such as fruit flies and worms are fully described developmental program, well- heavily used in genetic research (Greek& characterized genome, ease of culture and Shanks, 2009). maintenance, short and prolific life cycle, and Nematodes are the most abundant animal in soil small and transparent body (Leung et al., 2008). ecosystems and also found in aquatic and THE NATURAL HISTORY OF sediment environments. They serve many CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS RESEARCH important roles in nutrient cycling and in maintaining environmental quality. From the Over a century ago, the zoologist Emile Maupas late 1970s, a variety of nematode species have first identified the nematode, Rhabditis elegans, been used to study environmental issues. During in the soil in Algiers. Subsequent work and the late 1990s, Caenorhabditis elegans began to phylogenic studies renamed the species emerge as the nematode species of choice based Caenorhabditis elegans or more commonly Journal of Zoological Research V3 ● I4 ● 2019 19 Applications of the Free-Living Nematode, Caenorhabditis Elegans: A Review referred to as C. elegans; (Caeno meaning number of defined genes, and an estimation of recent; rhabditis meaning rod; elegans meaning mutation frequency. nice). In 1963, Sydney Brenner suggested the Brenner‘s choice of C. elegans seems to have future of biological research lay in model been partially influenced by the desire to do organisms through his work on DNA, RNA, and something no one had been able to do (or that the genetic code and he believed that biological none of his peers was likely to be able to do research required a model system that could grow in vast quantities in the lab, were cheap to with the organisms they had selected): to maintain and had a simple body plan, and he achieve a complete understanding of a simple chose the nematode C. elegans to fulfill such a organism. He quickly noted that the organism he role. Since that time, C. elegans has emerged as had selected had certain attributes that allowed one of the premiere model systems for aging what some have viewed as an extreme approach research (Tissenbaum, 2014). (Horace Judson has term edit the ―brute force‖ approach, namely the complete description of all From 1967 until the early 1970s, over 300 detectable genetic mutants, as well as of the mutagen-induced mutations were identified; structure of the nervous system. Others many of them affected behaviour, primarily biologists soon took a similar tack with the resulting in worms that were defective in movement developmental processes in the organism, (―uncoordinated‖)(Brenner, 1974).Although at observing and documenting the complete cell least the first five years of work on C. elegans lineages in the worm. The first of this kind of focused on developing the genetics of the study was done by John Sulston on the post- organism, Brenner maintained his long-term embryonic developmental lineages in the interests in exploring the nervous system. ventralcord (Sulston, 1976).Since that time, However, it soon became clear that the precise many discoveries including dissection of connections between neurons would ultimately programmed cell death (Coulson et al., 1986; be necessary to understand the relationship Ellis et al., 1991). Mutants published by Brenner between the genetic ―programme‖ and the (1974),post embryonic cell lineages determined behavior of the animal. By using serial electron (Sulston and Horwitz, 1976), programmed cell micrograph sections it was possible to perfectly death(Horwitz, 1982), complete embryonic cell determine neural connectivity although through lineages determined (Sulston, 1983), complete a painfully long-term project done by John connectivity of nervous system was established White together with Eileen Southgate, J. Nichol (1986),the systematic cloning of the genome Thomson and Brenner. This project was (Coulson et al., 1986; Crawford, 2001), RNAi completed in ~1984, resulting in an enormous and miRNA discovered in worms (1991- article known in short as ―The Mind of a 1998)(Nobel Prize: Fire and Mello, 2006), Worm‖. The result of this project was the micro RNAs (Lee et al., 1993; Reinhart et al., complete mapping of the architecture of the 2000),RNA interference (Fire et al., 1998), the nervous system. It was concluded that C. deciphering of the entire DNA sequence elegans has 302 neurons and form a total of (Consortium, 1998), and the first use of GFP ~8,000 synapses throughout the hermaphrodite. ( green fluorescent protein) in animals (1994) By comparing the nervous systems of (Nobel Prize: Chalfie, 2008) (Chalfie et al., genetically identical individuals, the researchers 1994)have been done in C. elegans(the first found essentially the same connections, with animal whose whole genome was sequenced minor differences in cell morphology, position (97Mb,now 100.3Mb)which has led to an and connectivity. expansion in the number of researchers working In 1974, a little more than a decade after his first with C. elegans. thoughts about working on a model organism, Brenner published four manuscripts, including The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was one entitled ‗The genetics of Caenorhabditis awarded in 2002to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert elegans‘ (Brenner, 1974) and a new field began. Horvitz and John Sulston for their work on C. In this influential paper, Brenner outlined elegans (Fig. 1) and the apoptosis and in 2006 to methodology for isolation, complementation, Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello for their disco- and mapping of worm mutants. Importantly, the very of RNA interference. In 2008, Martin publication also included the successful Chalfie shared a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for isolation of several hundred mutants affecting his work on green fluorescent protein (GFP) behavior and morphology, a discussion of the (Fig. 2). 20 Journal of Zoological Research V3 ● I4 ● 2019 Applications of the Free-Living Nematode, Caenorhabditis Elegans: A Review The worm is transparent throughout its life so the behavior of individual cells can be followed through its development The anatomy and development of C. elegans can be examined easily under a microscope A unique feature of C. elegans is that their development is very specific, cells divide and specialize in a characteristic way, so each Figure1. Nobel Prize for Physiology of Medicine, cell
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