Leikrit Í Þremur Þáttum Rannsókn Á Sögu Performance Kyngervis Samkynhneigðar Á Íslandi Frá Aldamótunum 1900 Til Dagsins Í Dag

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Leikrit Í Þremur Þáttum Rannsókn Á Sögu Performance Kyngervis Samkynhneigðar Á Íslandi Frá Aldamótunum 1900 Til Dagsins Í Dag Leikrit í þremur þáttum Rannsókn á sögu performance kyngervis samkynhneigðar á Íslandi frá aldamótunum 1900 til dagsins í dag Valgerður Óskarsdóttir Lokaverkefni til MA–gráðu í þjóðfræði Félagsvísindasvið Leikrit í þremur þáttum Rannsókn á sögu performance kyngervis samkynhneigðar á Íslandi frá aldamótunum 1900 til dagsins í dag Valgerður Óskarsdóttir Lokaverkefni til MA–gráðu í þjóðfræði Leiðbeinandi: Terry Gunnell Félags- og mannvísindadeild Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands Júní 2014 Ritgerð þessi er lokaverkefni til MA–gráðu í þjóðfræði og er óheimilt að afrita ritgerðina á nokkurn hátt nema með leyfi rétthafa. © Valgerður Óskarsdóttir 2014 051080-5489 Reykjavík, Ísland 2014 Útdráttur Þessi rannsókn gildir til 60 eininga (60 ECTS) Í ritgerðinni er fjallað um sögu samkynhneigðra hér á landi frá því rétt fyrir aldamótin 1900 til dagsins í dag út frá kenningum sviðslistafræðinnar. Þá er einnig stuðst við hugtökin um hóp, leik, sjálfsmynd og kyngervi. Rannsóknarspurningarnar sem lagt var af stað með í upphafi voru þrjár og var spurt að því hvernig performance og kyngervi samkynhneigðar birtist í eðli og formi gegnum tíma á Íslandi. Þá var spurt að hve miklu leyti hefði performance hjálpað samkynhneigðum sem hóp að komast af og að nálgast jafnrétti. Og að lokum var spurt hvort performance og „hlutverk“ væru eins nauðsynleg í lífi samkynhneigðra í dag og var áður fyrr. Í ritgerðinni er leitast við að svara þessum spurningum. Ritgerðin styðst við eigindlegar rannsóknaraðferðir og byggir hún m.a. á 12 viðtölum við 17 einstaklinga. Mikilvægt er þó að skoða einnig samhengið sem hópur samkynhneigðra á Íslandi stóð í og því er saga hópsins einnig skoðuð erlendis, það er að segja í þeim löndum sem Íslendingar höfðu hve mest samskipti við og höfðu áhrif á viðhorf og gildi landans. Eins og titill rannsóknarinnar, Leikrit í þremur þáttum, og niðurstöður rannsóknarinnar gefa til kynna má skipta tímabilinu sem um ræðir í ritgerðinni í þrjú stig: stig þöggunar, stig sýnileika og samtímann. Þannig má segja að hvert stigið sé í raun einn þáttur í sjálfu leikritinu enda hafa grímur, búningar og „leikur“ verið stór og órjúfanlegur þáttur í lífi margra samkynhneigðra og hópsins í heild – bæði á tímum þagnar og tímum sýnileika. Og þótt grímusafnið sé í dag geymt inni í skáp er það þó dregið fram á tyllidögum og við minnt á tímana sem það skipaði ef til vill meiri sess í lífi þessa einstaklinga. Stigin þrjú eru til skoðunar í rannsókninni hvert um sig og færir hvert stig okkur nær hinu endalega takmarki, sem er jafnrétti á við aðra. 4 Summary in English This thesis discusses the history of homosexuality in Iceland from the turn of the 20th century up until modern times from the viewpoint of theories of performance studies and the folkloristic concepts of group, play, identity and gender. The main objectives of this thesis were first of all to explore how performance and concepts of gender have manifested themselves as features of the ‘gay’ community in Iceland over the course of time; secondly, to explore the degree to which performance skills have helped homosexuals as a group to achieve equal rights; and finally to enquire whether performance and “role play” are as impotant for the community now as they were in the past. The thesis has essentially made use of qualitative research methods in order to answer the previously noted research questions. This data, involving for the most part 12 interviews with 17 individuals was then analysed. It is nonetheless important for the research questions to look not only at the Icelandic ‘gay’ community but also the international context. In short, it is important to consider the influence on attitude and values that other neighbouring countries (and their culture) have had on this group. As the title of the dissertation, Leikrit í þremur þáttum (e. A Play in Three Acts) indicates, the findings suggest that one can divide the era discussed in this dissertation into three stages: the stage of silencing, the stage of visibility, and the present. It could be argued that each stage forms part of a wider drama since masks, costumes and “play” have been formed an integral role in the lives of many Icelandic homosexuals and indeed the group at large – in both the times of silencing and visibility. Today, even the old mask collection is now kept in the closet, it is still brought out on special occasions in part as a means of reminding us of the times when it played a bigger role in the life of many individuals. The three aforementioned stages will be examined individually in the dissertation and how each stage has brought the ‘gay’ community closer towards their ultimate goal, of gaining equality amongst equals. 5 6 Formáli Við vinnu og ritun þessa verks var ég í sambandi við fjölmarga einstaklinga vegna rannsóknarinnar. Tóku allir mjög vel í erindi mín og kann ég þeim miklar þakkir fyrir hjálpina og ábendingar sem þau veittu mér. Ég vil einnig nota tækifærið og þakka viðmælendum mínum sérstaklega því án þeirra hefði ekkert verk orðið til. Þá vil ég einnig þakka fjölskyldu minni og vinum fyrir stuðninginn, hvatningu og þá þolinmæði sem þau sýndu mér á meðan á þessari vinnu stóð. Má þar sérstaklega nefna Ólaf Ingibergsson, Evu Þórdísi Ebenezerdóttir, Hafdísi Hauksdóttur, Gunnar Inga Jakobsson, Guðlaugu Marion Mitchison og Kristjönu Ruth Bjarnadóttur. Hildur Lilliendahl Viggósdóttir fær einnig miklar þakkir fyrir yfirlestur og góðar ábendingar. Einn á þó mestar þakkir skilið en það er leiðbeinandi minn, Terry Gunnell prófessor í þjóðfræði við Háskóla Íslands. Sýndi hann mér ótrúlega þolinmæði og ómetanlegan stuðning í gegnum allt ferlið. Reykjavík þann 12. mars 2014. Valgerður Óskarsdóttir 7 Efnisyfirlit Útdráttur ................................................................................................................................... 4 Summary in English ................................................................................................................. 5 Formáli ...................................................................................................................................... 7 1. kafli: Inngangur ................................................................................................................ 11 1.1 Helstu rannsóknarspurningar og nálgun ....................................................................... 14 1.2 Uppbygging ritgerðar ................................................................................................... 16 1.3 Aðferðir ........................................................................................................................ 18 1.4 Viðmælendur ................................................................................................................ 20 1.5 Aðrar heimildir ............................................................................................................. 24 2. kafli: Helstu hugtök .......................................................................................................... 31 2.1 Inngangur ..................................................................................................................... 31 2.2 Hópur ............................................................................................................................ 31 2.3 Sjálfsmynd .................................................................................................................... 33 2.4 Leikur og rými .............................................................................................................. 35 2.5 Performance og þjóðfræði ........................................................................................... 37 2.6 Kyngervi og performance ............................................................................................ 39 2.6.1 Samkynhneigð, queer og performance ................................................................. 41 2.7 Rammi rannsóknarinnar ............................................................................................... 43 3. kafli: Saga samkynhneigðar á 20. öld í nágrannaríkjunum ......................................... 44 3.1 Ný löggjöf Breta og réttarhöldin yfir Oscar Wilde ...................................................... 44 3.2 Bandaríkin: Frá dauðarefsingum til ofsókna ................................................................ 49 3.3 Barátta í borgum Bandaríkjanna................................................................................... 51 3.4 Poppkúltúr og fjölmiðlar .............................................................................................. 54 3.5 Alnæmisfaraldurinn á vesturlöndum 1981-1993 .......................................................... 60 3.6 Staðan í dag í Bandaríkjunum og á Bretlandi............................................................... 63 3.6.1 Staðan víðar ........................................................................................................... 64 8 3.7 Samkynhneigð á Norðurlöndunum: Lögin 1900-2014 ................................................ 65 3.8 Lagabreytingar á Norðurlöndunum .............................................................................. 66 3.9 Í átt að frelsi: Eftirstríðsárin og samtíminn á Norðurlöndunum ................................... 69 4. kafli: Samkynhneigð á Íslandi í ljósi sýnileika: Ár þrúgandi þagnar ......................... 72 4.1 Inngangur ..................................................................................................................... 72 4.2 Samræði gegn „náttúru
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