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Downloaded from the National Institutes of Health to Were Cross-Resistant to VCR and DXR (15) ONCOLOGY REPORTS 38: 2787-2795, 2017 High pemetrexed sensitivity of docetaxel-resistant A549 cells is mediated by TP53 status and downregulated thymidylate synthase WEI-TING KUO1,2*, DOM-GENE TU3-5*, LING-YEN CHIU6, GWO-TARNG SHEU6 and MING-FANG WU7,8 1Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112; 2Department of Surgery, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital; 3Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002; 4Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan City 717; 5College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City 711; 6Institute of Medicine, 7School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University and 8Divisions of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 402, Taiwan, R.O.C. Received February 22, 2017; Accepted August 2, 2017 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5951 Abstract. The chemoresistance of non-small cell lung cancer Furthermore, when the expression of TP53 was inhibited in (NSCLC) that occurs in docetaxel (DOC) chemotherapy A549 cells, the expression level of TS was increased. Our data substantially decreases the survival of patients. To overcome indicated that DOC activated wild-type TP53 and suppressed DOC-induced chemoresistance, we established DOC-selected TS expression under continuous DOC exposure. Therefore, A549 lung cancer sublines (A549/D16 and A549/D32) and the expression of TS remained at low levels in DOC-resistant revealed that both sublines were cross-resistant to vincristine A549 cancer cells. Our data revealed that for lung cancer with (VCR) and doxorubicin (DXR). Notably, both sublines were DOC resistance and wild-type TP53 status, the administration more sensitive to pemetrexed (PEM) than parental cells of PEM as a second-line agent to overcome DOC-resistance according to MTT and clonogenic assays. The expression levels may benefit patients. of thymidylate synthase (TS) and γ-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH) were downregulated in DOC-resistant sublines. When exoge- Introduction nous TS was overexpressed in A549/D16 cells, PEM sensitivity was significantly decreased, however it was not decreased by Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among males overexpression of exogenous GGH. PEM treatment induced worldwide from all cancers (1), and non-small cell lung cancer more apoptotic sub-G1 cells in both DOC-resistant sublines (NSCLC) accounts for more than 85% of lung cancer cases; and in the in vivo PEM sensitivities of A549/D16 cells. These of which adenocarcinoma (40%) is the most common subtype, findings were further confirmed by a xenografted tumor followed by squamous cell (25%) and large cell carcinoma model. To unmask the mediator of TS downregulation, we (10%) (2). Chemotherapy is the most common treatment for investigated human lung cancer cell lines that have various advanced-stage lung cancer patients. Such therapy is gener- TP53 statuses using DOC treatment. The level of TS protein ally performed with platinum-based chemotherapy. However, was significantly decreased in wild-type TP53-containing cells this treatment provides only a modest benefit to survival. with DOC treatment; TS expression levels were not affected in Unsatisfactorily, the overall 5-year survival rate for all stages mutant-TP53 and TP53-null cells under the same conditions. of NSCLC is only 17% (3). The unavoidable development of drug resistance is the most important cause of treatment failure in patients subjected to chemotherapy. When tumors become resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs, they commonly Correspondence to: Dr Ming-Fang Wu, Divisions of Medical develop cross-resistance to other anticancer drugs. Therefore, Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University choosing an ideal non-cross-resistant drug that improves drug Hospital, 110 Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung City 402, responsiveness and increases the overall survival rate has Taiwan, R.O.C. become a critical issue in cancer management. E-mail: [email protected] The taxanes, paclitaxel (PAX) and docetaxel (DOC), are microtubule-stabilizing agents that function primarily *Contributed equally by interfering with spindle microtubule dynamics causing Key words: docetaxel, pemetrexed, thymidylate synthase, TP53, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (4). The chemical statuses of chemoresistance the two taxanes are almost identical. DOC is regarded as a second-generation taxane. The effects of DOC are correlated with mitotic arrest and cellular toxicity (5). Currently, DOC is 2788 kuo et al: TS, TP53 AND PEMETREXED SENSITIVITY indicated for first-line therapy in combination with a platinum Lung cancer cell lines. Human A549, H460 and H1355 cells compound and as monotherapy in patients with NSCLC who were cultured at 37̊C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium experience failure during a platinum-based regimen. (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is the product of the MDR1 gene, 1% NEAA, 1% sodium pyruvate, 1% L-glutamine, 100 IU/ml which is also recognized as ABCB1. P-gp is a pump that presents penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin. H1299 and CL1-0 in normal tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract and brain to cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium. The DOC resis- prevent the accumulation of toxic substances (6). Overexpression tant sublines were established from parental cells in a stepwise of P-gp is thought to be one of the most common mechanisms manner by exposure to increasing concentrations of DOC as underlying resistance to taxanes in cancer models (7). previously described (15). The DOC-resistant sublines main- Pemetrexed (PEM; LY231514) is a novel antifolate drug tained at 16 and 32 nM of DOC are denoted as A549/D16 and that has been approved for first-line treatment of patients A549/D32, respectively. with advanced non-squamous NSCLC in combination with cisplatin. PEM is also used as a single agent for relapsed or Cytotoxicity assay (MTT assay). Chemosensitivity to PEM chemotherapy refractory NSCLC after platinum-containing was determined using an MTT assay. The detailed steps of chemotherapy (8). PEM is a unique folate antagonist that inhibits MTT assay have been previously described (15). The cells were thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) exposed to various concentrations of PEM in fresh medium for and the purine synthetic enzyme glycinamide ribonucleotide 96 h. Mean values were calculated from 3 independent experi- formyltransferase (GARFT) as multitargeted antifolate (9,10). ments. Two adenocarcinoma cell lines (PC-9 and A549) with PEM resistance were established and recently analyzed. TS Protein extraction and western blot analysis. Protein and DHFR were significantly increased in the 4 PEM-resistant extracts were prepared as previously described (15). Proteins A549 sublines (11). Data obtained from patients have also (10-30 µg) transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) suggested that TS expression, rather than DHFR, may be an membranes were reacted with polyclonal anti-TS (Santa Cruz important predictive factor of the treatment efficacy of PEM in Biotechnology, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA), anti-DHFR, FPGS, NSCLC (12). Furthermore, it has been concluded by meta-anal- GGH and TK1 (GeneTex, Irvine, CA, USA), anti-β-actin ysis (13) that better responses usually appeared in patients with (NeoMarker, Fremont, CA, USA) and anti-TP53 (Dako, a lower expression of TS with a significant association between Carpinteria, CA, USA) separately, followed by conjugation TS expression and outcomes of PEM-based chemotherapy for of anti-rabbit (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) or anti-mouse NSCLC. Therefore, it is believed that upregulation of TS gene (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA, USA) IgG to horseradish peroxi- expression may play an important role in PEM resistance (14) dase. A chemiluminescence detection kit (ECL; GE Healthcare and downregulation of TS may increase PEM response. Bioscience, Amersham Place, UK) was used to determine the Previously, we reported that DOC-selected A549 sublines levels of protein expression. The Image J quantity software (A549/D16 and A549/D32) expressed high levels of P-gp and was downloaded from the National Institutes of Health to were cross-resistant to VCR and DXR (15). We further defined measure the intensity of each blot. the characteristics of these sublines with antifolate drugs (PEM and MTX) in the present study. We found that only Clonogenic cell survival assay. Cells were seeded in 6-well PEM overcame DOC resistance and that TS in the de novo plates (150 cells/plate). After 24 h of incubation, the cells were nucleic acid synthesis pathway may be downregulated by treated with respective doses of DOC (48 h) or PEM (96 h) wild-type TP53 in DOC-selected A549 sublines. We further and eventually cultured for 10 days. The colonies formed were demonstrated that TS was downregulated by DOC-activated fixed with ice-cold methanol for 30 min and then stained with wild-type TP53 in two human lung cancer cell lines (A549 20% Giemsa. Survival fractions were calculated by normal- and H460), however it was not downregulated in cells with ization to the appropriate control groups. mutated TP53 and null-TP53. Therefore, according to our data, the application sequence of DOC followed by PEM in patients Cell cycle assay by flow cytometry.For the cell cycle analysis, with wild-type TP53 status is suggested. This approach may cells (3x105) were seeded in 10-cm plates and incubated for lead to better cancer control in NSCLC. 24 h. The cells were exposed to PEM (0-110 nM) with fresh medium for 96 h at 37̊C. Cells were trypsinized and washed, Materials and methods then resuspended in 75% ice-cold ethanol (75%) overnight at 4̊C. This was followed by washing with 1X PBS and Drugs and chemicals. PEM was provided by Eli Lilly centrifugation; the cell pellets were gently dispersed with Corporation (Indianapolis, IN, USA). Doxorubicin (DXR; 300 µl of 1X PBS with 30 µl of RNase A (10 mg/ml) for 44584), methotrexate (MTX) hydrate (M8407) and vincristine 30 min.
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