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Histoire Biologique D'une Population Du Sud-Est Malgache: Les Antemoro

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Histoire Biologique D'une Population Du Sud-Est Malgache: Les Antemoro Histoire biologique d’une population du sud-est malgache : les Antemoro Mélanie Capredon To cite this version: Mélanie Capredon. Histoire biologique d’une population du sud-est malgache : les Antemoro. An- thropologie sociale et ethnologie. Université de la Réunion, 2011. Français. NNT : 2011LARE0016. tel-00703684 HAL Id: tel-00703684 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703684 Submitted on 4 Jun 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université de La Réunion Ecole doctorale de Lettres et Sciences humaines, Droit, Economie, Gestion et Sciences politiques Unité de recherche : C.R.L.H.O.I ; Centre de Recherche Littéraire et Historique de l’Océan Indien Codirection : A.M.I.S ; Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Toulouse THÈSE de doctorat Discipline : Anthropologie génétique Titre : Histoire biologique d’une population du sud-est malgache : les Antemoro Présentée par Mélanie CAPREDON Soutenue le 25 novembre 2011, à l’Université de La Réunion Directeur(s) de Thèse : Bernard CHAMPION, Professeur d’Anthropologie, CRLHOI, Université de La Réunion Jean-Michel DUGOUJON, Directeur de Recherche, AMIS, Université Paul Sabatier Rapporteurs de Thèse : Alain FROMENT, Directeur de Recherche, IRD Narivelo RAJAONARIMANANA, Professeur, INALCO Membres du jury Bernard CHAMPION, Professeur des Universités, CRLHOI Narivelo RAJAONARIMANANA, Professeur des Universités, INALCO Louis-Paul RANDRIAMAROLAZA, Professeur, Université d’Antananarivo Jean-Michel DUGOUJON, Directeur de Recherche, AMIS François CARTAULT, Docteur Chef de service, Centre hospitalier Felix Guyon (La Réunion) 1 Sommaire SOMMAIRE ............................................................................................................................................................................. 2 LISTE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 LISTE DES TABLEAUX ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................ 6 RESUME ................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................................................. 8 MOTS CLES............................................................................................................................................................................. 9 I- INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................ 11 II- CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE ET CULTUREL A MADAGASCAR ............................................................................ 14 A- HISTOIRE DU PEUPLEMENT DE LA GRANDE ILE ................................................................................................................. 14 1- Origine des peuplements ............................................................................................................................................. 14 2- Influences Arabo-islamique........................................................................................................................................ 20 3- Impact de ces échanges à Madagascar ....................................................................................................................... 22 B- HISTOIRE DU SUD-EST DE MADAGASCAR – VOYAGE EN PAYS ANTEMORO ........................................................................ 26 1- Les groupes Islamisés et la tradition orale ................................................................................................................. 26 2- Entre mythes et réalité ................................................................................................................................................ 29 C- LE ROYAUME ANTEMORO ................................................................................................................................................. 32 1- La société Antemoro : une ancienne société de castes ............................................................................................... 32 2- Histoire du Royaume Antemoro ................................................................................................................................. 36 3- Traces culturelles arabo-islamiques ........................................................................................................................... 37 4- Structure des villages .................................................................................................................................................. 39 III- CONTEXTE ANTHROPOBIOLOGIQUE A MADAGASCAR ................................................................................. 40 A- GENETIQUE DES POPULATIONS ET MARQUEURS MOLECULAIRES....................................................................................... 40 1- Les immunoglobulines G ............................................................................................................................................ 41 2- Le chromosome Y ........................................................................................................................................................ 42 3- L’ADN mitochondrial ................................................................................................................................................. 43 B- ETAT DE LA RECHERCHE ANTHROPOBIOLOGIQUE A MADAGASCAR .................................................................................. 45 IV- ETUDE PRELIMINAIRE ............................................................................................................................................... 46 A- ANALYSE DU SYSTEME GM DE TROIS POPULATIONS DU SUD DE MADAGASCAR ................................................................. 46 1- Matériels et méthodes.................................................................................................................................................. 47 2- Résultats ...................................................................................................................................................................... 50 3- Discussion ................................................................................................................................................................... 55 B- OBJECTIF DE NOTRE ETUDE ............................................................................................................................................... 56 V- LES ANTEMORO : ETUDE ANTHROPOBIOLOGIQUE ........................................................................................ 57 A- MISSION DE TERRAIN ......................................................................................................................................................... 57 1- Questions d’éthiques et choix du type de prélèvement ............................................................................................... 57 2- Sélection des villages ................................................................................................................................................... 58 3- Sélection des individus et problèmes rencontrés ........................................................................................................ 59 B- METHODES ......................................................................................................................................................................... 59 1- Analyses en laboratoire ............................................................................................................................................... 59 2- Méthodes d’analyses des données ............................................................................................................................... 63 C- RESULTATS ET DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................................ 65 1- Lignées paternelles ...................................................................................................................................................... 66 2- Lignée maternelles ...................................................................................................................................................... 75 D- DISCUSSION GENERALE .....................................................................................................................................................
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