Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS AI – abbreviation for Artificial intelligence - is a general term that implies the use of machines to model and/or reproduce intelligent behavior. Progress in AI focuses on the development and analysis of algorithms that are used to create intelligent behavior (ideally) without human intervention. Robotics is a branch of AI. It covers fields such as Electrical Engineer, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science which stand for designing, construction, and application of robots. The scene for Artificial Intelligence to take part in robotics is that computers can solve problems only with a certain input. So, what researches do, is that they provide the robots with training data set and different inputs and leave it to their Artificial Intelligence compare the given input with the training data set and decide what path to take. In this way computers can take their own decisions. A perfect example is the Alpha Go. Another interesting feature Artificial Intelligence is trying to gain is the ability to learn. If a robot remembers positive cases of their actions, they can replicate the same moves, the same actions when they are faced later with the same situation. However, this mode is not yet improved. Research needs to be made. What Artificial Intelligence conducted in robotics is trying to reach, is the ability to understand natural intelligence. The complexities of human brain make it extremely hard to construct a better approach to it. However, the aim is real. REFERENCES : https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence/artificial_intelligence_robotics.htm http://science.howstuffworks.com/robot6.htm Raised Questions: 1) What other field can be integrated so that more progress to be made in AI and Robotics? 2) Should researchers go for studying AI or natural intelligence first? 3) Can it have harmful affects ? .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

How to Start a Robotics Company REPORT
REPORT How to Start a Robotics Company TABLE OF CONTENTS FIRST, IDENTIFY A MARKET NEXT, BUILD A TEAM CRACKING THE VC CODE UP AND RUNNING FINAL WORDS OF ADVICE WHY ARE ROBOTICS COMPANIES DYING? roboticsbusinessreview.com 2 HOW TO START A ROBOTICS COMPANY Building robots are hard; building robot companies are even harder. Here are some tips and advice from those who’ve done it. By Neal Weinberg By all measures, there’s never been a better time to start a robotics About the author: company. Worldwide spending on robotics systems and drones will total $115.7 Neal Weinberg billion in 2019, an increase of 17.6% over 2018, according to IDC. By 2022, is a freelance IDC expects robotics-related spending to reach $210.3 billion, with a technology writer and editor, with compound annual growth rate of 20.2%. experience as Venture capital is flowing like it’s 1999 all over again. According to the a technology PwC/CB Insight MoneyTree Report for 2018, VC funding in the U.S. jumped business writer to $99.5 billion, the highest yearly funding level since the dotcom boom. for daily news- In the category of AI-related companies, which includes robotics, startups papers, and as a writer and editor raised $9.3 billion in 2018, a 72% increase compared to 2017. Nuro, a for technology Silicon Valley startup that is piloting a driverless delivery robot vehicle, publications such announced in February that it successfully raised an astounding $940 as Computer- million from SoftBank. world and Net- Stocks in robotics and AI are hot commodities.
[Show full text]
Claytronics - a Synthetic Reality D.Abhishekh, B.Ramakantha Reddy, Y.Vijaya Kumar, A.Basi Reddy
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 3, March‐2013 ISSN 2229‐5518 Claytronics - A Synthetic Reality D.Abhishekh, B.Ramakantha Reddy, Y.Vijaya Kumar, A.Basi Reddy, Abstract— "Claytronics" is an emerging field of electronics concerning reconfigurable nanoscale robots ('claytronic atoms', or catoms) designed to form much larger scale machines or mechanisms. Also known as "programmable matter", the catoms will be sub-millimeter computers that will eventually have the ability to move around, communicate with each others, change color, and electrostatically connect to other catoms to form different shapes. Claytronics technology is currently being researched by Professor Seth Goldstein and Professor Todd C. Mowry at Carnegie Mellon University, which is where the term was coined. According to Carnegie Mellon's Synthetic Reality Project personnel, claytronics are described as "An ensemble of material that contains sufficient local computation, actuation, storage, energy, sensing, and communication" which can be programmed to form interesting dynamic shapes and configurations. Index Terms— programmable matter, nanoscale robots, catoms, atoms, electrostatically, LED, LATCH —————————— —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION magine the concept of "programmable matter" -- micro- or which are ringed by several electromagnets are able to move I nano-scale devices which can combine to form the shapes of around each other to form a variety of shapes. Containing ru- physical objects, reassembling themselves as we needed. An dimentary processors and drawing electricity from a board that ensemble of material called catoms that contains sufficient local they rest upon. So far only four catoms have been operated to- computation, actuation, storage, energy, sensing & communica- gether. The plan though is to have thousands of them moving tion which can be programmed to form interesting dynamic around each other to form whatever shape is desired and to shapes and configurations.
[Show full text]
Control in Robotics
Control in Robotics Mark W. Spong and Masayuki Fujita Introduction The interplay between robotics and control theory has a rich history extending back over half a century. We begin this section of the report by briefly reviewing the history of this interplay, focusing on fundamentals—how control theory has enabled solutions to fundamental problems in robotics and how problems in robotics have motivated the development of new control theory. We focus primarily on the early years, as the importance of new results often takes considerable time to be fully appreciated and to have an impact on practical applications. Progress in robotics has been especially rapid in the last decade or two, and the future continues to look bright. Robotics was dominated early on by the machine tool industry. As such, the early philosophy in the design of robots was to design mechanisms to be as stiff as possible with each axis (joint) controlled independently as a single-input/single-output (SISO) linear system. Point-to-point control enabled simple tasks such as materials transfer and spot welding. Continuous-path tracking enabled more complex tasks such as arc welding and spray painting. Sensing of the external environment was limited or nonexistent. Consideration of more advanced tasks such as assembly required regulation of contact forces and moments. Higher speed operation and higher payload-to-weight ratios required an increased understanding of the complex, interconnected nonlinear dynamics of robots. This requirement motivated the development of new theoretical results in nonlinear, robust, and adaptive control, which in turn enabled more sophisticated applications. Today, robot control systems are highly advanced with integrated force and vision systems.
[Show full text]
2.1: What Is Robotics? a Robot Is a Programmable Mechanical Device
2.1: What is Robotics? A robot is a programmable mechanical device that can perform tasks and interact with its environment, without the aid of human interaction. Robotics is the science and technology behind the design, manufacturing and application of robots. The word robot was coined by the Czech playwright Karel Capek in 1921. He wrote a play called “Rossum's Universal Robots” that was about a slave class of manufactured human-like servants and their struggle for freedom. The Czech word robota loosely means "compulsive servitude.” The word robotics was first used by the famous science fiction writer, Isaac Asimov, in 1941. 2.1: What is Robotics? Basic Components of a Robot The components of a robot are the body/frame, control system, manipulators, and drivetrain. Body/frame: The body or frame can be of any shape and size. Essentially, the body/frame provides the structure of the robot. Most people are comfortable with human-sized and shaped robots that they have seen in movies, but the majority of actual robots look nothing like humans. Typically, robots are designed more for function than appearance. Control System: The control system of a robot is equivalent to the central nervous system of a human. It coordinates and controls all aspects of the robot. Sensors provide feedback based on the robot’s surroundings, which is then sent to the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU filters this information through the robot’s programming and makes decisions based on logic. The same can be done with a variety of inputs or human commands.
[Show full text]
History of Robotics: Timeline
History of Robotics: Timeline This history of robotics is intertwined with the histories of technology, science and the basic principle of progress. Technology used in computing, electricity, even pneumatics and hydraulics can all be considered a part of the history of robotics. The timeline presented is therefore far from complete. Robotics currently represents one of mankind’s greatest accomplishments and is the single greatest attempt of mankind to produce an artificial, sentient being. It is only in recent years that manufacturers are making robotics increasingly available and attainable to the general public. The focus of this timeline is to provide the reader with a general overview of robotics (with a focus more on mobile robots) and to give an appreciation for the inventors and innovators in this field who have helped robotics to become what it is today. RobotShop Distribution Inc., 2008 www.robotshop.ca www.robotshop.us Greek Times Some historians affirm that Talos, a giant creature written about in ancient greek literature, was a creature (either a man or a bull) made of bronze, given by Zeus to Europa. [6] According to one version of the myths he was created in Sardinia by Hephaestus on Zeus' command, who gave him to the Cretan king Minos. In another version Talos came to Crete with Zeus to watch over his love Europa, and Minos received him as a gift from her. There are suppositions that his name Talos in the old Cretan language meant the "Sun" and that Zeus was known in Crete by the similar name of Zeus Tallaios.
[Show full text]
Chapter 4 China's High-Tech Development
CHAPTER 4 CHINA’S HIGH-TECH DEVELOPMENT SECTION 1: CHINA’S PURSUIT OF DOMINANCE IN COMPUTING, ROBOTICS, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Key Findings • China has laid out an ambitious whole-of-government plan to achieve dominance in advanced technology. This state-led ap- proach utilizes government financing and regulations, high market access and investment barriers for foreign firms, over- seas acquisitions and talent recruitment, and, in some cases, industrial espionage to create globally competitive firms. • China’s close integration of civilian and military technology de- velopment raises concerns that technology, expertise, and intel- lectual property shared by U.S. firms with Chinese commercial partners could be transferred to China’s military. • Artificialintelligence: China—led by Baidu—is now on par with the United States in artificial intelligence due in part to robust Chinese government support, establishment of research insti- tutes in the United States, recruitment of U.S.-based talent, investment in U.S. artificial intelligence-related startups and firms, and commercial and academic partnerships. • Quantum information science: China has closed the technolog- ical gap with the United States in quantum information sci- ence—a sector the United States has long dominated—due to a concerted strategy by the Chinese government and inconsistent and unstable levels of R&D funding and limited government coordination by the United States. • High performance computing: Through multilevel government support, China now has the world’s two fastest supercomputers and is on track to surpass the United States in the next gener- ation of supercomputers—exascale computers—with an expect- ed rollout by 2020 compared to the accelerated U.S.
[Show full text]
Three Dimensional Stochastic Reconfiguration of Modular Robots
Three Dimensional Stochastic Reconfiguration of Modular Robots Paul White∗†, Victor Zykov†, Josh Bongard†, and Hod Lipson† †Computational Synthesis Laboratory Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Email: [vz25 | josh.bongard | hod.lipson]@cornell.edu ∗Lockheed Martin Corporation, King of Prussia, PA 19406 Email: [email protected] Abstract— Here we introduce one simulated and two physical prototypes of Molecules [6][7], modules that have a pair of three-dimensional stochastic modular robot systems, all capable two degree-of-freedom atoms and can successfully form 3D of self-assembly and self-reconfiguration. We assume that indi- shapes. Murata et al originally developed the Fracta robot vidual units can only draw power when attached to the growing structure, and have no means of actuation. Instead they are system [8][9], which can reconfigure by rotating units about subject to random motion induced by the surrounding medium each other. Tomita et al [10] have since extended this work when unattached. We present a simulation environment with a to a system in which modules can climb over one another, flexible scripting language that allows for parallel and serial self- and Yoshida et al [11] have developed a miniaturized self- assembly and self-reconfiguration processes. We explore factors reconfigurable robot. Ichikawa et al [12] have demonstrated that govern the rate of assembly and reconfiguration, and show that self-reconfiguration can be exploited to accelerate a collective robotics system in which individual robots can the assembly of a particular shape, as compared with static attach and detach from each other to form variable multi- self-assembly. We then demonstrate the ability of two different robot structures.
[Show full text]
CLAYTRONICS Subtitle]
[Type the document CLAYTRONICS subtitle] By- Index 1. Introduction 2 2. Major Goals 3 3. Programmable Matter 4 4. Synthetic reality 7 5. Ensemble Principle 7 6. C-Atoms 8 7. Pario 9 8. Algorithms 10 9. Scaling and Designing of C-atoms 12 10. Hardware 13 11. Software 15 12. Application of Claytronics 16 13. Summary 17 14. Bibliography 18 Page | 1 CLAYTRONICS INTRODUCTION: In the past 50 years, computers have shrunk from room-size mainframes to lightweight handhelds. This fantastic miniaturization is primarily the result of high-volume Nano scale manufacturing. While this technology has predominantly been applied to logic and memory, it’s now being used to create advanced micro-electromechanical systems using both top-down and bottom-up processes. One possible outcome of continued progress in high-volume Nano scale assembly is the ability to inexpensively produce millimeter-scale units that integrate computing, sensing, actuation, and locomotion mechanisms. A collection of such units can be viewed as a form of programmable matter. Claytronics is an abstract future concept that combines Nano scale robotics and computer science to create individual nanometer-scale computers called claytronic atoms, or catoms, which can interact with each other to form tangible 3-D objects that a user can interact with. This idea is more broadly referred to as programmable matter. Claytronics is a form a programmable matter that takes the concept of modular robots to a new extreme. The concept of modular robots has been around for some time. Previous approaches to modular robotics sought to create an ensemble of tens or even hundreds of small autonomous robots which could, through coordination, achieve a global effect not possible by any single unit.
[Show full text]
A Powered Exoskeleton for Complete Paraplegics
applied sciences Article A User Interface System with See-Through Display for WalkON Suit: A Powered Exoskeleton for Complete Paraplegics Hyunjin Choi 1,2,* , Byeonghun Na 1, Jangmok Lee 1 and Kyoungchul Kong 1,2 1 Angel Robotics Co. Ltd., 3 Seogangdae-gil, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04111, Korea; [email protected] (B.N.); [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (K.K.) 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +82-70-7601-0174 Received: 18 October 2018; Accepted: 14 November 2018; Published: 19 November 2018 Abstract: In the development of powered exoskeletons for paraplegics due to complete spinal cord injury, a convenient and reliable user-interface (UI) is one of the mandatory requirements. In most of such robots, a user (i.e., the complete paraplegic wearing a powered exoskeleton) may not be able to avoid using crutches for safety reasons. As both the sensory and motor functions of the paralyzed legs are impaired, the users should frequently check the feet positions to ensure the proper ground contact. Therefore, the UI of powered exoskeletons should be designed such that it is easy to be controlled while using crutches and to monitor the operation state without any obstruction of sight. In this paper, a UI system of the WalkON Suit, a powered exoskeleton for complete paraplegics, is introduced. The proposed UI system consists of see-through display (STD) glasses and a display and tact switches installed on a crutch for the user to control motion modes and the walking speed.
[Show full text]
The Rise of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and the Changing Workforce Landscape
Employees: An endangered species? The rise of robotics, artificial intelligence, and the changing workforce landscape February 2016 kpmg.com/uk Introduction Are you ready for a world in which three out of 10 corporate jobs are done by a robot? Where digital talent is so scarce that you may need to compete with Amazon and Google to get it? This is not a hypothesis on the distant horizon. It could be the reality in just 10 years. And it’s already starting to happen. That’s because automation is rapidly becoming more intelligent and affordable, while the global supply of talent is getting smaller and more expensive. These changes are spawning new considerations in corporate operations, labor markets, and economies around the world. What are you doing to prepare? What is your digital strategy? Inside, KPMG experts explore the changing tides, the rise of robotics, and how to respond. © 2016 KPMG LLP, a UK limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. Contents The cognitive revolution 2 Robotic advancements 3 Replacing humans? 5 Demographics and robotics 6 A dearth of digital skills? 7 A changing employment landscape 6 Six considerations on the road to cognitive automation 8 Preparing for the rise of the machines 12 About KPMG 13 © 2016 KPMG LLP, a UK limited liability partnership and a member firm of the KPMG network of Employees: An endangered species? independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity.
[Show full text]
Using Modular Self-Reconfiguring Robots for Locomotion
Using Modular Self-reconfiguring Robots for Locomotion Keith Kotay, Daniela Rus, Marsette Vona Department of Computer Science Dartmouth Hanover NH 03755, USA frus,kotay,[email protected] Abstract: We discuss the applications of modular self-reconfigurable robots to navigation. We show that greedy algorithms are complete for motion planning over a class of modular reconfigurable robots. We illus- trate the application of this result on two self-reconfigurable robot systems we designed and built in our lab: the robotic molecule and the atom. We describe the modules and our locomotion experiments. 1. Introduction Self-reconfiguring robots have the ability to adapt to the operating environment and the required functionality by changing shape. They consist of a set of identical robotic modules that can autonomously and dynamically change their aggregate geometric structure to suit different locomotion, manipulation, and sensing tasks. A primary design goal for a self-reconfiguring robot is to allow the robot to assume any geometric shape. For example, a self-reconfiguring robot system could self-organize as a snake shape to pass through a narrow tunnel and reorganize as a multi-legged walker upon exit to traverse rough terrain. Self-reconfiguring robots are suited for a range of applications that require the geometric modification of a part and are characterized by incomplete a priori task knowledge. Such a robot could match its geometric structure to the shape of the surrounding terrain for versatile locomotion. This can be achieved by requiring the robot to metamorphose from one shape to another to best match the shape of the terrain in a statically stable gait, as illustrated in Figure 1.
[Show full text]
Collaborative Robot Technology and Applications
Collaborative Robot Technology and Applications Mike Beaupre KUKA Robotics Collaborative Robots Introduction What is Collaboration? Definition of collaboration: Collaboration noun Syllabification: col·lab·o·ra·tion Pronunciation: [kuh-lab-uh-rey-shuhn] • The action of working with someone to produce or create something • Working with others to do a task and to achieve shared goals. • Flexibility is an essential element of collaboration. Source: Wikipedia Early Collaboration Ideas 1966 - Unimate robot demonstrated on the Tonight Show Source: Robot Magazine www.botmag.com Early Collaboration Ideas 1967 - Unimate robot on display at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles Source: Photo by Frank Q. Brown / Los Angeles Times Archive, UCLA Definitions & Terms Collaborative Robot – a robot specifically designed for direct interaction with a human within a defined collaborative workspace Collaborative Workspace - safeguarded space where the robot and a human can perform tasks simultaneously during automatic operation Collaborative Operation (Human-Robot Interaction) - state in which purpose designed robots can safety work in direct cooperation with a human within a defined workspace Intelligent Assist Device (IAD) is a Smart lift assist device, generally not incorporating an autonomous operation mode Cobot - an abbreviation of Collaborative Robot and also synonymous with Intelligent Assist Device Benefits of HRC • Robots excel at simple, repetitive handling tasks. • Humans, on the other hand, have unique cognitive skills for understanding and adapting to any changes in the task. • The combination of humans and robots can greatly improve performance, as long as the work is optimally shared. • Human-robot collaboration allows for various levels of automation and human intervention. Tasks can be partially automated if a fully automated solution is not economical or too complex.
[Show full text]