DOCSLIB.ORG

Implications of Using Different Metrics for Niche Analysis in Ecological Communities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Implications of Using Different Metrics for Niche Analysis in Ecological Communities Vol. 630: 1–12, 2019 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published November 7 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13154 Mar Ecol Prog Ser OPENPEN FEATURE ARTICLE ACCESSCCESS Implications of using different metrics for niche analysis in ecological communities Adam Gouraguine1,*, Carlos J. Melián2, Olga Reñones3, Hilmar Hinz4, Heather Baxter5, Luis Cardona6, Joan Moranta3 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK 2Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland 3Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears, Ecosystem Oceanography Group (GRECO), Moll de Ponent sn, 07015 Palma, Spain 4Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Spain 5School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK 6IRBio and Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT: Explaining the mechanisms driving niche partitioning among species is of great impor- tance in ecology. Unlike the fundamental niche, a species’ realised niche can only be measured in situ, as a result of biotic and abiotic interactions defining its size. Following current methodology, the realised niche of a species is often influenced by the rare and divergent individuals of the community sampled. In this study, using fish on coral and temperate reefs as an example, behavioural empirical data were col- lected to estimate realised niche sizes and niche overlaps. Niche measurements were made using the total area of the convex hull (TA), but as an alterna- tive, a metric not as strongly influenced by sample size, standard ellipse area (SEA), was also used. A comprehensive description is given, and context- Two fish species from the temperate reef community stud- dependent pros and cons of using both metrics are ied, East Atlantic peacock wrasse Symphodus tinca (fore - discussed. Additionally, an alternative sample size ground) and common two-banded seabream Diplodus vul- correction was presented for both metrics. The analy- garis (background). ses re vealed large differences in the sizes of realised Photo: Adam Gouraguine niches and their overlaps between species depend- ing on the measurement metric used. Regardless of the species, niche size and overlap were always KEY WORDS: Realised niche · Niche variability · larger for TA than SEA. Increasing sample size re - Standard ellipse area · Total area of the convex hull · duced niche size variability for both TA and SEA, but Algal reefs · Coral reefs · Teleostei the variation was always smaller for SEA than TA. We successfully adapted the SEA metric for analysis of behavioural niche components and demonstrated that measuring niche sizes using the 2 metrics, each 1. INTRODUCTION with their own strengths and weaknesses, can pro- duce contradictory results, the ecological conse- A species’ niche can be described as an n-dimen- quences of which are likely to be important. sional hyperspace, partitioned into environmental and trophic (resource) components representing the © The authors 2019. Open Access under Creative Commons by *Corresponding author: [email protected] Attribution Licence. Use, distribution and reproduction are un - restricted. Authors and original publication must be credited. Publisher: Inter-Research · www.int-res.com 2 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 630: 1–12, 2019 ecosystem (Hutchinson 1957). The fundamental niche In this study, using continuously recorded behav- is defined as the space a species occupies resulting ioural data, estimates were made of RN sizes and niche from the combination of physiological and behav- overlaps between the TA and SEA metrics for several ioural characteristics in the absence of intra- and abundant fish species with different life histories oc - inter-specific competition, when a species potentially curring in 2 distinct systems. Continuous observation occupies the space along all the axes of the ecosys- allows for identification of behaviours of interest and tem (Connell 1961, Begon et al. 2006). The presence associated habitats, followed by quantification and of dominant competitors and predation pressure comparison of behaviour expression and habitat use. along the ecosystem axes prevents the species from Consequently, multiple functional traits, rather than fully exploiting the entire ecosystem, so the con- a single trait (e.g. diet), can be considered to deter- strained space actually occupied by the species under mine species’ niches and their overlaps (Bellwood et these effects represents the realised niche (hereafter, al. 2004, Adam et al. 2015a). Using multiple func- RN) (Hutchinson 1957, Whittaker et al. 1973, Devic- tional traits allows for better estimates of comple- tor et al. 2010). To measure any dimension of the RN, mentarity and redundancy between species, as it is an interaction of the specific acting agents must be possible that species that appear to be functionally considered. Accordingly, RNs can only be assessed redundant based on a single trait can exhibit differ- using data collected in situ, where restricting agents ent levels of complementarity or redundancy when are operating. Unfortunately, there is a notable lack multiple functional traits are considered (Cadotte et of empirical studies encompassing field measure- al. 2011, Adam et al. 2015b). Further, use of abundant ments to determine species’ RNs across communities and life-history-diverse species aids in better repre- (Hooper et al. 2005, Tingley et al. 2014). sentation of the assemblage (numerically and behav- Furthermore, despite the existence of several simi- iourally), while sampling distinct systems allows for lar metrics, one of the common problems in the analy- subsequent observation of common patterns across sis of a RN is the calculation of its volume and amount systems. Accordingly, niche overlaps were compared of overlap between different species. Currently, RN by measuring the TA of each species, but as an alter- is most commonly calculated as the total area of the native, a metric based on SEA was also used. An convex hull (TA), where measurements tend to be attempt was made to give a comprehensive compari- char acterised by the individuals with the most ex - son of measurement-method-dependent differences treme positions within the sample (Jackson et al. in RN sizes, highlighting the importance of previ- 2011). The niche sizes obtained using this method ously unknown properties of different metrics for RN are generally influenced by a small number of diver- measurements, and demonstrating how past and gent individuals within the population, and thus meas- future findings could be altered. To address the issue uring the TA takes into consideration intraspecific var- of adequate sample sizes commonly encountered in iability. More recently, a different metric based on the ecological studies, an alternative sample size correc- measurement of the standard ellipse area (SEA) has tion was presented for both metrics, the pros and been proposed. To date, the SEA metric has only cons of both were discussed and recommendations been discussed for calculations of isotopic niche over- for their future use in ecological studies were made. laps (Jackson et al. 2011, Syväranta et al. 2013) but it could also be used for analysis of other components of the niche, to provide ecologically relevant infor- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS mation about the individual, population or commu- nity (Bearhop et al. 2004). The use of SEA has been Field-based observations were conducted to meas- proposed mainly because it is not as strongly influ- ure RNs and their overlaps for several fish species on enced by sample size as the TA method. The SEA tropical coral- and temperate algal-dominated rocky represents the mean niche values of the community reefs. in question (Jackson et al. 2011). This method does not emphasise the importance of within-species indi- vidual variability and likely represents the niche 2.1. Sampling habitats and fish behaviours space delimited by the most frequent traits character- ising the individuals sampled. As such, the SEA niche Sampling took place on the coral reefs around measurement method represents the niche of the Curieuse Island of the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean majority of the individuals within the population, but and on the algal-covered rocky reefs off the western not the divergent individuals. coast of Mallorca Island in the Mediterranean Sea, in Gouraguine et al.: Niche analysis using different metrics 3 April and June of 2015, respectively (Fig. 1). In both ble and sand for the Seychelles and Posidonia ocean- locations, 8 different sites were sampled, each sepa- ica, erect, filamentous and turf algae, rock, rubble rated by a minimum distance of 500 m. and sand for Mallorca. On the coral reefs, data collection was conducted Based on the data from the visual censuses, the most between 1 and 12.5 m depth, while on the algal- abundant families were subsequently identified. To re - covered rocky reefs the sampling depth was between present a large (numerical abundance) and a diverse 1 and 15 m. At each site the fish community and habi- part of the assemblage (varied resource and habitat tat composition were initially assessed by underwa- use), the most commonly occurring species within the ter visual census (Harmelin-Vivien
Load more

Recommended publications
  • First Quantitative Ecological Study of the Hin Pae Pinnacle, Mu Ko Chumphon, Thailand
    Ramkhamhaeng International Journal of Science and Technology (2020) 3(3): 37-45 ORIGINAL PAPER First quantitative ecological study of the Hin Pae pinnacle, Mu Ko Chumphon, Thailand Makamas Sutthacheepa*, Sittiporn Pengsakuna, Supphakarn Phoaduanga, Siriluck Rongprakhona , Chainarong Ruengthongb, Supawadee Hamaneec, Thamasak Yeemina, a Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Huamark, Bangkok, Thailand b Chumphon Marine National Park Operation Center 1, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Chumphon Province, Thailand c School of Business Administration, Sripatum University, Jatujak, Bangkok *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 21 August 2020 / Revised: 21 September 2020 / Accepted: 1 October 2020 Abstract. The Western Gulf of Thailand holds a rich set protection. These ecosystems also play significant of coral reef communities, especially at the islands of Mu roles in the Gulf of Thailand regarding public Ko Chumphon Marine National Park, being of great importance to Thailand’s biodiversity and economy due awareness of coastal resources conservation to its touristic potential. The goal of this study was to (Cesar, 2000; Yeemin et al., 2006; Wilkinson, provide a first insight on the reef community of Hin Pae, 2008). Consequently, coral reefs hold significant a pinnacle located 20km off the shore of Chumphon benefits to the socioeconomic development in Province, a known SCUBA diving site with the potential Thailand. to become a popular tourist destination. The survey was conducted during May 2019, when a 100m transect was used to characterize the habitat. Hin Pae holds a rich reef Chumphon Province has several marine tourism community with seven different coral taxa, seven hotspots, such as the islands in Mu Ko Chumphon invertebrates, and 44 fish species registered to the National Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Partitioning No-Take Marine Reserve (NTMR) and Benthic Habitat Effects on Density of Small and Large-Bodied Tropical Wrasses
    Partitioning no-take marine reserve (NTMR) and benthic habitat effects on density of small and large-bodied tropical wrasses Citation: Russ, Garry R., Lowe, Jake R., Rizzari, Justin R., Bergseth, Brock J. and Alcala, Angel C. 2017, Partitioning no-take marine reserve (NTMR) and benthic habitat effects on density of small and large-bodied tropical wrasses, PLoS One, vol. 12, no. 12 (e0188515), pp. 1-21. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188515 © 2017, The Authors Reproduced by Deakin University under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence Downloaded from DRO: http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30112406 DRO Deakin Research Online, Deakin University’s Research Repository Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B RESEARCH ARTICLE Partitioning no-take marine reserve (NTMR) and benthic habitat effects on density of small and large-bodied tropical wrasses Garry R. Russ1,2☯, Jake R. Lowe1☯*, Justin R. Rizzari1,2,3, Brock J. Bergseth2, Angel C. Alcala4 1 College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 2 Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 3 Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 4 Silliman University Angelo King Center for a1111111111 Research and Environmental Management (SUAKCREM), Dumaguete City, Negros, Philippines a1111111111 a1111111111 ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract No-take marine reserves (NTMRs) are increasingly implemented for fisheries management OPEN ACCESS and biodiversity conservation. Yet, assessing NTMR effectiveness depends on partitioning Citation: Russ GR, Lowe JR, Rizzari JR, Bergseth the effects of NTMR protection and benthic habitat on protected species.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecomorphology of Feeding in Coral Reef Fishes
    Ecomorphology of Feeding in Coral Reef Fishes Peter C. Wainwright David R. Bellwood Center for Population Biology Centre for Coral Reef Biodiversity University of California at Davis School of Marine Biology and Aquaculture Davis, California 95616 James Cook University Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia I. Introduction fish biology. We have attempted to identify generalities, II. How Does Morphology Influence Ecology? the major patterns that seem to cut across phylogenetic III. The Biomechanical Basis of Feeding Performance and geographic boundaries. We begin by constructing IV. Ecological Consequences of Functional a rationale for how functional morphology can be used Morphology to enhance our insight into some long-standing eco- V. Prospectus logical questions. We then review the fundamental me- chanical issues associated with feeding in fishes, and the basic design features of the head that are involved in prey capture and prey processing. This sets the stage I. Introduction for a discussion of how the mechanical properties of fish feeding systems have been modified during reef fish di- nce an observer gets past the stunning coloration, versification. With this background, we consider some O surely no feature inspires wonder in coral reef of the major conclusions that have been drawn from fishes so much as their morphological diversity. From studies of reef fish feeding ecomorphology. Because of large-mouthed groupers, to beaked parrotfish, barbeled space constraints we discuss only briefly the role of goatfish, long-snouted trumpet fish, snaggle-toothed sensory modalities--vision, olfaction, electroreception, tusk fish, tube-mouthed planktivores, and fat-lipped and hearingmbut these are also significant and diverse sweet lips, coral reef fishes display a dazzling array elements of the feeding arsenal of coral reef fishes and of feeding structures.
    [Show full text]
  • 50 CFR Ch. VI (10–1–14 Edition) § 665.102
    § 665.102 50 CFR Ch. VI (10–1–14 Edition) § 665.102 [Reserved] § 665.105 At-sea observer coverage. All fishing vessels subject to §§ 665.100 § 665.103 Prohibitions. through 665.105 must carry an observer In addition to the general prohibi- when directed to do so by the Regional tions specified in § 600.725 of this chap- Administrator. ter and § 665.15, it is unlawful for any person to fish for American Samoa §§ 665.106–665.119 [Reserved] bottomfish MUS using gear prohibited under § 665.104. § 665.120 American Samoa coral reef ecosystem fisheries. [Reserved] § 665.104 Gear restrictions. § 665.121 Definitions. (a) Bottom trawls and bottom set As used in §§ 665.120 through 665.139: gillnets. Fishing for American Samoa American Samoa coral reef ecosystem bottomfish MUS with bottom trawls management unit species (American and bottom set gillnets is prohibited. Samoa coral reef ecosystem MUS) means (b) Possession of gear. The possession all of the Currently Harvested Coral of a bottom trawl or bottom set gillnet Reef Taxa and Potentially Harvested within the American Samoa fishery Coral Reef Taxa listed in this section management area is prohibited. and which spend the majority of their (c) Poisons and explosives. The posses- non-pelagic (post-settlement) life sion or use of any poisons, explosives, stages within waters less than or equal or intoxicating substances for the pur- to 50 fathoms in total depth. pose of harvesting bottomfish is pro- American Samoa Currently Har- hibited. vested Coral Reef Taxa: Family name Samoan name English common name Scientific name Acanthuridae (Surgeonfishes) afinamea ...............................
    [Show full text]
  • Cleaner Fish Labroides Dimidiatus Reduce'temporary'parasitic
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 234: 247–255, 2002 Published June 3 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus reduce ‘temporary’ parasitic corallanid isopods on the coral reef fish Hemigymnus melapterus A. S. Grutter1,*, R. J. G. Lester2 1Department of Zoology and Entomology and 2Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia ABSTRACT: To determine if cleaners affect ‘temporary’ parasitic corallanid isopods (Argathona macronema) on fish, we used caged fish Hemigymnus melapterus (Labridae) on 5 patch reefs on Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, and removed all cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus (Labridae) from 3 of the reefs. In a short-term experiment, fish were sampled after 12 or 24 h, at dawn and sunset respectively, and in a long-term experiment they were sampled after 12 d at sunset. Isopod prevalence, abundance and size were measured. In the short-term experiment, on reefs without cleaners the prevalence of A. macronema was higher after 24 h than after 12 h while on reefs with cleaners, prevalence was low at all times. Although the abundance of A. macronema did not vary after 12 and 24 h, when combined over the 24 h, the effect of cleaners was significant with only 2% of all the A. macronema found on reefs with cleaners. Cleaners had no effect on the size frequency distribution of A. macronema in the short-term experiment, most likely because fish had so few isopods on reef with cleaners. In the longer-term experiment, the effects of cleaners on isopod prevalence and abundance were less clear.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryptobenthic Fish As Clients of French Angelfish Pomacanthus Paru (Pomacanthidae) During Cleaning Behaviour Cláudio L
    Sampaio et al. Marine Biodiversity Records (2017) 10:8 DOI 10.1186/s41200-017-0109-y MARINERECORD Open Access Cryptobenthic fish as clients of french angelfish Pomacanthus paru (Pomacanthidae) during cleaning behaviour Cláudio L. S. Sampaio1, Miguel Loiola2,3, Liliana P. Colman6, Diego V. Medeiros7, Juan Pablo Quimbayo8, Ricardo J. Miranda2,4, José Amorim Reis-Filho2,4,5* and José de Anchieta C. C. Nunes2,4 Abstract The French angelfish Pomacanthus paru (Pomacanthidae) is recognised as an important cleaner in tropical reef environments, yet its clients remain relatively undescribed in the literature. Here, we report observations of their cleaning behaviour when interacting with different species of cryptobenthic fish clients. The study was conducted in Bahia state, northeast Brazil. In this region, French angelfish were seen cleaning four different species of cryptobenthic species, respectively, Coryphopterus glaucofraenum, Scorpaena plumieri, Labrisomus cricota,andScartella cristata.These records show the broad spectra of clients that cleaners interact with in coral reef systems, as well as give important insights into the poorly known cryptobenthic fishes habits and ecology. Keywords: Reef fish, Cleaner fish, Facultative cleaner, Tropical rocky shores, Brazil Introduction et al. 2005) species worldwide, the majority being facul- Cleaning symbiosis has been reported as one of the most tative cleaners. important interspecific interactions in reef environments In Brazilian coastal waters, there is only one species (Côté and Molloy 2003) and it contributes to increased known to act as an obligatory cleaner (the endemic bar- reef fish diversity in such systems (Grutter et al. 2003). ber goby Elacatinus figaro Sazima, Moura & Rosa 1997). Cleaner species can either be obligatory or facultative.
    [Show full text]
  • Monogenean Parasites of Fish 1 Peggy Reed, Ruth Francis-Floyd, Ruthellen Klinger, and Denise Petty2
    FA28 Monogenean Parasites of Fish 1 Peggy Reed, Ruth Francis-Floyd, RuthEllen Klinger, and Denise Petty2 Introduction of water, may increase the density of parasites on wild fish and consequently result in disease. In addition, the release Monogeneans are a class of parasitic flatworms that are of monogenean-infested fishes to the natural environment commonly found on fishes and lower aquatic invertebrates. can have potentially devastating effects. One example is the Most monogeneans are browsers that move about freely on movement of resistant Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from the fish’s body surface feeding on mucus and epithelial cells Sweden that is suspected to be the source of Gyrodactylus of the skin and gills; however, a few adult monogeneans will salaris that caused heavy losses of susceptible salmon in remain permanently attached to a single site on the host. Norwegian rivers. Another example is the introduction of Some monogenean species invade the rectal cavity, ureter, monogenean-infested stellate sturgeon Acipenser stellatus body cavity, and even the blood vascular system. Between from the Caspian Sea into Lake Aral that decimated the 4,000 and 5,000 species of monogeneans have been ship sturgeon Acipenser nudiventris population, which was described. They are found on fishes in fresh and salt water not resistant to the monogenean. and in a wide range of water temperatures. Morbidity and mortality epidemics caused by excessive Classification and Identification of parasite loads are not uncommon in captive fishes and Monogeneans have also occurred in wild fishes. Captive fishes are usually held in more crowded conditions than fishes in the natural Though the terms “monogenetic trematodes” and “flukes” environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding Ecology of the Fish Ectoparasite Gnathia Sp.(Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Great Barrier Reef, and Its Implications for Fish Cleaning Behaviour
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 259: 295–302, 2003 Published September 12 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Feeding ecology of the fish ectoparasite Gnathia sp. (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Great Barrier Reef, and its implications for fish cleaning behaviour Alexandra S. Grutter* Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia ABSTRACT: The feeding rate of a parasitic gnathiid isopod on fish was examined. Individual fish, Hemigymnus melapterus, were exposed to gnathiid larvae and sampled after 5, 10, 30, 60, and 240 min. I recorded whether larvae had an engorged gut, an engorged gut containing red material, or had dropped off the fish after having completed engorgement; variation among sampling times and larval stages was analyzed using generalized linear mixed model analyses. The likelihood that larvae had an engorged gut increased with time and varied with larval stage. First stage (<0.9 mm) and sec- ond stage (0.9 to 1.45 mm) larvae became engorged more quickly than third stage (>1.45 mm) larvae. After 30 min, however, most (>93%) larvae had an engorged gut regardless of their larval stage. The likelihood of red material in the gut of third stage larvae increased over time (46% after 30 min, 70% after 60 min, and 86% after 240 min) while that of first and second stage larvae remained relatively low (<27%) at all times. First and second stage larvae left the fish at a higher rate (approximately 23% after 30 min and 81% after 60 min) than third stage larvae (3% after 30 min and 26% after 60 min).
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Differences of Scales and Gill Rakers Used As a Taxonomic Character in Some Thick-Lip Fish Species (Family: Labridae), Red Sea, Egypt
    Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. ISSN 1110 – 6131 Vol. 23(1): 77 -91 (2019) www.ejabf.journals.ekb.eg Morphological differences of scales and gill rakers used as a taxonomic character in some thick-lip fish species (Family: Labridae), Red Sea, Egypt. Ahmad M. Azab; Hassan M. M. Khalaf-Allah and Moharam A. M. Afifi Marine Biology and Ichthyology Branch, Zool. Dept., Fac. Sci., Al-Azhar Univ., Cairo, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: The present study aimed to study the possibility of using the Received: Dec. 26, 2018 morphological features of scales and gill rakers as taxonomic characters in Accepted: Jan.23, 2019 some thick-lip fish species, Hemigymnus fasciatus and Hemigymnus Online: Jan. 30, 2019 melapterus. Fishes were collected from land fish market in Hurghada of _______________ Egyptian Red Sea, during the period from April 2016 to May 2017. The scales and the first gill arches of studied species were removed, stained and Keywords: examined. Hemigymnus fasciatus Scales of H. fasciatus and H. melapterus are mainly of cycloid type, Hemigymnus melapterus triangular shape and they don’t find on operculum (OOP) region. Scale Labridae margin is smooth in all regions in H. fasciatus, but it is convex in under Red Sea pectoral fins in H. melapterus. Scale focus has oval shape in H. fasciatus Morphology and elongated oval shape in H. melapterus. Separation line has reversed V Scales shape in all regions in first species and semi-striated shape in the caudal peduncle area in the second one.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecomorphology of the Eyes and Skull in Zooplanktivorous Labrid Fishes
    Coral Reefs (2011) 30:415–428 DOI 10.1007/s00338-010-0714-2 REPORT Ecomorphology of the eyes and skull in zooplanktivorous labrid fishes L. Schmitz • P. C. Wainwright Received: 7 August 2010 / Accepted: 19 December 2010 / Published online: 8 January 2011 Ó The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Zooplanktivory is one of the most distinct trophic Keywords Zooplanktivory Á Labrids Á Visual acuity Á niches in coral reef fishes, and a number of skull traits are Eyeball morphology Á Adaptation Á Coral reef fish widely recognized as being adaptations for feeding in mid- water on small planktonic prey. Previous studies have con- cluded that zooplanktivores have larger eyes for sharper Introduction visual acuity, reduced mouth structures to match small prey sizes, and longer gill rakers to help retain captured prey. We Zooplankton feeding is one of the most distinct and tested these three traditional hypotheses plus two novel repeatedly evolved trophic niches observed in reef fishes. adaptive hypotheses in labrids, a clade of very diverse coral While virtually all reef fish species begin life feeding on reef fishes that show multiple independent evolutionary ori- zooplankton, evolutionary transitions to this diet in the gins of zooplanktivory. Using phylogenetic comparative adult have occurred in at least 10 families of reef fish methods with a data set from 21 species, we failed to find making this a rich system for the study of convergent larger eyes in three independent transitions to zooplankti- evolution (Wainwright and Bellwood 2002). The shift to vory. Instead, an impression of large eyes may be caused by a midwater zooplanktivory is thought to generate specific size reduction of the anterior facial region.
    [Show full text]
  • Tonga SUMA Report
    BIOPHYSICALLY SPECIAL, UNIQUE MARINE AREAS OF TONGA EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT Marine and coastal ecosystems of the Pacific Ocean provide benefits for all people in and beyond the region. To better understand and improve the effective management of these values on the ground, Pacific Island Countries are increasingly building institutional and personal capacities for Blue Planning. But there is no need to reinvent the wheel, when learning from experiences of centuries of traditional management in Pacific Island Countries. Coupled with scientific approaches these experiences can strengthen effective management of the region’s rich natural capital, if lessons learnt are shared. The MACBIO project collaborates with national and regional stakeholders towards documenting effective approaches to sustainable marine resource management and conservation. The project encourages and supports stakeholders to share tried and tested concepts and instruments more widely throughout partner countries and the Oceania region. This report outlines the process undertaken to define and describe the special, unique marine areas of Tonga. These special, unique marine areas provide an important input to decisions about, for example, permits, licences, EIAs and where to place different types of marine protected areas, locally managed marine areas and Community Conservation Areas in Tonga. For a copy of all reports and communication material please visit www.macbio-pacific.info. MARINE ECOSYSTEM MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT SERVICE VALUATION BIOPHYSICALLY SPECIAL, UNIQUE MARINE AREAS OF TONGA AUTHORS: Ceccarelli DM1, Wendt H2, Matoto AL3, Fonua E3, Fernandes L2 SUGGESTED CITATION: Ceccarelli DM, Wendt H, Matoto AL, Fonua E and Fernandes L (2017) Biophysically special, unique marine areas of Tonga. MACBIO (GIZ, IUCN, SPREP), Suva.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Access to the Bluestreak Cleaner Wrasse Labroides Dimidiatus Affect Indicators of Stress and Health in Resident Reef fishes in the Red Sea?
    YHBEH-03121; No. of pages: 8; 4C: Hormones and Behavior xxx (2010) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Hormones and Behavior journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yhbeh Does access to the bluestreak cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus affect indicators of stress and health in resident reef fishes in the Red Sea? Albert F.H. Ros a,⁎, Jeanne Lusa a, Meghann Meyer a, Marta Soares a,b, Rui F. Oliveira b,c, Michel Brossard a, Redouan Bshary a a Department of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand, 11, 2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland b Unidade de Investigação em Eco-Etologia, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Portugal c Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Portugal article info abstract Article history: Interactions between the bluestreak cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus and its client reef fish are a textbook Received 25 July 2010 example of interspecific mutualism. The fact that clients actively visit cleaners and invite inspection, together Revised 31 October 2010 with evidence that cleaners eat many client ectoparasites per day, indeed strongly suggests a mutualistic Accepted 7 November 2010 relationship. What remains unknown is how parasite removal affects the physiology of clients and thereby Available online xxxx their body condition, health, and immune function. Here we addressed these issues in a field study in Ras Keywords: Mohammed National Park, Egypt. In our study area, small reef patches are inter-spaced with areas of sandy Coral reef fish substrate, thereby preventing many species (i.e., residents, including cleaner wrasses) from travelling Cleaning symbiosis between the reef patches. This habitat structure leads to a mosaic of resident clients with and without access Mutualism to bluestreak cleaner wrasses, further referred to as “cleaner access”, on which we focused our study.
    [Show full text]