DOCSLIB.ORG

Canterbury Christ Church University's Repository of Research Outputs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canterbury Christ Church University's Repository of Research Outputs Canterbury Christ Church University’s repository of research outputs http://create.canterbury.ac.uk Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. Jones, M. (2012) Enlightenment liberalism and the challenge of pluralism. Ph.D. thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University. Contact: [email protected] Enlightenment Liberalism and the Challenge of Pluralism by Matthew Jones Canterbury Christ Church University Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2012 Table of Contents Abstract 4 Acknowledgements 6 1. Introduction 7 1.1 Opening Context.................................................................................................................7 1.2 Research Question.......................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Definition of Key Terms................................................................................................ 17 1.3.1 Liberalism: Conceptual Discussion and Justificatory Arguments .......................18 1.3.2 The Challenge of Pluralism...................................................................................................35 1.4 Methodology..................................................................................................................... 42 1.5 Thesis Outline .................................................................................................................. 50 1.5.1 Part I...............................................................................................................................................51 1.5.2 Part II .............................................................................................................................................52 1.5.3 Part III............................................................................................................................................55 2. Enlightenment Liberalism 57 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 57 2.2 What is ‘The Enlightenment’? ..................................................................................... 58 2.3 The Enlightenment, or The Enlightenments?........................................................ 66 2.4 The Enlightenment View of Reason.......................................................................... 76 2.4.1 Isaiah Berlin................................................................................................................................77 2.4.2 Alasdair MacIntyre and the Enlightenment Project ..................................................79 2.4.3 John Gray and the Enlightenment Project .....................................................................83 2.4.4 Gerald Gaus and the Enlightenment View .....................................................................84 2.5 Moral Monism .................................................................................................................. 87 2.6 Marxism ............................................................................................................................. 94 2.7 Kant: Morality, Politics, and Political Association ............................................... 97 2.8 The Lockean Caveat .....................................................................................................113 3. Challenging the Political Legitimacy of Enlightenment Liberalism 118 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................118 3.2 The Romantic Challenge and the Superficiality of Atomistic Individualism ....................................................................................................................................................121 3.3 Nietzsche’s Enlightenment ........................................................................................131 3.4 The Communitarian Critique of Enlightenment Liberalism ..........................138 3.5 The Feminist Challenge ..............................................................................................161 4. Rawls’ Political Liberalism and the Departure from Kantian Normativity 180 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................180 4.2 Theoretical Foundations: A Theory of Justice ......................................................181 4.2.1 The Original Position and the Veil of Ignorance ......................................................187 4.3 Political Liberalism and the Problem of Political Legitimacy........................195 2 4.4 Embracing the Political: The Departure from Normative Metaphysics .....204 4.5 Reasonable Pluralism and Liberal Neutralism...................................................214 4.6 Liberal Neutralism .......................................................................................................215 4.7 Thin and Thick Pluralism...........................................................................................219 4.8 The Intolerance of Political Liberalism.................................................................226 5. Crowder’s Liberal Value Pluralism 229 5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................229 5.2 Berlinian Origins − The Hedgehog and the Fox..................................................230 5.3 Berlinian Value Pluralism..........................................................................................243 5.3.1 The existence of universal values...................................................................................244 5.3.2 The plurality of values.........................................................................................................248 5.3.3 The existence of conflicts among values .....................................................................252 5.3.4 The incommensurability of values.................................................................................254 5.4 A Berlinian Value Pluralism? ....................................................................................259 5.5 A Distinctly Liberal Value Pluralism?.....................................................................265 5.6 The Paradox of Crowder’s Liberal Pluralism ......................................................271 5.6.1 Autonomy and the Right to Exit ......................................................................................275 5.6.2 Autonomy‐Facilitating Liberal Education...................................................................285 5.6.3 Exclusion Through Restriction ........................................................................................287 6. Rorty’s Post­Foundational Liberalism 293 6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................293 6.2 Pragmatism and the Rejection of Truth................................................................294 6.3 Contingency: Neither Relativism or Universalism ............................................298 6.4 Conflict: Private Irony and Public Solidarity.......................................................304 6.5 Rorty’s Liberal Utopia: Reconciling Private Irony and Public Solidarity...320 6.6 The Anti­Political Nature of Rorty’s Liberal Utopia ..........................................333 7. Mouffe’s Radical Democratic Project 352 7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................352 7.2 Laclau and the Empty Universal ..............................................................................354 7.3 Mouffe and the Illusion of the Liberal Democratic Consensus ......................366 7.4 The Position of Pluralism within Agonistic Politics..........................................381 7.5 The Agonistic Distinction between ‘the Political’ and ‘Politics’ ....................384 7.6 Agonism: Perfection and Emancipation................................................................390 7.6.1 Perfectionist Agonism .........................................................................................................391 7.6.2 Emancipatory Agonism.......................................................................................................394 7.7 The Inclusive Nature of Radical Pluralism...........................................................399 8. Conclusion 410 8.1 Thesis Overview............................................................................................................410 8.2 Liberalism and the Denial of The Political ...........................................................415 8.3 Scope for Future Research.........................................................................................420
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Reflection on the Work of Stanley Hauerwas
    10_CARTER_CORRECTED (DO NOT DELETE) 11/19/2012 4:01 PM MUST LIBERALISM BE VIOLENT? A REFLECTION ON THE WORK OF STANLEY HAUERWAS STEPHEN L. CARTER* I INTRODUCTION My subject is the work of the theologian Stanley Hauerwas on violence and coercion. I shall argue that his views on the violence of war and his views on the violence of the liberal state are inextricably linked, and that the critique of liberalism that emerges from his thought actually does have—contrary to his own view—important implications for public policy. In order to appreciate his thinking on these matters, one must appreciate his starting point, which is not the starting point of the standard academic analysis—that is, he does not begin with liberalism. He begins (and he would say, ends) with Christianity. Not Christianity in the sense of Christendom but Christianity in the sense of church—the place to which Christians are called and through which their lives are constituted. And although Hauerwas certainly has some interest in what commands bind believers in general and Christians in particular (a point to which I will presently come), his larger concern is the creation and nurturing of people who believe that commands bind them—that people are in the first instance bundles not of rights and preferences (as liberalism would have it) but of duties. These duties, moreover, are not owed to each other, or to ideology or party, or to government or future generations or Mother Earth; they are owed to God. The notion that we are created by God, and owe duties first to God, is crucial to the conceptions of church and of society that motivate his work.
    [Show full text]
  • Title from Liberal Multiculturalism to Muscular Liberalism : Changes in The
    Title From liberal multiculturalism to muscular liberalism : changes in the official discourses of multiculturalism in Australia Sub Title Author 塩原, 良和(Shiobara, Yoshikazu) Publisher 慶應義塾大学法学研究会 Publication year 2020 Jtitle 法學研究 : 法律・政治・社会 (Journal of law, politics, and sociology). Vol.93, No.12 (2020. 12) ,p.394 (43)- 416 (21) Abstract Notes 大石裕教授退職記念号 Genre Journal Article URL https://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/detail.php?koara_id=AN00224504-2020122 8-0394 慶應義塾大学学術情報リポジトリ(KOARA)に掲載されているコンテンツの著作権は、それぞれの著作者、学会または出版社/発行者に帰属し、その権利は著作権法によって 保護されています。引用にあたっては、著作権法を遵守してご利用ください。 The copyrights of content available on the KeiO Associated Repository of Academic resources (KOARA) belong to the respective authors, academic societies, or publishers/issuers, and these rights are protected by the Japanese Copyright Act. When quoting the content, please follow the Japanese copyright act. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) 法学研究 93 巻 12 号（2020：12） From Liberal Multiculturalism to Muscular Liberalism: Changes in the Ofcial Discourses of Multiculturalism in Australia1） SHIOBARA, Yoshikazu Introduction Liberal Values: Alternating between “Sharing” and “Coercion” The Discursive Formation of Ofcial Multiculturalism Changes in the Ofcial Discourses of Multiculturalism after 2000 Neoliberalism in Muscular Liberal Multiculturalism Conclusion: Moving toward a “Multiculturalism of Associations” Introduction While multiculturalism is broadly defined as a variety of principles, movements and policies that recognize the existence of culturally diverse people in a national society, and seek a fair society where they can all live together (Shiobara 2012), understanding the concept and implications of multiculturalism has been a controversial topic of academic and political debates in many countries. In the early 2010s, European political leaders such as David Cameron, Angela Merkel and Nicolas Sarközy proclaimed the “failure” of multiculturalism.
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of Common Values Amid Large-Scale Immigrant Integration Pressures
    In Search of Common Values amid Large-Scale Immigrant Integration Pressures Integration Futures Working Group By Natalia Banulescu-Bogdan and Meghan Benton MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE EUROPE In Search of Common Values amid Large-Scale Immigrant Integration Pressures By Natalia Banulescu-Bogdan and Meghan Benton June 2017 Integration Futures Working Group ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was commissioned for a meeting of the Integration Futures Working Group held in Vienna in January 2017. The theme of the meeting was ‘Debating Values: Immigrant Integration in a Time of Social Change’, and this report was among those that in- formed the working group’s discussions. The authors are grateful for the feedback they received from the working group, as well as to Aliyyah Ahad for research assistance and to Elizabeth Collett and Lauren Shaw for their helpful edits and suggestions. The Integration Futures Working Group is a Migration Policy Institute Europe initiative that brings together senior policymakers, experts, civil-society officials, and private-sector leaders to stimulate new thinking on integration policy. It is supported by the Robert Bosch Foundation. For more on the Integration Futures Working Group, visit: www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/integration-futures-working-group. © 2017 Migration Policy Institute Europe. All Rights Reserved. Cover Design: April Siruno, MPI Typesetting: Liz Heimann, MPI No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is avail- able for free download from www.migrationpolicy.org.
    [Show full text]
  • The Missing Politics of Muscular Liberalism
    Dobbernack J. The missing politics of muscular liberalism. Identities 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2016.1244063 Copyright: This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Identities on 17/10/2016, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1070289X.2016.1244063. DOI link to article: https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2016.1244063 Date deposited: 23/01/2018 Embargo release date: 17 April 2018 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence Newcastle University ePrints - eprint.ncl.ac.uk The Missing Politics of Muscular Liberalism Jan Dobbernack, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lincoln* Abstract The article examines the idea of muscular liberalism, first invoked by David Cameron as a paradigm of assertive policy-making in opposition to “state multiculturalism”. The rhetoric of muscular liberalism is present across Western Europe, but its political effects have not been convincingly explored. In scholarship on ethnic minority integration, a “stimulus-response model” credits Muslim intransigence as the trigger for the muscular stance. Other commentators put muscular liberalism into a genealogical perspective, but do little to consider the circumstances of its political deployment. Working towards an alternative account, the article examines two instances of muscular liberalism in Britain: the campaign against “Sharia Courts” and the “Trojan Horse” affair. Different from the concern with historical continuity or stable potentials of liberal normativity, it draws attention to political operations and strategic calculations that characterize the deployment of muscular liberalism in British politics. Introduction Coining a theme for his government’s approach towards Islamic extremism, David Cameron proclaimed the need for muscular liberalism in February 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Islam Councils
    THE MUSLIM QUESTION IN EUROPE Peter O’Brien THE MUSLIM QUESTION IN EUROPE Political Controversies and Public Philosophies TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS Philadelphia • Rome • Tokyo TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright © 2016 by Temple University—Of Th e Commonwealth System of Higher Education All rights reserved Published 2016 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: O’Brien, Peter, 1960– author. Title: Th e Muslim question in Europe : political controversies and public philosophies / Peter O’Brien. Description: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : Temple University Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifi ers: LCCN 2015040078| ISBN 9781439912768 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781439912775 (paper : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781439912782 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Muslims—Europe—Politics and government. | Islam and politics—Europe. Classifi cation: LCC D1056.2.M87 O27 2016 | DDC 305.6/97094—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015040078 Th e paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Andre, Grady, Hannah, Galen, Kaela, Jake, and Gabriel Contents Acknowledgments ix 1 Introduction: Clashes within Civilization 1 2 Kulturkampf 24 3 Citizenship 65 4 Veil 104 5 Secularism 144 6 Terrorism 199 7 Conclusion: Messy Politics 241 Aft erword 245 References 249 Index 297 Acknowledgments have accumulated many debts in the gestation of this study. Arleen Harri- son superintends an able and amiable cadre of student research assistants I without whose reliable and competent support this book would not have been possible.
    [Show full text]
  • The Status and Future of International Law After the Libya Intervention
    Goettingen Journal of International Law 4 (2012) 1, 11-48 The Status and Future of International Law after the Libya Intervention Pierre Thielbörger A. Introduction .......................................................................................... 12 B. The Course of the Democratic Revolutions in the Arab World ........... 15 C. Resolution 1973 – Observations and Critique ..................................... 18 I. The Resolution’s Starting Points: “Threat to Peace” and “All Necessary Measures” .................................................................... 19 II. The Resolution’s Rationale: Humanitarian Cause versus Regime Change ............................................................................. 22 III. The Resolution’s Underlying Doctrine: The Responsibility to Protect ........................................................................................... 23 D. The Broader Meaning of the Libya Intervention for International Law ................................................................................. 26 I. International Law – a New Moment in the Sun? .......................... 27 II. Democratic Governance – finally a fully-fledged right? .............. 33 III. Outlaw States – Liberal towards the Illiberal? .............................. 38 E. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 45 Professor as J-Professor of International Law and International Humanitarian Law at the Institute for the Law of Peace and Armed Conflict and at the Law
    [Show full text]
  • Liberals, Conservatives, and the War on Terror
    THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION THE GOOD FIGHT: LIBERALS, CONSERVATIVES, AND THE WAR ON TERROR Washington, D.C. Wednesday, June 7, 2006 2 Moderator: E. J. DIONNE, JR. Senior Fellow The Brookings Institution Panelists: PETER BEINART Nonresident Fellow The Brookings Institution Editor-at-Large, The New Republic TOD LINDBERG Research Fellow and Editor of Policy Review Hoover Institution * * * * * Anderson Court Reporting 706 Duke Street, Suite 100 Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone (703) 519-7180 Fax (703) 519-7190 3 P R O C E E D I N G S MR. DIONNE: I want to welcome everyone here today. I want to welcome back my dear colleague, Peter Beinart. We held this event for many reasons, one of which is we missed him so much and we wanted him back at Brookings. And also, my friend, Tod Lindberg. I want to begin by noting that, as a journalist, I always like to be on top of the news. So, this morning, by I suppose an act of the spirit, a review of this book popped into my email queue that Peter was not aware of. I actually think it is an important review because it says a lot about what Peter has accomplished in this book. It is by another Todd with somewhat different views than Tod Lindberg, Todd Gitlin who is a professor at Columbia University and was an opponent of the Iraq War that Peter endorsed. I just want to read the first paragraph because I think it will give an indication of why Peter’s book is so rich and so worthy of attention, discussion, and debate.
    [Show full text]
  • Are We There Yet? a Collection on Race and Conservatism
    are we there yet there we are are we there yet? | a collection onand race conservatism a collection a collection on race and conservatism Edited by Max Wind-Cowie Collection 31 Demos is a think-tank focused on power and politics. Our unique approach challenges the traditional, 'ivory tower' model of policymaking by giving a voice to people and communities. We work together with the groups and individuals who are the focus of our research, including them in citizens’ juries, deliberative workshops, focus groups and ethnographic research. Through our high quality and socially responsible research, Demos has established itself as the leading independent think-tank in British politics. In 2011, our work is focused on five programmes: Family and Society; Public Services and Welfare; Violence and Extremism; Public Interest and Political Economy. We also have two political research programmes: the Progressive Conservatism Project and Open Left, investigating the future of the centre-Right and centre-Left. Our work is driven by the goal of a society populated by free, capable, secure and powerful citizens. Find out more at www.demos.co.uk. First published in 2011 © Demos. Some rights reserved Magdalen House, 136 Tooley Street London, SE1 2TU, UK ISBN 978-1-906693-82-4 Copy edited by Susannah Wight Series design by modernactivity Typeset by modernactivity Set in Gotham Rounded and Baskerville 10 are we there yet? Edited by Max Wind-Cowie Open access. Some rights reserved. As the publisher of this work, Demos wants to encourage the circulation of our work as widely as possible while retaining the copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • An Almost Unbearable Scrutiny
    An almost unbearable insecurity: Cameron’s Munich speech Brian Klug MnM Working Paper No 6 An almost unbearable insecurity: Cameron’s Munich speech Dr Brian Klug1 MnM Working Paper No 6 I. A touch of Basil Fawlty am chuffed to be here at the CSAA annual conference, but I feel a bit of a fraud. I am not I in cultural studies. My discipline is philosophy; and philosophy is not so much a branch of enquiry as a strategy to enable ignoramuses like myself to avoid dealing with facts. But I shall do my best to say something useful. I am going to speak about a speech: the one that David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party, gave at the 47th Munich Security Conference in Germany last February. Cameron began by saying, ‘Today I want to focus my remarks on terrorism’ and ended (more or less) with these words: ‘At stake are not just lives, it is our way of life.’ In between, he launched an attack on ‘the doctrine of state multiculturalism’.2 As befits a head of government, this was a serious speech about weighty matters of state. It was not, for example, an episode of Fawlty Towers. Yet when I contemplate 1 Dr Brian Klug is a Senior Research Fellow and Tutor in philosophy at St Benet’s Hall, Oxford. He is also an honorary fellow at the Parkes Institute for the Study of Jewish/Non-Jewish Relations, University of Southampton and Associate Editor of Patterns of Prejudice. This paper was presented at the Cultural Studies Association of Australia Annual Conference 2011 ‘Cultural ReOrientations and Comparative Colonialities’, hosted by the International Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 22–24 November 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Citizenship
    2/2/2020 Citizenship (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Citizenship First published Fri Oct 13, 2006; substantive revision Mon Jul 17, 2017 A citizen is a member of a political community who enjoys the rights and assumes the duties of membership. This broad definition is discernible, with minor variations, in the works of contemporary authors as well as in the entry “citoyen” in Diderot’s and d’Alembert’s Encyclopédie [1753].[1] Notwithstanding this common starting-point and certain shared references,[2] the differences between 18th century discussions and contemporary debates are significant. The encyclopédiste’s main preoccupation, understandable for one living in a monarchy, was the relationship between the concepts ‘citizen’ and ‘subject’. Were they the same (as Hobbes asserted) or contradictory (as a reading of Aristotle suggested)?[3] This issue is less central today as we tend to take for granted that a liberal democratic regime is the appropriate starting-point for our reflections. This does not mean, however, that the concept has become uncontroversial. After a long period of relative calm, there has been a dramatic upsurge in philosophical interest in citizenship since the early 1990s.[4] Two broad challenges have led theorists to re-examine the concept: first, the need to acknowledge the internal diversity of contemporary liberal democracies; second, the pressures wrought by globalization on the territorial, sovereign state. We will focus on each of these two challenges, examining how they prompted new discussions and disagreements. The entry has four sections. The first examines the main dimensions of citizenship (legal, political, identity) and sees how they are instantiated in very different ways within the two dominant models: the republican and the liberal.
    [Show full text]
  • Democracy Promotion As Foreign Policy
    DEMOCRACY PROMOTION AS FOREIGN POLICY AS FOREIGN PROMOTION DEMOCRACY series editors JENNY EDKINS AND NICK VAUGHAN-WILLIAMS This book looks at democracy promotion as a form of foreign policy. Elliott asks why democracy was seen to be the answer to the 7/7 bombings in London, and why it should be promoted not in Britain, but in Pakistan. The book provides a detailed answer to these questions, examining the logic and the modes of thinking that made such a response possible through analysis of the stories we tell about ourselves: stories about time, history, development, civilisation and the ineluctable spread of democracy. Elliott argues that these narratives have become a key tool in enabling practices that differentiate selves from others, friends from enemies, the domestic from the foreign, civilisation from the barbarian. They operate with a particular conception of time and constitute a British, democratic, national identity by positing an “other” that is barbaric, alien, despotic, violent and backward. Such understandings are useful in the wake of disaster, because they leave us with something to do: danger can be managed by bringing certain people and places up-to-date. However, this book shows that there are other stories to be told, and that it is possible to read stories about history against the grain and author alternative, less oppressive, versions. Providing a genealogy drawing on material from colonial and postcolonial Britain and Pakistan, including legislation, political discourse, popular culture and government projects, this book will be of interest to scholars and students focusing on democracy promotion, genealogy, critical border studies, poststructural IR, postcolonial politics, discourse analysis, identity/subjectivity, and “the war on terror”.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiculturalism Should Be About Bringing Communities and Individuals Into Relations of Respect
    blogs.lse.ac.uk http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/2011/11/02/multiculturalism-communities/ Multiculturalism should be about bringing communities and individuals into relations of respect. Is multiculturalism dead? Some commentators, including David Cameron have proclaimed that it is, and that we need a more ‘muscular liberalism’ in our society. However, Tariq Modood argues that multiculturalism is a fact of our society. Our challenge now is to ensure that we emphasise what we have in common, in order to remake a new, ongoing ‘We’ out of all the communities that make up the country. Prime Minister Cameron’s declaration, ‘multiculturalism is dead’ has a long pedigree and by no means confined to the Right. Multiculturalism has always had its left as well as right wing critics, but the obituaries probably began in 1989 with Fay Weldon: ‘Our attempt at multiculturalism has failed. The Rushdie Affair demonstrates it’. Whatever our views on the novel, The Satanic Verses crisis made clear that the minority-majority fault line was not going to be simply about colour- racism; and that multiculturalism could not be confined to ‘steelbands, saris and samosas’. For some liberals that meant the end of their support as angry Muslims muscled in on something that was only meant for secular ‘transgressives’ like gays and black youth. Earlier street disturbances were hailed as ‘right on’ politics but a passionate religious identity was too ‘multicultural’ for many liberals. Yet, actually political multiculturalism flourished as Labour came to accept ethno-religious communitarianism as it had previously accepted other assertive identity movements. Muslim faith schools, religious discrimination legislation, incitement to religious hatred, bringing Muslims into the networks of governance, including a religion question in the Census – all of these have happened well after the original ‘death of multiculturalism’, and some of them after 9/11 and 7/7 – two other events that were meant to have killed off multiculturalism.
    [Show full text]