DOCSLIB.ORG

The Atoconeura Problem Revisited: Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Biogeography of a Dragonfly Genus in the Highlands of Africa (Odonata, Libellulidae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Atoconeura Problem Revisited: Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Biogeography of a Dragonfly Genus in the Highlands of Africa (Odonata, Libellulidae) Klaas-Douwe B. DIJKSTRA National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands THE ATOCONEURA PROBLEM REVISITED: TAXONOMY, PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF A DRAGONFLY GENUS IN THE HIGHLANDS OF AFRICA (ODONATA, LIBELLULIDAE) Dijkstra, K.-D. B., 2006. The Atoconeura problem revisited: taxonomy, phylogeny and bio- geography of a dragonfly genus in the highlands of Africa (Odonata, Libellulidae). – Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 149: 121-144, figs. 1-48, tables 1-2. [issn 0040-7496]. Published 1 De- cember 2006. The genus Atoconeura previously comprised two species; one with five subspecies. Principal Component Analysis of 33 characters of 148 specimens and cladistic analysis of 28 charac- ters revealed six discrete taxa, partly with narrowly overlapping ranges. Subspecies aethiopica, kenya and pseudeudoxia of biordinata are raised to specific rank; the synonymy of chirinda with biordinata is confirmed; A. luxata sp. n. is described from West Africa. A key to the species is provided and the poorly known behaviour, ecology and biogeography are discussed. The author has not witnessed oviposition; one report suggests that it may be perched, solitary and epiphytic, which is unusual within the family. The species are largely restricted to streams above 1000 m, except A. luxata sp. n. that is only known below that altitude, but always at the foot of highlands. Four species demonstrate a distribution pattern recalling a ‘ring species’ in high- lands, circling Lake Victoria and the dry north of Tanzania. The phylogeny suggests an expan- sion of the genus from the western lowlands to the eastern highlands, or vice versa, followed by an expansion through the Albertine Rift and Eastern Arc Mts to the Kenyan and ultimately Ethiopian highlands. Especially in the case of a western origin there appears to have been a tendency of the species to occur at increasing altitudes in the course of their evolution. K.-D.B. Dijkstra, National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, PO Box 9517, NL-2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] Key words. – Odonata; Anisoptera; Atoconeura; Afro-montane; systematics; keys. In her paper ‘The Atoconeura Problem’ Longfield all as biordinata, with variable forms rather than (1953) sketched the taxonomic disorder in the ge- subspecies’. Bridges (1991) listed A. kenya as a good nus, caused by considerable variation in the sparse species with the subspecies A. k. aethiopica, but made material available. Her solution was the recogni- chirinda and pseudeudoxia synonyms of A. biordinata. tion of two species based on epiproct morphology, The problem demands a more objective analysis of A. eudoxia and A. biordinata, the latter with four sub- variation, as well as the study of new material and species differing mainly in markings: A. b. biordinata characters. This paper presents the outcome of that from highlands in Tanzania, Malawi and Katanga; study, with a revised classification of the taxa and a A. b. chirinda in Zimbabwe; A. b. kenya in Kenya; and reassessment of their biogeography. A. b. pseudeudoxia in W Uganda. Kimmins (1958) added A. b. aethiopica from Ethiopia, stating apolo- Methods and material getically that ‘one might question the wisdom of add- ing yet another subspecies’. Pinhey (1961a) remarked To validate the views of Longfield (1953) and that ‘Longfield has divided this [genus] into two spe- her contemporaries, the analysis was designed to cies, but I think kenya may eventually prove to be a test how well their characters applied to their clas- third species.’ Later Pinhey (1982) suggested that ‘it is sification. Most of Longfield’s specimens (bmnh) possibly more correct to regard them [the subspecies] were restudied, besides new material including West 121 Tidshrit oor Eie, 149, 2006 African Atoconeura, which Longfield did not have. cvch Collection Viola Clausnitzer (Halle, Ger- Previously used characters were translated to 33 or- many) dered variables, of which 28 were applicable to males isnb Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de and 26 to females (see appendix 1). These were scored Belgique (Brussels, Belgium) for 148 complete specimens (107 males; 41 females), mnhn Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle and a portion of them for 15 incomplete specimens (Paris, France) (12; 3), including most primary types and specimens mra Musee Royal de l’Afrique Centrale (Tervuren, from throughout the genus’s range. Principal Com- Belgium) ponent Analysis (pa) of the complete specimens was mzu Museo Zoologico ‘La Specola’ (Firenze, performed using a correlation matrix (i.e. standard- Italy) izing all data to a common mean and variance) in nhrs Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (Stockholm, p-ord4 software (McCune & Mefford 1999). pa Sweden) performs excellently in the reduction of morphologi- nmbz Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe cal data (e.g. Gardner & Mendelson 2004, Malhorta (Bulawayo, Zimbabwe) & Thorpe 2004, Tadauchi 1983). The resulting com- rmnh Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Natu- ponents were correlated with the character variables ralis, formerly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke to establish which variation they describe. Data of Historie (Leiden, The Netherlands) incomplete specimens were only used to measure ummz University of Michigan Museum of Zoology variability of characters within taxa (table 1). (Ann Arbor, USA) After this analysis, further specimens (details are zmhb Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt- provided in separate material lists) were studied and Universität (Berlin, Germany) additional characters investigated, including de- tails of the penis with scanning electron microscopy Abbreviations. – Ax: antenodal cross-veins, Ax1: (figs. 21-28). Characters used in the pa were evaluat- first antenodal (counted from base) etc., Cux: cu- ed for use in cladistic analysis of the clusters identified bital cross-veins, Fw: forewing(s), Hw: hindwing(s), by the pa. Where necessary character states were sim- Pt: pterostigma, Px: postnodal cross-veins, S1: first plified or fine-tuned, undiscriminating or uninforma- abdominal segment, S2-3: second and third abdomi- tive characters (e.g. binary, with one state unique to nal segments etc. a single species) were removed, and additional char- acters were incorporated. 22 ‘old’ characters and six Results ‘new’ ones (all ordered and of equal weight) were adopted (see appendix 2 and table 2). Some charac- pa of complete males resulted in 10 axes account- ters were not scored for the outgroups, because of the ing for 93.0% of variation. 70.0% of variation was absence of obvious putative homologies, especially explained by the first three axes: Axis 1 (36.9% of in the penis. Analysis based on maximum parsimo- variation) was correlated with variables related to ab- ny was carried out using both an exhaustive search domen shape, Ax count, head and thorax markings, and parsimony bootstrap (1000 randomized runs). and pruinosity. Axis 2 (18.9%) correlated with Px Both analyses were also performed with unordered counts, markings of S3-9 and cercus shape, and Axis characters. All analyses were run with paup* 4.0 Beta 3 (14.2%) with markings of S2 and epiproct shape. 10 (Swofford 2002) and three different outgroups: Plotted against Axis 1 and 2, four clusters were ap- Olpogastra lugubris Karsch, 1895, Malgassophlebia parent (fig. 1): (1) all West African males, except one bispina Fraser, 1958 and Zygonyx flavicosta (Sjöstedt, from Cameroon; (2) all eudoxia and pseudeudoxia 1900). males including holotypes, plus some Katangan Each recognised species was diagnosed and varia- ‘biordinata’; (3) all males from Zimbabwe including tion assessed. Full descriptions of known taxa were the chirinda holotype, plus most ‘biordinata’ and one not prepared, those given by Longfield (1953) and male from Cameroon; (4) holotypes of aethiopica Kimmins (1958) being sufficient. Order of species in and kenya and all other Ethiopian and Kenyan males, the text and figures follows the cluster numbers from plus singles from Uganda (Ruwenzori) and Tanzania the pa and also reflects the phylogenetic results, (Mt Meru). Introduction of Axis 3 (fig. 2) divided placing the more basal groups first (see Results). two clusters further: (2a) all eudoxia; (2b) remainder of cluster 2; (4a) non-Ethiopian material in cluster 4; Acronyms of collections (4b) all Ethiopian material. bmnh Natural History Museum, formerly British pa of complete females resulted in 10 axes ac- Museum (Natural History) (London, UK) counting for 91.6% of variation. 60.9% of variation cgvl Collection Graham Vick (Little London, was explained by the first three axes: Axis 1 (32.3% UK) of variation) was correlated with variables related to 122.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download Information on the New Species
    nature needs more explorers What sixty new dragonfly and damselfly species from Africa can say about the state of our most critical resource and the exploration of life. Klaas-Douwe B. Dijkstra, Jens Kipping & Nicolas Mézière (1 December 2015) Sixty new dragonfly and damselfly species from Africa (Odonata). Odonatologica 44: 447-678 By naming 60 new dragonflies at once, we want to show that a biologist’s greatest importance today is to provide the names and knowledge needed to add all life to the human conscience. We do so by challenging three common misconceptions about biodiversity: 1. that most of Earth’s species are known to us 2. that the remaining unknown species are hidden and detectable only by genetics 3. that enough effort is being made in the field to uncover the unknown in time We demonstrate this with some of the most sensitive and beautiful of all biodiversity: 1. freshwater — Earth’s most dense and threatened species richness 2. Africa — the continent that will change most in the 21st century 3. dragonflies — the insects that could The new Sarep Sprite Pseudagrion sarepi was named be the best gauge of global change after the SAREP expedition to eastern Angola. Mankind knows just 20% of the 9 million species of animal, plant, fungus and protist thought to inhabit our planet. With 6000 species named, dragonflies and damselflies were regarded as well-known. The 60 new dragonflies described now are the most to be named at once in a century, adding 1 species to every 12 known in Africa. Their beauty and sensitivity can raise awareness for freshwater biodiversity, the densest and most threatened on earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Odonatological Abstract Service
    Odonatological Abstract Service published by the INTERNATIONAL DRAGONFLY FUND (IDF) in cooperation with the WORLDWIDE DRAGONFLY ASSOCIATION (WDA) Editors: Dr. Klaus Reinhardt, Dept Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. Tel. ++44 114 222 0105; E-mail: [email protected] Martin Schorr, Schulstr. 7B, D-54314 Zerf, Germany. Tel. ++49 (0)6587 1025; E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Milen Marinov, 7/160 Rossall Str., Merivale 8014, Christchurch, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected] Published in Rheinfelden, Germany and printed in Trier, Germany. ISSN 1438-0269 years old) than old beaver ponds. These studies have 1997 concluded, based on waterfowl use only, that new bea- ver ponds are more productive for waterfowl than old 11030. Prejs, A.; Koperski, P.; Prejs, K. (1997): Food- beaver ponds. I tested the hypothesis that productivity web manipulation in a small, eutrophic Lake Wirbel, Po- in beaver ponds, in terms of macroinvertebrates and land: the effect of replacement of key predators on epi- water quality, declined with beaver pond succession. In phytic fauna. Hydrobiologia 342: 377-381. (in English) 1993 and 1994, fifteen and nine beaver ponds, respec- ["The effect of fish removal on the invertebrate fauna tively, of three different age groups (new, mid-aged, old) associated with Stratiotes aloides was studied in a shal- were sampled for invertebrates and water quality to low, eutrophic lake. The biomass of invertebrate preda- quantify differences among age groups. No significant tors was approximately 2.5 times higher in the inverte- differences (p < 0.05) were found in invertebrates or brate dominated year (1992) than in the fish-dominated water quality among different age classes.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Taxonomy of African Odonata - Finding Ways to Better Identification and Biogeographic Insight
    Cimbebasia 18: 191-206, 2003 191 A review of the taxonomy of African Odonata - finding ways to better identification and biogeographic insight Klaas-Douwe B. Dijkstra Gortestraat 11, NL-2311 MS Leiden, The Netherlands: e-mail: [email protected] The taxonomy of the approximately 850 species of sub-Saharan African Odonata is relatively well-known, probably due to the impoverished nature of the fauna as compared to that of other tropical regions. The need for revisions, study of higher classification, comprehension of (often clinal, environmentally induced) variability and knowledge of larvae, phylogeny and biogeogra- phy are stressed. Taxonomic priorities are discussed for each family. Supportive activities include the production of identification manuals for a broader public, the accumulation of supplemen- tary material and the conservation of existing collections. A list of genera with estimated num- bers of species, taxonomic status and references is provided, as well as a list of important regional works. INTRODUCTION biogeography. The first priority for the taxonomy of African Odonata is, therefore, revisions. Although not as well studied as the Holarctic and Australasian Region’s faunas, knowledge of the REVISIONS & REVIEWS taxonomy of African Odonata is well ahead of those of the Oriental and Neotropic Regions. The It is hardly an exaggeration to say that all genera main reason is that the African fauna is relatively require at least some study. Elliot Pinhey tackled impoverished, harbouring only about 60% of the many problems, as can be seen from the nume- number of species found in each of the two other rous referrals to his work in the Appendix.
    [Show full text]
  • Okavango) Catchment, Angola
    Southern African Regional Environmental Program (SAREP) First Biodiversity Field Survey Upper Cubango (Okavango) catchment, Angola May 2012 Dragonflies & Damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) Expert Report December 2012 Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Jens Kipping BioCart Assessments Albrecht-Dürer-Weg 8 D-04425 Taucha/Leipzig Germany ++49 34298 209414 [email protected] wwwbiocart.de Survey supported by Disclaimer This work is not issued for purposes of zoological nomenclature and is not published within the meaning of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999). Index 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................3 1.1 Odonata as indicators of freshwater health ..............................................................3 1.2 African Odonata .......................................................................................................5 1.2 Odonata research in Angola - past and present .......................................................8 1.3 Aims of the project from Odonata experts perspective ...........................................13 2 Methods .......................................................................................................................14 3 Results .........................................................................................................................18 3.1 Overall Odonata species inventory .........................................................................18 3.2 Odonata species per field
    [Show full text]
  • The Atoconeura Problem Revisited: Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Biogeography of a Dragonfly Genus in the Highlands of Africa (Odonata, Libellulidae)
    Klaas-Douwe B. DIJKSTRA National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands THE ATOCONEURA PROBLEM REVISITED: TAXONOMY, PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF A DRAGONFLY GENUS IN THE HIGHLANDS OF AFRICA (ODONATA, LIBELLULIDAE) Dijkstra, K.-D. B., 2006. The Atoconeura problem revisited: taxonomy, phylogeny and bio- geography of a dragonfly genus in the highlands of Africa (Odonata, Libellulidae). – Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 149: 121-144, figs. 1-48, tables 1-2. [issn 0040-7496]. Published 1 De- cember 2006. The genus Atoconeura previously comprised two species; one with five subspecies. Principal Component Analysis of 33 characters of 148 specimens and cladistic analysis of 28 charac- ters revealed six discrete taxa, partly with narrowly overlapping ranges. Subspecies aethiopica, kenya and pseudeudoxia of biordinata are raised to specific rank; the synonymy of chirinda with biordinata is confirmed; A. luxata sp. n. is described from West Africa. A key to the species is provided and the poorly known behaviour, ecology and biogeography are discussed. The author has not witnessed oviposition; one report suggests that it may be perched, solitary and epiphytic, which is unusual within the family. The species are largely restricted to streams above 1000 m, except A. luxata sp. n. that is only known below that altitude, but always at the foot of highlands. Four species demonstrate a distribution pattern recalling a ‘ring species’ in high- lands, circling Lake Victoria and the dry north of Tanzania. The phylogeny suggests an expan- sion of the genus from the western lowlands to the eastern highlands, or vice versa, followed by an expansion through the Albertine Rift and Eastern Arc Mts to the Kenyan and ultimately Ethiopian highlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Odonatological Abstract Service
    Odonatological Abstract Service published by the INTERNATIONAL DRAGONFLY FUND (IDF) in cooperation with the WORLDWIDE DRAGONFLY ASSOCIATION (WDA) Editors: Dr. Martin Lindeboom, Landhausstr. 10, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany. Tel. ++49 (0)7071 552928; E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Klaus Reinhardt, Dept Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. Tel. ++44 114 222 0105; E-mail: [email protected] Martin Schorr, Schulstr. 7B D-54314 Zerf, Germany. Tel. ++49 (0)6587 1025; E-mail: [email protected] Published in Rheinfelden, Germany and printed in Trier, Germany. ISSN 1438-0269 test for behavioural adaptations in tadpoles to these dif- 1997 ferent levels of predation. B. bombina tadpoles are sig- nificantly less active than B. variegata, both before and after the introduction of a predator to an experimental 5748. Arnqvist, G. (1997): The evolution of animal ge- arena; this reduces their vulnerability as many preda- nitalia: distinguishing between hypotheses by single tors detect prey through movement. Behavioural diffe- species studies. Biological Journal of the Linnean So- rences translate into differential survival: B. variegata ciety 60: 365-379. (in English). ["Rapid evolution of ge- suffer higher predation rates in laboratory experiments nitalia is one of the most general patterns of morpholo- with three main predator types (Triturus sp., Dytiscus gical diversification in animals. Despite its generality, larvae, Aeshna nymphs). This differential adaptation to the causes of this evolutionary trend remain obscure. predation will help maintain preference for alternative Several alternative hypotheses have been suggested to breeding habitats, and thus serve as a mechanism account for the evolution of genitalia (notably the lock- maintaining the distinctions between the two species." and-key, pleiotropism, and sexual selection hypothe- (Authors)] Address: Kruuk, Loeske, Institute of Cell, A- ses).
    [Show full text]
  • Odonatological Bibliography of Frederick Charles Fraser
    Odonatological bibliography of Frederick Charles Fraser DATE OF PUBLICATION January 18, 1988 Societas Internationalis Odonatologica Rapid Communications (Supplements) No. 7 Odonatological bibliography of Frederick Charles Fraser Basil Elwood+Montgomery'(t) Bilthoven 1980 PREFACE In the annals of odonatology there are but few students as prolific as the late Lt Col. Dr F.C. FRASER (1880-1963). In addition to his work his general on the phytogeny and classification of the order, in taxonomic works he touched upon all faunal regions, and his regional monographs on the fauna ofIndia, Australasia, Africa and South Ame- rica are much more than merely an indispensable basis for subsequent research. His odonatological oeuvre consists of over 300 papers and treatises, scattered in periodicals of all continents. Although he himself kept a fairly good record of his publications, a complete bibliography has been not avail- never published, and many of his papers are readily able outside the largest specialized libraries. The present bibliography is based on the list compiled by the late Professor Dr B.E. MONTGOMERY, and was subsequently completed Record. All titles from various sources, including the Zoological were checked with Dr KIA UTA’s reprints or xerox copies in Professor B. library; therefore I hope that the bibliography is largely complete and that not many bibliographic errors have escaped our notice. During his years as a surgeon in the Indian Medical Service, Dr Fraser devoted most of his free time to the Indian fauna. His work, largely summarized in the three odonate volumes of the Fauna of British India almost that (1933-1936), still represents everything is so far known on dragonflies of the IndianSubcontinent.Dr Fraser, there- fore, is rightly considered the “Father of Indian Odonatology”.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of the Higher Libelluloidea (Anisoptera: Odonata): an Exploration of the Most Speciose Superfamily of Dragonflies
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45 (2007) 289–310 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeny of the higher Libelluloidea (Anisoptera: Odonata): An exploration of the most speciose superfamily of dragonflies Jessica Ware a,*, Michael May a, Karl Kjer b a Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 93 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA b Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA Received 8 December 2006; revised 8 May 2007; accepted 21 May 2007 Available online 4 July 2007 Abstract Although libelluloid dragonflies are diverse, numerous, and commonly observed and studied, their phylogenetic history is uncertain. Over 150 years of taxonomic study of Libelluloidea Rambur, 1842, beginning with Hagen (1840), [Rambur, M.P., 1842. Neuropteres. Histoire naturelle des Insectes, Paris, pp. 534; Hagen, H., 1840. Synonymia Libellularum Europaearum. Dissertation inaugularis quam consensu et auctoritate gratiosi medicorum ordinis in academia albertina ad summos in medicina et chirurgia honores.] and Selys (1850), [de Selys Longchamps, E., 1850. Revue des Odonates ou Libellules d’Europe [avec la collaboration de H.A. Hagen]. Muquardt, Brux- elles; Leipzig, 1–408.], has failed to produce a consensus about family and subfamily relationships. The present study provides a well- substantiated phylogeny of the Libelluloidea generated from gene fragments of two independent genes, the 16S and 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and using models that take into account non-independence of correlated rRNA sites. Ninety-three ingroup taxa and six outgroup taxa were amplified for the 28S fragment; 78 ingroup taxa and five outgroup taxa were amplified for the 16S fragment.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing an Odonate-Based Index for Monitoring Freshwater Ecosystems in Rwanda: Towards Linking Policy to Practice Through Integrated and Adaptive Management
    Antioch University AURA - Antioch University Repository and Archive Student & Alumni Scholarship, including Dissertations & Theses Dissertations & Theses 2020 Developing an Odonate-Based Index for Monitoring Freshwater Ecosystems in Rwanda: Towards Linking Policy to Practice through Integrated and Adaptive Management Erasme Uyizeye Follow this and additional works at: https://aura.antioch.edu/etds Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Entomology Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Department of Environmental Studies DISSERTATION COMMITTEE PAGE The undersigned have examined the dissertation entitled: Developing an Odonate-Based Index for Monitoring Freshwater Ecosystems in Rwanda: Towards Linking Policy to Practice through Integrated and Adaptive Management, presented by Erasme Uyizeye, candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and hereby certify that it is accepted*. Committee Chair: Beth A. Kaplin, Ph.D. Antioch University New England, USA Committee member: Lisabeth Willey, Ph.D. Antioch University New England, USA Committee member: Viola Clausnitzer, Ph.D. Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Germany. Defense Date: April 17th, 2020. Date Approved by all Committee Members: April 30th, 2020. Date Deposited: April 30th, 2020. *Signatures are on file with the Registrar’s Office at Antioch University New England. Developing an Odonate-Based Index for Monitoring Freshwater Ecosystems in Rwanda: Towards Linking Policy to Practice through Integrated and Adaptive Management By Erasme Uyizeye A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England Keene, New Hampshire 2020 ii © 2020 by Erasme Uyizeye All rights reserve iii Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my daughter who was born in the midst of this doctoral journey, my wife who has stayed by my side, my father for his words of encouragement (1956-1993) & my mother for her unwavering support and love.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of the Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Diversity Within the Nyl River Floodplain System, Limpopo, South Africa
    COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index?site_name=Research%20Output (Accessed: Date). An assessment of the aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity within the Nyl River Floodplain system, Limpopo, South Africa. By Nathan Jay Baker DISSERTATION Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree MAGISTER SCIENTIAE In Aquatic Health In the FACULTY OF SCIENCE At the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG Supervisor: Dr. R Greenfield January 2018 The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed, and conclusions arrived at are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. “An understanding of the natural world and what’s in it is a source of not only a great curiosity but great fulfilment.” ─David Attenborough ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my parents, Dean and Mercia Baker, who inspired my love for nature and encouraged me to always strive for greatness.
    [Show full text]
  • 070339 Guido Dijkstra Binnenwerk.Indd
    Demise and rise : the biogeography and taxonomy of the Odonata of tropical Africa Dijkstra, K.D.B. Citation Dijkstra, K. D. B. (2007, May 16). Demise and rise : the biogeography and taxonomy of the Odonata of tropical Africa. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11969 Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in License: the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11969 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Demise and rise the biogeography and taxonomy of the Odonata of tropical Africa Klaas-Douwe B. Dijkstra Dijkstra, K.-D.B. 2007 Demise and rise: the biogeography and taxonomy of the Odonata of tropical Africa PhD Th esis, Leiden University Front cover photos: Gomphidia gamblesi (above) and Kintampo Falls, Ghana, by K.-D. B. Dijkstra Back cover photo: the author in Ankasa, Ghana, by Eric F. Th omassen Lay-out: Guido O. Keijl Printed by Finesse Druk, Heerhugowaard Demise and rise the biogeography and taxonomy of the Odonata of tropical Africa Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnifi cus prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties, te verdedigen op woensdag 16 mei 2007, klokke 13.45 uur. door Klaas-Douwe Benediktus Dijkstra geboren te Kampen in 1975 Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. dr. E. Gittenberger (Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis; Universiteit Leiden) Co-promotor: Dr. V. Clausnitzer (Philipps-Universität Marburg, Duitsland) Referent: Dr. M.L. May (Rutgers University, New Brunswick, Verenigde Staten) Overige leden: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • At the Kafa Biosphere Reserve, Ethiopia
    NABU’s Biodiversity Assessment at the Kafa Biosphere Reserve, Ethiopia Dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) at the Kafa Biosphere Reserve Viola Clausnitzer 160 DRAGONFLIES Highlights ´ A total of 33 Odonata (=dragonflies and damselflies, hereafter referred to as “dragonflies”) species from seven families were recorded (31.1% of Ethiopia’s dragonfly fauna and 65% of dragonfly fauna ever recorded in the Kafa BR). ´ A total of 51 dragonfly species from nine families has ever been recorded in the Kafa BR. ´ Three species are new to Ethiopia (Aciagrion gracile, Tetrathemis polleni, Phyllomacromia spec.). ´ Twelve species were recorded the first time for the Kafa BR, including the endemic and endangered Notogomphus ruppeli. ´ Eight of the recorded species are endemic to the Ethiopian highlands (Pseudagrion guichardi, P. kaffinum, Notogomphus cottarellii, N. ruppeli, Atoconeura aethiopica, Orthetrum kristenseni, Palpopleura jucunda radiata, Trithemis ellenbeckii). ´ Five species are threatened according to the global IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (three ‘vulnerable’, two ‘endangered’), all of them endemic to Ethiopia. ´ Endemic species were only found in montane and submontane forest streams. ´ The lower areas (wetlands) exhibit higher diversity, but no endemic species. ´ The Ethiopian Highlander (Atoconeura aethiopica), the Ethiopian Sprite (Pseudagrion guichardi) and the Kaffa Sprite Pseudagrion( kaffinum) are flagship species. ´ In addition to these flagship species, the montane forest gomphids Cottarelli’s Longlegs (Notogomphus cottarellii) and Rüpell’s Longlegs (Notogomphus ruppeli) could be good indicators of the status of conservation of the forests. ´ These findings show the great significance of the natural habitats within the Kafa BR for maintaining Ethiopia’s diversity and high level of endemism and the importance of conserving the remaining natural and semi-natural sites.
    [Show full text]