DOCSLIB.ORG

Commercial Granites and Other Crystalline Rocks of Virginia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Commercial Granites and Other Crystalline Rocks of Virginia T>WArA,J- l/a-tt you have no 'further Pl€ase return this publieation to the Virginia Geo-loEical Survey when use for it' Postage will be refunded' ilTgLOGI TIBflAHY COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA SPR 2 iVo t VIRGINIA CONSERVATION COMMISSION VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY A'RTHUR BEVAN' State Geologict Commercial Granites and Other Crystalline Rocks of Virginia By EDWARD STEIDTMAI{N it13 J ,/' UNIVERSITY, VIRGINIA 1945 ,brl ..)/) COMMONWEALTII OF VIRGINIA VIRGINIA CONSERVATION COMMISSION VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY .A,RTHUR BEVAN, State Geologitt Bulletin 64 Commercial Granites and Other Crystalline Rocks of Virginia By EDWARD STEIDTMANN UNIVERSITY, VIRGINIA 1945 Coacuorwrartn or VrncrNtr Division of Purchase and Printing Richmond 1945 VIRGINIA COI\SERVATION COMMISSION Wrr,r,rarr A. Wnrcnr, Chai,rman, Richmond L. E. Lrcnrono, V,i,ce-Chai,rnmn, Lynchburg Jeues AsHnv, Stafford C. S. CenrBn, Bristol Eowenn W. Laucx, Lutay Geonce Pnruce Annor-r. Assistant C orw ttis si,oner, Richmond Rrcnanp A. Grnrem, E r e c ut i,zt e S e c r e t ar y an d T r e as urar, Richmond lr1 FOREWORD The field work upon which this report is based was conducted mainly during the summers of 1941 and 1942, and the manuscript and illustrations were submitted to the printer on June 5, 1945, dur- ing the administration of Dr. Arthur Bevan as State Geologist, for publication. Because of unprecedented difficulties and delays, beyond the control of the Virginia Geological Survey, this Bulletin was not printed and delivered to us until the date stamped below. The Commonwealth of Virginia and the Virginia Geological Sur- vey suffered a great loss in the untimely death, on May 25, 1948, ol Colonel Edward Steidtmann, the author of this Bulletin. On September 1, 1947, the undersigned was appointed State Geologist of Virginia to succeed Dr. Arthur Bevan who resigned on that date. Wrnreu M. McGrn, State Geologi,st. Virginia Geological Survey, Box 1428, University Station, Charlottesville, Virginia, December 15, 1948. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ConrrvroNwBALTH oF VrncrNre VrncrNte Grorocrcar- Sunvsv IJNrvnnsrrv or VrncrNra Cnenr-orrssvrr,r-q Ve., June 5, L945. To the Virgini,a Conserztation Cownission: GBNrrsMaN: f have the honor to transmit for publication as Bulletin 64 of the Virginia Geological Survey, the text and illustrations of a report on the Commercial Granites and, Other Crystalkne Rocks of Vi,rgini'a, by Colonel Edward Steidtmann, Professor of Geology at the Virginia Military Institute. The field work for this report was done by the author while season- ally employed by the State Geological Survey. It was the purpose of this investigation to make a study of the industrial uses of granites and other crystalline rocks in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces of Virginia. Especial attention was given in the course of the field work and in the preparation of the report to undeveloped areas of these rocks which may have future commercial possibilities. To this end, a num- ber of road traverses were made in different parts of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge provinces. As this report has been prepared in part for quarrymen and other 'some laymen interested in the stone industries, it contains a discussion of of the elementary features of granites and of the economic factors to be considered in undertaking new quarry operations. Respectf ully subrnitted, Annrun Bnvart, State Geologi,st. Approved for publication : Virginia Conservation Commission, Richmond, Virginia, June 12,1945. R. A. Grrr-rrw, Erecutizte Secretary and, Trea^swrer. CONTENTS Paer Abstract -------------- 1 Introduction 2 Purpose and scope of report---r 2 Field work ---'-.----.'.---,--- 2 Laboratory studies 2 Acknowledgments ----- 2 General features of granite--- -------------- 4 Definition 4 Character 4 Minerals J General properties Hardness 5 - ------ --'- ;f:r*:',tr:;l;:---------- ----------- ---- Specific gravity Feldspar 6 Quaftz 6 Biotite 6 Muscovite Hornblende 8 Augite 8 Hypersthene 8 Magnetite 9 Garnet 9 Pvrite ------ 9 Color 9 Texture ------------------ 9 Forms ----- Structures l1 -- ' 1t H:J$f : :,l".','ilx, - -, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - Schlieren " ---* - 12 Sheet structure --------- ---------- 12 Rift, grain, and head---- Joints ------ 14 Faults ----- Veins ----- 15 Injection 15 Contact phenomena 15 Disintegration and decay 16 vll vl1l CoNrBNrs Pece Ground water ----- 17 Uses ------- -------------- 18 Granite areas in Virginia 19 General statement 19 Piedmont province 19 Location and extent 19 Topography 19 Drainage 2l Geology ___,__________ 2l Geologic structure 2l Mineral resources 22 Blue Ridge province -- 23 Location and extent-- ________-__--_ 23 Topography 23 Drainage 24 . Geology 24 . Geologic structure 24 Mineral resources 25 Red microcline granite 25 Granodiorite ------------------: 26 Unakite -_ 27 Old Rag granite 27 Air Point granite ______________ 27 Grayson granite gneiss ---___ 28 Syenite 28 Individual areas and quarries----- __-_--___-- 29 Piedmont province 29 . Falls Church area -------- 29 Falls Church quarry------ 29 Tripps Run quartz diorite___--__ Annandale quarry __________-___ 32 Fairfax County 33 Fairfax trap quarry__ Occoquan quarries 33 Loudoun County 35 Belmont trap quarry 35 Lovettsville-Taylorstown traverse ____________ 36 Middleburg area -----___ 36 Fauquier County 3Z ' Markham-The Plains traverse--_-- 37 Rappahannock Corrnty 39 Washington-Ben Venue traverse----- 39 Fredericksbtrrg area 40 General geology 40 Taylor quarries 4l Hazel Run granite______ 43 CoNrnrqrs lx Culpeper area -------- Twin Mountain trap quarry------ Sperryville-Boston traverse ---------- 44 Charlottesville area ----- 46 Shadwell quarry -- 46 Moores Creek quarry Monticello quarry ----- Thomas quarry 49 Berkeley quarry 49 Red Hill quarry-------- 50 Charlottesville-Afton traverse 51 Afton-Shelton-Charlottesville traverse 52 Goochland County 53 Columbia quarry 53 Richmond area -------- 53 Location 53 The granites 54 Richmond Granite Company's quarries----- Sunnyside quarry ----- 55 McCloy quarry Boulevard Bridge quarry*----- 57 McGowan quarry ------.-'-'-.---'-.- 57 Other local quarries ----------- 58 Granite Station-Lorraine district-- 58 Granite Station quarry------ Vietor quarry ---------- Quarries southwest of Granite Station-.---- 60 Manakin-Maidens traverse 6L Boscobel quarry --------------- 61 Petersburg area -- 62 General statement --- ---- 62 Cook quarry 63 Burns & Campbell quarries----- 63 Central State Hospital quarries---- 65 Petersburg Granite Company's quarries----- 66 Booth quarry 66 Rocky Run quarry------ Other quarries ----------- Greensville County 67 Trego quarry. ---------- Lunenburg County 68 Kenbridge quarry -------------- 68 Mecklenburg County 69 Virginia Grey Granite quarry------ 69 Burkeville area ------- 70 Burkeville quarry -------------- 70 Granites near Burkeville --------- 71 x Coxremrs Pecr Lynchburg area -'--- 72 Virginia greenstone quarry------ 72 Goode-Lynchburg traverse 73 Lynchburg-Harris Creek traverse----- 73 Lynchburg-Coleman Falls traverse--- --------- 75 Holcomb Rock traverse------------ 76 Vicinity of Lynchburg 76 Danville area -------- -.-.'------.--.--- 76 General geology 76 Wissahickon schist ------- 77 Hornblende feldspar gneiss------- 77 Shelton granite gneiss------- 77 Danville City quarry--------------- 77 Old City quarries ------'-.-'-.---'-- 79 Martinsville area --*---- 79 . Blue Ridge province----------- 79 Warren County 79 Bentonville-Browntown traverse Rappahannock and Page counties----- 8i Thornton Gap-Sperryville traverse-- ------:---- --- 81 Madison and Page counties----- 83 Madison-Fishers Gap traverse----- 83 Rockingham and Greene counties----- 85 Swift Run Gap-Stanardsville traverse 85 Rockbridge and Nelson counties----- 86 Vesuvius-Montebello-Massies Mill traverse----- 86 Amherst and Rockbridge counties-----*----------------------- 88 . Amherst-Whites Gap traverse ----:----.,--'--'- 88 Rockbridge and Bedford counties----- 89 Balcony Falls-Snowden-Coleman Falls traverse 89 Bedford County 92 Thaxton-Montvale traverse -----:------- 92 Bedford and Roanoke counties---------------------'.--------'-- 92 Moneta-Vinton traverse 92 Roanoke and Franklin counties----- -------------- 93 Roanoke-Maggotty Gap-Grassy Hill traverse----- 93 Grayson County 95 Independence-Troutdale traverse 95 Summary 97 Economic factors --- 100 Quarry location --------- 100 Selection of site--,--* 100 ' ----------,--- Stone requirements --- 100 Topography of site-----, ----------- 100 Overburden 100 Drainage 101 Operating factors 101 Comremrs xl Pecp Profits Royalties ------------- 101 Costs and prices------- ----------,,- 101 Investment per production unit,------ ^-- 102 Tests of granite--- -------- 102 Dimension stone ------ ------------ 102 Absorption -,--.,---- 102 Porosity and specific gravity------ ----------- I02 Crushing strength ------------- 103 Transverse strength ----------- 104 Tensile strength ----- 104 Shearing strength -------------- 104 Fire resistance -,----- ----- -- 105 Frost resistance ----------- 105 Sulphate of soda test--------- --------------- 105 Abrasion -- -- 106 Chemical resistance ------------ 106 Chemical analysis -------------- 106 Microscopic anaiysis ---,------ 106 Crushed stone ---------- 107 Mechanical analysis ------------ 107 Specific gravity and absorption------ --------- 108 Abrasion ---- 108 Hardness ---------- 108 Toughness --------- 109 References ------- ll0 Appendix A, Tables of petrographic data------ ------------ 113 Appendix B, Tables showing physical properties--- --- ..-_, l4L ILLUSTRATIONS
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DECEMBER 2014201 VOLUME 23~ ISSUE 12 Lynchburg, VA, Inc
    GEM & MINERAL JOURNAL Official Monthly Publication of the Gem & Mineral Society of DECEMBER 2014201 VOLUME 23~ ISSUE 12 Lynchburg, VA, Inc WWW.LYNCHBURGROCKCLUB.ORG Presidents Message: Hello To All, will supply the delicious fried chicken so we are counting What a great auction at the November GMSL meeting. on everyone else to bring in vegetables, pasta salads, We picked out a lot of different specimens in hopes of potato salads etc, and please don’t forget some sweet having something for everyone to bid on. It was a great desserts. We also have a Dirty Santa gift exchange. All success because of all the members and visitors that you need to do to participate is bring in a wrapped gift of came out and participated. A big thank you to all. I hope about $15.00 value that is hobby related. All gifts will be everyone got a nice specimen to add to their collection. It placed on a table and each person will draw a number, may be a long time, if ever, we are able to have such nice which will be the order for opening the gifts. Number one pieces as the Burmese Jade, beautiful Agates, and nice will choose a package and open it. Number two will then pieces of Turquoise just to name a few of the most open a gift and if the previously opened gift is more to popular specimens. We will keep our eyes open for their liking they can make a trade, and so on until all gifts collections for sale in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypersthene Syenite and Related Rocks of the Blue Ridge Region, Virginia1
    BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA V o l. 27, pp. 193-234 June 1, 1916 HYPERSTHENE SYENITE AND RELATED ROCKS OF THE BLUE RIDGE REGION, VIRGINIA1 BY THOMAS L. WATSON AND JUSTUS H. CLINE (Presented before the Society December 29, 191k) CONTENTS Page Introduction.................................................................................................................. 194 Previous geologic work............................................................................................. 196 Quartz-bearing hypersthene-andesine syenite...................................................... 197 Distribution.......................................................................................................... 197 Megascopic character......................................................................................... 198 Microscopic character........................................................................................ 199 Chemical composition and classification...................................................... 202 Comparison with quartz monzonite.............................................................. 204 Origin and application of name............................................................. 204 Chemical composition................................................................................ 205 Comparison with akerite.................................................................................. 206 Comparison with syenite (andesine anorthosite) of Nelson County, Virginia.............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sunrock Dispatch
    DISPATCH Volume 17, Issue 1 4th Quarter 2013 SUNROCK WELCOMES TEREX WASHING SYSTEMS’ DEALERS AND CUSTOMERS Katherine Pfohl, Executive Vice President Sunrock’s willingness to try innovative products and processes, coupled with its relationship with Powerscreen Mid- Atlantic, our local Terex dealer, afforded Sunrock the opportunity to host over 150 attendees for the Terex Washing Systems’ Annual Product Forum, AggreSand Launch Event, and Customer Day from November 19-21. Attendees included dealers and customers who came from the US, Canada, Mexico, and South America. Attendees had a full schedule complete with accommodations at Durham’s Washington Duke Inn and Golf Club. The three day event was designed exclusively for Terex Washing Systems’ We Are The People. Who Make The Products. That Build Your World. dealers and customers. The first day consisted of a general update on Terex Washing Systems. Day two included a live demonstration of the AggreSand system for Terex Washing Systems’ dealers at Sunrock’s Kittrell Quarry and a tour of Butner’s Matec Water Management Attendees learning about the Terex AggreSand system Plant. Day three was a customer day where customers accompanied dealers in 2013. Terex Washing Systems works with Matec, a for tours of both systems. leading company worldwide that provides waste water purification and filtration plant solutions. The demonstration at Sunrock’s Kittrell Quarry served as the USA premier launch event of Terex’s AggreSand Sunrock would like to especially thank Powerscreen system. This system differentiates itself from its Mid-Atlantic and its owner, Andrew Coney, for the competition by combining aggregate washing and opportunity to host Terex Washing Systems’ attendees at screening with sand processing on a modular chassis.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLOGY of the ROANOKE and STEWARTSVILLE QUADRANGLES, VIRGINIA by Mervin J
    VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 34 GEOLOGY OF THE ROANOKE AND STEWARTSVI LLE OUADRANG LES, VI RG I N IA Mervin J. Bartholomew COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Robert C. Milici, Commissioner of Mineral Resources and State Geologist CHARLOTTESVI LLE, VIRGI NIA 1 981 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 34 GEOLOGY OF THE ROANOKE AND STEWARTSVI LLE OUADRANG LES, VI RG I N IA Mervin J. Bartholomew COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Robert C. Milici, Commissioner of Mineral Resources and State Geologist CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 1 981 FRONT COVER: Fold showing slightly fanned, axial plane, slaty cleav- age in a loose block of Liberty Hall mudstone at Reference Locality 20, Deer Creek, Roanoke quadrangle. REFERENCE: Portions of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to the Virginia Division of Mineral Resources. It is recommended that referenee to this report be made in the following form: Bartholomew, M. J., 1981, Geology of the Roanoke and Stewaitsville quadrangles, Vir- ginia, Vlrginia Division of Mineral Resources Publicatio4 34,23 p. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 34 GEOLOGY OF THE ROANOKE AND STEWARTSVI LLE OUADRANG LES, VIRG I N IA Mervin J. Bartholomew COM MONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Robert C. Milici, Commissioner of Mineral Resources and State Geologist CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRG INIA 1 981 DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Richmond, Virginia FRED W. WALKER, Director JERALD F. MOORE, Deputy Director BOARD ARTHUR P. FLIPPO, Doswell, Chairman HENRY T.
    [Show full text]
  • Microstructural, Mechanical, Corrosion and Cytotoxicity Characterization of Porous Ti-Si Alloys with Pore-Forming Agent
    materials Article Microstructural, Mechanical, Corrosion and Cytotoxicity Characterization of Porous Ti-Si Alloys with Pore-Forming Agent Andrea Školáková 1,*, Jana Körberová 1 , Jaroslav Málek 2 , Dana Rohanová 3, Eva Jablonská 4, Jan Pinc 1, Pavel Salvetr 1 , Eva Gregorová 3 and Pavel Novák 1 1 Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (J.P.); [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (P.N.) 2 UJP Praha a.s., Nad Kamínkou 1345, 156 10 Prague 16, Czech Republic; [email protected] 3 Department of Glass and Ceramics, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; [email protected] (D.R.); [email protected] (E.G.) 4 Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-220-444-055 Received: 12 November 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 9 December 2020 Abstract: Titanium and its alloys belong to the group of materials used in implantology due to their biocompatibility, outstanding corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. However, the value of Young’s modulus is too high in comparison with the human bone, which could result in the failure of implants. This problem can be overcome by creating pores in the materials, which, moreover, improves the osseointegration. Therefore, TiSi2 and TiSi2 with 20 wt.% of the pore-forming agent (PA) were prepared by reactive sintering and compared with pure titanium and titanium with the addition of various PA content in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental and Computational Study of Fracturing in an Anisotropic Brittle Solid
    Mechanics of Materials 28Ž. 1998 247±262 Experimental and computational study of fracturing in an anisotropic brittle solid Abbas Azhdari 1, Sia Nemat-Nasser ) Center of Excellence for AdÕanced Materials, Department of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, UniÕersity of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0416, USA Received 21 November 1996; revised 26 August 1997 Abstract For isotropic materials, stress- and energy-based fracture criteria lead to fairly similar results. Theoretical studies show that the crack-path predictions made by these criteria are not identical in the presence of strong material anisotropy. Therefore, experiments are performed to ascertain which criterion may apply to anisotropic materials. Notched specimens made from sapphire, a microscopically homogeneous and brittle solid, are used for the experiments. An attempt is made to locate the notch on different crystallographic planes and thus to examine the fracture path along different cleavage planes. The experimental observations are compared with the numerical results of the maximum tensile stress and the maximum energy-release rate criteria. It is observed that most of the notched specimens are fractured where the tensile stress is maximum, whereas the energy criterion fails to predict the fracture path of most of the specimens. For the tensile-stress Žn. s p s r g s fracture criterion, a dimensionless parameter, A ''2 R0 nn a Enn, is introduced, where nnand E nn, respectively, are the tensile stress and Young's modulus in the direction normal to the cleavage plane specified by the angle a Žthe fracture surface energy of this plane is ga . and R0 is a characteristic length, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W
    .'.' .., Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie RUTILE GUMMITE IN GARNET RUBY CORUNDUM GOLD TORBERNITE GARNET IN MICA ANATASE RUTILE AJTUNITE AND TORBERNITE THULITE AND PYRITE MONAZITE EMERALD CUPRITE SMOKY QUARTZ ZIRCON TORBERNITE ~/ UBRAR'l USE ONLV ,~O NOT REMOVE. fROM LIBRARY N. C. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY Information Circular 24 Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie Raleigh 1978 Second Printing 1980. Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: North CarOlina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Geological Survey Section P. O. Box 27687 ~ Raleigh. N. C. 27611 1823 --~- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION The Geological Survey Section shall, by law"...make such exami­ nation, survey, and mapping of the geology, mineralogy, and topo­ graphy of the state, including their industrial and economic utilization as it may consider necessary." In carrying out its duties under this law, the section promotes the wise conservation and use of mineral resources by industry, commerce, agriculture, and other governmental agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of North Carolina. The Section conducts a number of basic and applied research projects in environmental resource planning, mineral resource explora­ tion, mineral statistics, and systematic geologic mapping. Services constitute a major portion ofthe Sections's activities and include identi­ fying rock and mineral samples submitted by the citizens of the state and providing consulting services and specially prepared reports to other agencies that require geological information. The Geological Survey Section publishes results of research in a series of Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educa­ tional Series, Geologic Maps, and Special Publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Jun 2012 Rockhounder Starting Point
    Page 1 THE JUNE 2 0 1 2 ROCKHOUNDER PURPOSE: The purpose of the Gem, Lapidary, and Mineral Society of Montgomery County MD., Inc. is “To increase knowledge and popular interest in earth sciences, geology, mineralogy, paleontology, lapidary arts, and related subjects.” REGULAR MEETING: Meetings are held the 2nd Monday of the month from September to June. The Society will meet on Monday June 11th in the dining room of the Rockville Senior Center, 1150 Carnation Drive, Rockville. A short business meeting will begin at 7:45 pm but the room is available to us at 7:30 pm so come early and chat with old friends. The speaker will Bob Farrar . The topic will be “The Cruzeiro Mine: World's Greatest Tourmaline Mine.” Bob Farrar has been collecting rocks, minerals, and fossils for over 40 years. He has traveled extensively in pursuit of rock collecting, including making several trips to Brazil. He has written a number of articles about his travels for Rock & Gem and other publications. Bob holds a Ph. D. in entomology, and works for the U. S. Dept. Of Agriculture in Beltsville, MD. A resident of Bowie, he is also a dealer of Minerals & Fossils. THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS will possibly meet Monday, June 18, at the Home of Andy Muir. The President will notify Board members if a meeting is necessary. All Board members are expected to at- tend if meeting is called. Any member is welcome to attend but kindly let Andy know if you plan to attend at: <[email protected]> or phone 301 990 1370.
    [Show full text]
  • Activity 21: Cleavage and Fracture Maine Geological Survey
    Activity 21: Cleavage and Fracture Maine Geological Survey Objectives: Students will recognize the difference between cleavage and fracture; they will become familiar with planes of cleavage, and will use a mineral's "habit of breaking" as an aid to identifying common minerals. Time: This activity is intended to take one-half (1/2) period to discuss cleavage planes and types and one (1) class period to do the activity. Background: Cleavage is the property of a mineral that allows it to break smoothly along specific internal planes (called cleavage planes) when the mineral is struck sharply with a hammer. Fracture is the property of a mineral breaking in a more or less random pattern with no smooth planar surfaces. Since nearly all minerals have an orderly atomic structure, individual mineral grains have internal axes of length, width, and depth, related to the consistent arrangement of the atoms. These axes are reflected in the crystalline pattern in which the mineral grows and are present in the mineral regardless of whether or not the sample shows external crystal faces. The axes' arrangement, size, and the angles at which these axes intersect, all help determine, along with the strength of the molecular bonding in the given mineral, the degree of cleavage the mineral will exhibit. Many minerals, when struck sharply with a hammer, will break smoothly along one or more of these planes. The degree of smoothness of the broken surface and the number of planes along which the mineral breaks are used to describe the cleavage. The possibilities include the following. Number of Planes Degree of Smoothness One Two Three Perfect Good Poor Thus a mineral's cleavage may be described as perfect three plane cleavage, in which case the mineral breaks with almost mirror-like surfaces along the three dimensional axes; the mineral calcite exhibits such cleavage.
    [Show full text]
  • Correlation of the Mohs's Scale of Hardness with the Vickers' S Hardness Numbers
    718 Correlation of the Mohs's scale of hardness with the Vickers' s hardness numbers. By E. WILFRED TAYLOR, C.B.E., F.R.M.S., F. Inst. P. Messrs. Cooke, Troughton & Simms, Ltd., York. [Read June 23, 1949.] INERALOGISTS have long been accustomed to describe hard- M ness with the aid of a scale devised by Friedrich Mohs, who lived from 1773 to 1839. The test is qualitative, each mineral in the scale being capable of scratching those that precede it, but the ten minerals have held their ground as a useful representative series with which it is now interesting to compare another method of estimating hard- ness. In the metallurgical world hardness is now usually expressed by means of the Vickers's hardness numbers or their equivalent, and the figures are derived from the size of the impression made by a diamond indenter in the form of a four-sided pyramid with the opposite faces worked to an included angle of 136 ~ More recently micro-hardness testers have been devised to enable minute impressions to be formed under light loads on small individual crystals of a metallic alloy, 1 and it occurred to the author to obtain hardness figures for the various types of optical glass by means of a scratch test with such an instrument. The intention was to draw a lightly loaded diamond across a polished glass surface and to measure the width of the resulting furrow. This method proved to be promising, but as an experiment a static indenter was also used, and it was dis- covered that glass was sufficiently plastic to take good impressions, so long as the load did not exceed 50 grams or thereabouts.
    [Show full text]
  • Stations Monitored
    Stations Monitored 10/01/2019 Format Call Letters Market Station Name Adult Contemporary WHBC-FM AKRON, OH MIX 94.1 Adult Contemporary WKDD-FM AKRON, OH 98.1 WKDD Adult Contemporary WRVE-FM ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY, NY 99.5 THE RIVER Adult Contemporary WYJB-FM ALBANY-SCHENECTADY-TROY, NY B95.5 Adult Contemporary KDRF-FM ALBUQUERQUE, NM 103.3 eD FM Adult Contemporary KMGA-FM ALBUQUERQUE, NM 99.5 MAGIC FM Adult Contemporary KPEK-FM ALBUQUERQUE, NM 100.3 THE PEAK Adult Contemporary WLEV-FM ALLENTOWN-BETHLEHEM, PA 100.7 WLEV Adult Contemporary KMVN-FM ANCHORAGE, AK MOViN 105.7 Adult Contemporary KMXS-FM ANCHORAGE, AK MIX 103.1 Adult Contemporary WOXL-FS ASHEVILLE, NC MIX 96.5 Adult Contemporary WSB-FM ATLANTA, GA B98.5 Adult Contemporary WSTR-FM ATLANTA, GA STAR 94.1 Adult Contemporary WFPG-FM ATLANTIC CITY-CAPE MAY, NJ LITE ROCK 96.9 Adult Contemporary WSJO-FM ATLANTIC CITY-CAPE MAY, NJ SOJO 104.9 Adult Contemporary KAMX-FM AUSTIN, TX MIX 94.7 Adult Contemporary KBPA-FM AUSTIN, TX 103.5 BOB FM Adult Contemporary KKMJ-FM AUSTIN, TX MAJIC 95.5 Adult Contemporary WLIF-FM BALTIMORE, MD TODAY'S 101.9 Adult Contemporary WQSR-FM BALTIMORE, MD 102.7 JACK FM Adult Contemporary WWMX-FM BALTIMORE, MD MIX 106.5 Adult Contemporary KRVE-FM BATON ROUGE, LA 96.1 THE RIVER Adult Contemporary WMJY-FS BILOXI-GULFPORT-PASCAGOULA, MS MAGIC 93.7 Adult Contemporary WMJJ-FM BIRMINGHAM, AL MAGIC 96 Adult Contemporary KCIX-FM BOISE, ID MIX 106 Adult Contemporary KXLT-FM BOISE, ID LITE 107.9 Adult Contemporary WMJX-FM BOSTON, MA MAGIC 106.7 Adult Contemporary WWBX-FM
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 RBA Annual Report
    2 018 RADIO BROADCASTERS ASSOCIATION ANNUAL REPORT www.rba.co.nz THE YEAR BY NUMBERS NUMBER OF PEOPLE EMPLOYED BY RBA COMMERCIAL STATIONS – IN THE REGION OF 1,800 ANNUAL RADIO REVENUE $ 279.4 MILLION % OF ALL NZ ADVERTISING REVENUE 10.63% # OF COMMERCIAL RADIO FREQUENCIES– 103 AM & 678 FM 781 # OF LISTENERS AGED 10+ TO ALL RADIO AS AT S4 DECEMBER 2018 84% OF ALL NEW ZEALANDERS* 3.59 MILLION # OF LISTENERS AGED 10+ TO COMMERCIAL RADIO AS AT S4 DECEMBER 2018 78% OF ALL NEW ZEALANDERS* 3.32 MILLION # OF RADIO STUDENTS IN 2018 With almost 3.6 million people listening to radio each week and 3.3 million of those listening to commercial radio, we are one 173 of, if not the most used media channels every week in New Zealand. We need to shout this loudly and proudly. Jana Rangooni, RBA CEO www.rba.co.nz FROM THE RBA CHAIRMAN, FROM THE RBA CEO, NORM COLLISON JANA RANGOONI 2018 was a challenging As I write our support of a thriving mainstream year for all organisations in this report music industry in New Zealand. the media throughout New I, like so • We have revised the radio agency Zealand as we faced more many in the accreditation scheme and increased competition at a global level. industry, the number of agencies participating. It was pleasing therefore to are still see radio yet again hold its grieving • We have developed a new plan own in terms of audiences the loss with Civil Defence to engage with and advertising revenue. of our the 16 CDEM regions to ensure the Memorandum of Understanding with We ended the year with over 3.3 million New Zealanders colleague Darryl Paton who so many MCDEM is activated across New listening to commercial radio each week and $279.4 million in know from his years at The Edge and The Zealand.
    [Show full text]