Arctic Paleoclimate Synthesis Thematic Papers
Quaternary Science Reviews 29 (2010) 1716e1727 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev Past rates of climate change in the Arctic James W.C. White a,*, Richard B. Alley b, Julie Brigham-Grette c, Joan J. Fitzpatrick d, Anne E. Jennings a, Sigfus J. Johnsen e, Gifford H. Miller a, R. Steven Nerem f, Leonid Polyak g a Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0450, USA b Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA c Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA d Earth Surface Processes, MS-980, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA e Ice and Climate Center, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark f Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, UCB 431, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA g Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, 108 Scott Hall, 1090 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1002, USA article info abstract Article history: Climate is continually changing on numerous time scales, driven by a range of factors. In general, longer- Received 2 May 2009 lived changes are somewhat larger, but much slower to occur, than shorter-lived changes. Processes Received in revised form linked with continental drift have affected atmospheric circulation, oceanic currents, and the composi- 9 April 2010 tion of the atmosphere over tens of millions of years. A global cooling trend over the last 60 million years Accepted 28 April 2010 has altered conditions near sea level in the Arctic from ice-free year-round to completely ice covered.
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