IETF Hackathon
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Libressl Presentatie2
Birth of LibreSSL and its current status Frank Timmers Consutant, Snow B.V. Background What is LibreSSL • A fork of OpenSSL 1.0.1g • Being worked on extensively by a number of OpenBSD developers What is OpenSSL • OpenSSL is an open source SSL/TLS crypto library • Currently the de facto standard for many servers and clients • Used for securing http, smtp, imap and many others Alternatives • Netscape Security Services (NSS) • BoringSSL • GnuTLS What is Heartbleed • Heartbleed was a bug leaking of private data (keys) from both client and server • At this moment known as “the worst bug ever” • Heartbeat code for DTLS over UDP • So why was this also included in the TCP code? • Not the reason to create a fork Why did this happen • Nobody looked • Or at least didn’t admit they looked Why did nobody look • The code is horrible • Those who did look, quickly looked away and hoped upstream could deal with it Why was the code so horrible • Buggy re-implementations of standard libc functions like random() and malloc() • Forces all platforms to use these buggy implementations • Nested #ifdef, #ifndefs (up to 17 layers deep) through out the code • Written in “OpenSSL C”, basically their own dialect • Everything on by default Why was it so horrible? crypto_malloc • Never frees memory (Tools like Valgrind, Coverity can’t spot bugs) • Used LIFO recycling (Use after free?) • Included debug malloc by default, logging private data • Included the ability to replace malloc/free at runtime #ifdef trees • #ifdef, #elif, #else trees up to 17 layers deep • Throughout the complete source • Some of which could never be reached • Hard to see what is or not compiled in 1. -
Scalable Scanning and Automatic Classification of TLS Padding Oracle Vulnerabilities
Scalable Scanning and Automatic Classification of TLS Padding Oracle Vulnerabilities Robert Merget and Juraj Somorovsky, Ruhr University Bochum; Nimrod Aviram, Tel Aviv University; Craig Young, Tripwire VERT; Janis Fliegenschmidt and Jörg Schwenk, Ruhr University Bochum; Yuval Shavitt, Tel Aviv University https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity19/presentation/merget This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 28th USENIX Security Symposium. August 14–16, 2019 • Santa Clara, CA, USA 978-1-939133-06-9 Open access to the Proceedings of the 28th USENIX Security Symposium is sponsored by USENIX. Scalable Scanning and Automatic Classification of TLS Padding Oracle Vulnerabilities Robert Merget1, Juraj Somorovsky1, Nimrod Aviram2, Craig Young3, Janis Fliegenschmidt1, Jörg Schwenk1, and Yuval Shavitt2 1Ruhr University Bochum 2Department of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University 3Tripwire VERT Abstract the encryption key. The attack requires a server that decrypts a message and responds with 1 or 0 based on the message va- The TLS protocol provides encryption, data integrity, and lidity. This behavior essentially provides the attacker with a authentication on the modern Internet. Despite the protocol’s cryptographic oracle which can be used to mount an adaptive importance, currently-deployed TLS versions use obsolete chosen-ciphertext attack. The attacker exploits this behavior cryptographic algorithms which have been broken using var- to decrypt messages by executing adaptive queries.Vaudenay ious attacks. One prominent class of such attacks is CBC exploited a specific form of vulnerable behavior, where im- padding oracle attacks. These attacks allow an adversary to plementations validate the CBC padding structure and re- decrypt TLS traffic by observing different server behaviors spond with 1 or 0 accordingly. -
Arxiv:1911.09312V2 [Cs.CR] 12 Dec 2019
Revisiting and Evaluating Software Side-channel Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures in Cryptographic Applications Tianwei Zhang Jun Jiang Yinqian Zhang Nanyang Technological University Two Sigma Investments, LP The Ohio State University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—We systematize software side-channel attacks with three questions: (1) What are the common and distinct a focus on vulnerabilities and countermeasures in the cryp- features of various vulnerabilities? (2) What are common tographic implementations. Particularly, we survey past re- mitigation strategies? (3) What is the status quo of cryp- search literature to categorize vulnerable implementations, tographic applications regarding side-channel vulnerabili- and identify common strategies to eliminate them. We then ties? Past work only surveyed attack techniques and media evaluate popular libraries and applications, quantitatively [20–31], without offering unified summaries for software measuring and comparing the vulnerability severity, re- vulnerabilities and countermeasures that are more useful. sponse time and coverage. Based on these characterizations This paper provides a comprehensive characterization and evaluations, we offer some insights for side-channel of side-channel vulnerabilities and countermeasures, as researchers, cryptographic software developers and users. well as evaluations of cryptographic applications related We hope our study can inspire the side-channel research to side-channel attacks. We present this study in three di- community to discover new vulnerabilities, and more im- rections. (1) Systematization of literature: we characterize portantly, to fortify applications against them. the vulnerabilities from past work with regard to the im- plementations; for each vulnerability, we describe the root cause and the technique required to launch a successful 1. -
Crypto Projects That Might Not Suck
Crypto Projects that Might not Suck Steve Weis PrivateCore ! http://bit.ly/CryptoMightNotSuck #CryptoMightNotSuck Today’s Talk ! • Goal was to learn about new projects and who is working on them. ! • Projects marked with ☢ are experimental or are relatively new. ! • Tried to cite project owners or main contributors; sorry for omissions. ! Methodology • Unscientific survey of projects from Twitter and mailing lists ! • Excluded closed source projects & crypto currencies ! • Stats: • 1300 pageviews on submission form • 110 total nominations • 89 unique nominations • 32 mentioned today The People’s Choice • Open Whisper Systems: https://whispersystems.org/ • Moxie Marlinspike (@moxie) & open source community • Acquired by Twitter 2011 ! • TextSecure: Encrypt your texts and chat messages for Android • OTP-like forward security & Axolotl key racheting by @trevp__ • https://github.com/whispersystems/textsecure/ • RedPhone: Secure calling app for Android • ZRTP for key agreement, SRTP for call encryption • https://github.com/whispersystems/redphone/ Honorable Mention • ☢ Networking and Crypto Library (NaCl): http://nacl.cr.yp.to/ • Easy to use, high speed XSalsa20, Poly1305, Curve25519, etc • No dynamic memory allocation or data-dependent branches • DJ Bernstein (@hashbreaker), Tanja Lange (@hyperelliptic), Peter Schwabe (@cryptojedi) ! • ☢ libsodium: https://github.com/jedisct1/libsodium • Portable, cross-compatible NaCL • OpenDNS & Frank Denis (@jedisct1) The Old Standbys • Gnu Privacy Guard (GPG): https://www.gnupg.org/ • OpenSSH: http://www.openssh.com/ -
Post-Quantum Authentication in Openssl with Hash-Based Signatures
Recalling Hash-Based Signatures Motivations for Cryptographic Library Integration Cryptographic Libraries OpenSSL & open-quantum-safe XMSS Certificate Signing in OpenSSL / open-quantum-safe Conclusions Post-Quantum Authentication in OpenSSL with Hash-Based Signatures Denis Butin, Julian Wälde, and Johannes Buchmann TU Darmstadt, Germany 1 / 26 I Quantum computers are not available yet, but deployment of new crypto takes time, so transition must start now I Well established post-quantum signature schemes: hash-based cryptography (XMSS and variants) I Our goal: make post-quantum signatures available in a popular security software library: OpenSSL Recalling Hash-Based Signatures Motivations for Cryptographic Library Integration Cryptographic Libraries OpenSSL & open-quantum-safe XMSS Certificate Signing in OpenSSL / open-quantum-safe Conclusions Overall Motivation I Networking requires authentication; authentication is realized by cryptographic signature schemes I Shor’s algorithm (1994): most public-key cryptography (RSA, DSA, ECDSA) breaks once large quantum computers exist I Post-quantum cryptography: public-key algorithms thought to be secure against quantum computer attacks 2 / 26 Recalling Hash-Based Signatures Motivations for Cryptographic Library Integration Cryptographic Libraries OpenSSL & open-quantum-safe XMSS Certificate Signing in OpenSSL / open-quantum-safe Conclusions Overall Motivation I Networking requires authentication; authentication is realized by cryptographic signature schemes I Shor’s algorithm (1994): most public-key -
Secure Industrial Device Connectivity with Low-Overhead TLS
Secure Industrial Device Connectivity with Low-Overhead TLS Tuesday, October 3, 2017 1:10PM-2:10PM Chris Conlon - Engineering Manager, wolfSSL - B.S. from Montana State University (Bozeman, MT) - Software engineer at wolfSSL (7 years) Contact Info: - Email: [email protected] - Twitter: @c_conlon A. – B. – C. – D. – E. F. ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ● Original Image Encrypted using ECB mode Modes other than ECB ● ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ○ By Original schema: A.J. Han Vinck, University of Duisburg-EssenSVG version: Flugaal - A.J. Han Vinck, Introduction to public key cryptography, p. 16, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17063048 ● ○ ● ○ ■ ■ ■ ● ○ ■ ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● “Progressive” is a subjective term ● These slides talk about crypto algorithms that are: ○ New, modern ○ Becoming widely accepted ○ Have been integrated into SSL/TLS with cipher suites ● ChaCha20 ● Poly1305 ● Curve25519 ● Ed25519 Created by Daniel Bernstein a research professor at the University of Illinois, Chicago Chacha20-Poly1305 AEAD used in Google over HTTPS Ed25519 and ChaCha20-Poly1305 AEAD used in Apple’s HomeKit (iOS Security) ● Fast stream cipher ● Based from Salsa20 stream cipher using a different quarter-round process giving it more diffusion ● Can be used for AEAD encryption with Poly1305 ● Was published by Bernstein in 2008 Used by ● Google Chrome ● TinySSH ● Apple HomeKit ● wolfSSL ● To provide authenticity of messages (MAC) ● Extremely fast in comparison to others ● Introduced by a presentation given from Bernstein in 2002 ● Naming scheme from using polynomial-evaluation MAC (Message Authentication Code) over a prime field Z/(2^130 - 5) Used by ● Tor ● Google Chrome ● Apple iOS ● wolfSSL Generic Montgomery curve. Reference 5 Used by ● Tera Term ● GnuPG ● wolfSSL Generic Twisted Edwards Curve. -
A Security Analysis of the WPA-TKIP and TLS Security Protocols
ARENBERG DOCTORAL SCHOOL Faculty of Engineering Science A Security Analysis of the WPA-TKIP and TLS Security Protocols Mathy Vanhoef Supervisor: Dissertation presented in partial Prof. dr. ir. F. Piessens fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Engineering Science: Computer Science July 2016 A Security Analysis of the WPA-TKIP and TLS Security Protocols Mathy VANHOEF Examination committee: Dissertation presented in partial Prof. dr. ir. P. Van Houtte, chair fulfillment of the requirements for Prof. dr. ir. F. Piessens, supervisor the degree of Doctor in Engineering Prof. dr. ir. C. Huygens Science: Computer Science Prof. dr. D. Hughes Prof. dr. ir. B. Preneel Prof. dr. K. Paterson (Royal Holloway, University of London) July 2016 © 2016 KU Leuven – Faculty of Engineering Science Uitgegeven in eigen beheer, Mathy Vanhoef, Celestijnenlaan 200A box 2402, B-3001 Leuven (Belgium) Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt worden door middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm, elektronisch of op welke andere wijze ook zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm, electronic or any other means without written permission from the publisher. Preface When I started my PhD four years ago, I thought people were exaggerating when they said that doing a PhD was a unique and special experience. Turns out I was wrong: it is indeed quite the journey! It was a roller coaster of exciting and sometimes no so exciting research results, late-night deadline races, moments of doubt, enriching and rewarding travels, grueling dilemmas, facing your own limitations,. -
Black-Box Security Analysis of State Machine Implementations Joeri De Ruiter
Black-box security analysis of state machine implementations Joeri de Ruiter 18-03-2019 Agenda 1. Why are state machines interesting? 2. How do we know that the state machine is implemented correctly? 3. What can go wrong if the implementation is incorrect? What are state machines? • Almost every protocol includes some kind of state • State machine is a model of the different states and the transitions between them • When receiving a messages, given the current state: • Decide what action to perform • Which message to respond with • Which state to go the next Why are state machines interesting? • State machines play a very important role in security protocols • For example: • Is the user authenticated? • Did we agree on keys? And if so, which keys? • Are we encrypting our traffic? • Every implementation of a protocol has to include the corresponding state machine • Mistakes can lead to serious security issues! State machine example Confirm transaction Verify PIN 0000 Failed Init Failed Verify PIN 1234 OK Verified Confirm transaction OK State machines in specifications • Often specifications do not explicitly contain a state machine • Mainly explained in lots of prose • Focus usually on happy flow • What to do if protocol flow deviates from this? Client Server ClientHello --------> ServerHello Certificate* ServerKeyExchange* CertificateRequest* <-------- ServerHelloDone Certificate* ClientKeyExchange CertificateVerify* [ChangeCipherSpec] Finished --------> [ChangeCipherSpec] <-------- Finished Application Data <-------> Application Data -
You Really Shouldn't Roll Your Own Crypto: an Empirical Study of Vulnerabilities in Cryptographic Libraries
You Really Shouldn’t Roll Your Own Crypto: An Empirical Study of Vulnerabilities in Cryptographic Libraries Jenny Blessing Michael A. Specter Daniel J. Weitzner MIT MIT MIT Abstract A common aphorism in applied cryptography is that cryp- The security of the Internet rests on a small number of open- tographic code is inherently difficult to secure due to its com- source cryptographic libraries: a vulnerability in any one of plexity; that one should not “roll your own crypto.” In par- them threatens to compromise a significant percentage of web ticular, the maxim that complexity is the enemy of security traffic. Despite this potential for security impact, the character- is a common refrain within the security community. Since istics and causes of vulnerabilities in cryptographic software the phrase was first popularized in 1999 [52], it has been in- are not well understood. In this work, we conduct the first voked in general discussions about software security [32] and comprehensive analysis of cryptographic libraries and the vul- cited repeatedly as part of the encryption debate [26]. Conven- nerabilities affecting them. We collect data from the National tional wisdom holds that the greater the number of features Vulnerability Database, individual project repositories and in a system, the greater the risk that these features and their mailing lists, and other relevant sources for eight widely used interactions with other components contain vulnerabilities. cryptographic libraries. Unfortunately, the security community lacks empirical ev- Among our most interesting findings is that only 27.2% of idence supporting the “complexity is the enemy of security” vulnerabilities in cryptographic libraries are cryptographic argument with respect to cryptographic software. -
Analysis of DTLS Implementations Using Protocol State Fuzzing
Analysis of DTLS Implementations Using Protocol State Fuzzing Paul Fiterau-Brostean and Bengt Jonsson, Uppsala University; Robert Merget, Ruhr-University Bochum; Joeri de Ruiter, SIDN Labs; Konstantinos Sagonas, Uppsala University; Juraj Somorovsky, Paderborn University https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity20/presentation/fiterau-brostean This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium. August 12–14, 2020 978-1-939133-17-5 Open access to the Proceedings of the 29th USENIX Security Symposium is sponsored by USENIX. Analysis of DTLS Implementations Using Protocol State Fuzzing Paul Fiterau-Bro¸stean˘ Bengt Jonsson Robert Merget Joeri de Ruiter Uppsala University Uppsala University Ruhr University Bochum SIDN Labs Konstantinos Sagonas Juraj Somorovsky Uppsala University Paderborn University Abstract reach 11.6 billion by 2021 [26]. This will constitute half of all devices connected to the Internet, with the percentage set to Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of proto- grow in subsequent years. Such trends also increase the need cols relying on UDP. Compared to TCP, UDP offers perfor- to ensure that software designed for these devices is properly mance advantages such as simplicity and lower latency. This scrutinized, particularly with regards to its security. has motivated its adoption in Voice over IP, tunneling techno- DTLS is also used as one of the two security protocols in logies, IoT, and novel Web protocols. To protect sensitive data WebRTC, a framework enabling real-time communication. exchange in these scenarios, the DTLS protocol has been de- WebRTC can be used, for example, to implement video con- veloped as a cryptographic variation of TLS. -
Breaking Ed25519 in Wolfssl
Breaking Ed25519 in WolfSSL Niels Samwel1, Lejla Batina1, Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen1;2, and Ruggero Susella2 1 Digital Security Group, Radboud University, The Netherlands fn.samwel,lejla,[email protected] 2 STMicroelectronics [email protected] [email protected] Abstract. Ed25519 is an instance of the Elliptic Curve based signature scheme EdDSA that was recently introduced to solve an inconvenience of the more established ECDSA. Namely, both schemes require the gen- eration of a random value (scalar of the ephemeral key pair) during the signature generation process and the secrecy of this random value is critical for security: knowledge of one such a random value, or partial knowledge of a series of them, allows reconstructing the signer's private key. In ECDSA it is not specified how to generate this random value and hence implementations critically rely on the quality of random number generators and are challenging to implement securely. EdDSA removes this dependence by deriving the secret deterministically from the mes- sage and a long-term auxiliary key using a cryptographic hash function. The feature of determinism has received wide support as enabling secure implementations and in particular deployment of Ed25519 is spectac- ular. Today Ed25519 is used in numerous security protocols, networks and both software and hardware security products e.g. OpenSSH, Tor, GnuPG etc. In this paper we show that in use cases where power or electromagnetic leakage can be exploited, exactly the mechanism that makes EdDSA deterministic complicates its secure implementation. In particular, we break an Ed25519 implementation in WolfSSL, which is a suitable use case for IoT applications. -
Heartbleed Debugged – Openssl & CVE-2014-0160
Heartbleed Debugged – OpenSSL & CVE-2014-0160 Heartbleed Debugged – OpenSSL & CVE-2014-0160 René ’Lynx’ Pfeiffer DeepSec GmbH ihttps://deepsec.net/, [email protected] FH Eisenstadt Heartbleed Debugged – OpenSSL & CVE-2014-0160 Vorstellung Studium der Physik PGP Benutzer seit 1992 (aus denselben Gründen wie heute) selbstständig seit 1999 in der Informationstechnologie seit 2001 Lehrtätigkeit bei Firmen und dem Technikum Wien seit 2008 in der Geschäftsführung der DeepSec Konferenz seit 2010 in der Geschäftsführung der Crowes Agency OG Heartbleed Debugged – OpenSSL & CVE-2014-0160 Motivation – Ist OpenSSL wichtig? OpenSSL ist wichtige Sicherheitskomponente weit verbreitet in Applikationen & Embedded Devices OpenSSL implementiert nicht nur SSL/TLS full-strength general purpose cryptography library X.509 für PKI ::: Fehler in OpenSSL betreffen daher viele Anwendungen One Bug to rule them all, One Bug to find them; One Bug to bring them all and in the darkness bind them. Heartbleed Debugged – OpenSSL & CVE-2014-0160 OpenSSL Fakten Geschichte von OpenSSL offizieller Start am 23. Dezember 1998 (Version 0.9.1) Motivation: Werkzeug für Kryptographie, Fokus Internet mod_ssl v1 stammt von April 1998 (auf Basis Apache-SSL) OpenSSL Entwicklungsteam 11 Developer (zwei angestellt) schreiben, modifizieren, testen 500.000+ Zeilen Code Heartbleed Debugged – OpenSSL & CVE-2014-0160 OpenSSL Fakten OpenSSL Fähigkeiten Verschlüsselungsalgorithmen AES, Blowfish, Camellia, SEED, CAST-128, DES, IDEA, RC2, RC4, RC5, Triple DES, GOST 28147-89 Hash-Algorithmen MD5,