POLICY PROPOSAL 2018-07 | FEBRUARY 2018 Strengthening Labor Standards and Institutions to Promote Wage Growth Heidi Shierholz MISSION STATEMENT The Hamilton Project seeks to advance America’s promise of opportunity, prosperity, and growth. We believe that today’s increasingly competitive global economy demands public policy ideas commensurate with the challenges of the 21st Century. The Project’s economic strategy reflects a judgment that long-term prosperity is best achieved by fostering economic growth and broad participation in that growth, by enhancing individual economic security, and by embracing a role for effective government in making needed public investments. Our strategy calls for combining public investment, a secure social safety net, and fiscal discipline. In that framework, the Project puts forward innovative proposals from leading economic thinkers — based on credible evidence and experience, not ideology or doctrine — to introduce new and effective policy options into the national debate. The Project is named after Alexander Hamilton, the nation’s first Treasury Secretary, who laid the foundation for the modern American economy. Hamilton stood for sound fiscal policy, believed that broad-based opportunity for advancement would drive American economic growth, and recognized that “prudent aids and encouragements on the part of government” are necessary to enhance and guide market forces. The guiding principles of the Project remain consistent with these views. Strengthening Labor Standards and Institutions to Promote Wage Growth Heidi Shierholz Economic Policy Institute FEBRUARY 2018 This policy proposal is a proposal from the author(s). As emphasized in The Hamilton Project’s original strategy paper, the Project was designed in part to provide a forum for leading thinkers across the nation to put forward innovative and potentially important economic policy ideas that share the Project’s broad goals of promoting economic growth, broad-based participation in growth, and economic security. The author(s) are invited to express their own ideas in policy papers, whether or not the Project’s staff or advisory council agrees with the specific proposals. This policy paper is offered in that spirit. The Hamilton Project • Brookings 1 Abstract For most of the period since the 1970s the United States has suffered from two trends: stagnant wages for most workers, and rising inequality. While these trends have a number of causes, nearly all involve reductions in the relative economic leverage, or bargaining power, of low- and moderate-wage workers. This paper focuses on one particular set of factors: the erosion of labor standards, institutions, and norms. I show how this erosion has been facilitated by and has exacerbated the problem of low worker bargaining power, and propose a suite of remedies to help strengthen worker bargaining power and increase wages. These remedies include increasing the real value of the minimum wage and the overtime salary threshold, passing fair scheduling laws, boosting unionization, supporting joint employer standards, passing paycheck transparency laws, passing laws that make W-2 the default employment status, limiting the use of non-competes, banning the use of mandatory arbitration for statutory labor and employment claims, ensuring immigrant workers have full labor rights, boosting enforcement of labor standards, and leveraging procurement dollars to boost compliance. 2 Strengthening Labor Standards and Institutions to Promote Wage Growth Table of Contents ABSTRACT 2 INTRODUCTION 4 THE CHALLENGE 5 A NEW APPROACH 11 QUESTIONS AND CONCERNS 15 CONCLUSION 16 AUTHOR AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 17 ENDNOTES 18 REFERENCES 19 The Hamilton Project • Brookings 3 Introduction or most of the past four and a half decades, the United There is no one cause of this wage stagnation, but the declining States has suffered from stagnant wages for most relative economic leverage, or bargaining power, of low- and workers. Figure 1 shows the real median hourly wage moderate-wage workers is common to the various causes. F(including both hourly and salaried workers) from 1973 to This paper focuses on one particular set of factors: the erosion 2017. The median hourly wage is arguably the best summary of labor standards, institutions, and norms. In what follows, measure of how American workers are benefiting from work, I first describe the nature of wage stagnation and rising and the current level is not impressive. The typical worker in inequality in more depth, then show how the erosion of labor our labor market earns $18.28 an hour. For a full-time, full- standards, institutions, and norms has contributed to those year worker, that hourly wage translates into around $38,000 a trends. Finally, I propose a suite of remedies. year. Moreover, the median wage has grown very little since the early 1970s. In 1973 it was $17.10 in inflation-adjusted terms, so it has grown just 6.9 percent over this period—less than 0.2 percent per year on average. FIGURE 1. Real Median Hourly Wage, 1973–2017 20 18 16 14 Hourly wage (2017 dollars) Hourly wage 12 10 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 1973–2017; Economic Policy Institute analysis. Note: Population is all workers, including both supervisory and nonsupervisory and both hourly and salaried workers. 4 Strengthening Labor Standards and Institutions to Promote Wage Growth The Challenge ne could look at figure 1 and wonder if median wage the benefits of growth are largely being captured by those stagnation constitutes a problem, given that wages are at the top of the income distribution, leaving most workers not falling. However, merely holding steady is counter behind (Bivens and Mishel 2015). Importantly, this was not Oto typical middle-class aspirations, in which each successive the economy of the 1948–73 period, when net productivity generation does better than the one that came before it. That and wages for typical workers increased by similar amounts. used to happen, but is not happening anymore. In fact, the early baby boomers were the last cohort to have higher incomes than These trends are also evident in rising wage inequality. Figure preceding cohorts (Mishel et al. 2012, fig. 3A). 3 shows the cumulative percent change from 1979 to 2016 in real annual wage and salary earnings of workers at various In addition, productivity growth over the last forty years levels of the earnings distribution. It illustrates how the was substantial; had that growth been broadly shared, the growing gap between productivity and compensation of most 2 median worker would have seen significant improvement in workers is largely accounted for by rising inequality of wages. their earnings. Figure 2 shows growth in net productivity The wages of the top 1 percent grew nearly 150 percent over and hourly compensation (including wages and benefits) over this period, while the average of the entire bottom 90 percent time.1 Between 1973 and 2016 productivity grew six times as of workers grew just over 20 percent. Furthermore, a worker fast as compensation for the typical worker. That gap between must be well into the top 10 percent of the wage distribution economy-wide productivity growth and increases in the to see wage growth that even matches economy-wide net typical worker’s pay is the footprint of an economy in which productivity growth. FIGURE 2. Cumulative Growth in Net Productivity and Average Hourly Compensation of Nonmanagerial Workers, 1948–2016 300300 120120 19731973 NetNet productivityproductivity 96.7%96.7% 250250 100100 91.3%91.3% NetNet productivityproductivity 200200 8080 73.7%73.7% 150150 6060 100100 4040 HourlyHourly HourlyHourly compensationcompensation compensationcompensation Cumulative growth (percent) growth Cumulative (percent) growth Cumulative (percent) growth Cumulative (percent) growth Cumulative 5050 2020 12.3%12.3% 0 0 0 0 195019501956195619621962196819681974197419801980198619861992199219981998200420042010201020162016 1948–731948–73 1973–20161973–2016 Source: Bivens et al. 2014; author’s calculations. Note: Data are for compensation (wages and benefits) of production and nonsupervisory workers in the private sector and net productivity of the total economy. Net productivity is the growth of output of goods and services less depreciation per hour worked. The Hamilton Project • Brookings 5 FIGURE 3. Cumulative Growth in Real Annual Wage by Percentile, 1979–2016 200 175 Top 1 percent 150 125 100 75 95th to 99th percentile 50 90th to 95th percentile Cumulative growth (percent) growth Cumulative 25 Bottom 90 percent 0 –25 1980 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010 2016 Source: Kopczuk, Saez, and Song 2010; Social Security Administration n.d.; Economic Policy Institute calculations. FIGURE 4. Real Median Hourly Wage by Race and Ethnicity, 1973–2017 White (non-Hispanic) 20 18 Black (non-Hispanic) 16 14 Hispanic Hourly wage (2017 dollars) Hourly wage 12 10 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 Source: BLS 1973–2017; Economic Policy Institute calculations. Note: Race/ethnicity categories are mutually exclusive. 6 Strengthening Labor Standards and Institutions to Promote Wage Growth Although net productivity grew 64.2 percent between 1979 are unable to meaningfully save. Figure 5 shows that median and 2016, figure 3 shows that the wages for the 90th–95th wage stagnation is mirrored by median net worth stagnation. percentiles of the wage distribution grew just 43.8 percent The typical family’s entire net worth—the total value of all over that period. This means there was an enormous transfer assets (house, car, stocks, retirement accounts, cash value from the bottom 95 percent to the top few percent over this of life insurance, etc.) minus all debts (mortgage, car loans, period. When typical workers are essentially treading water, credit card debt, student debt, etc.)—was only $97,300 in 2016. but the top is pulling away, the economy is not working for most families. The problem with stagnant wages is not just about day-to- day living standards, but also workers’ ability to save for An additional core problem in our labor market is that wages retirement, children’s college education, or an emergency.