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IPTV Overblik IPTV overblik Søren Andreasen System Engineer CCIE #3252 Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1 What is IPTV? IPTV = IP network delivered TeleVision Today it usually includes: Switched Digital Broadcast channels (SDB) Video-on-Demand services (VOD) Digital Video Recorder services (DVR/PVR) Interactive TV applications (ITV) Broadband IP Access Network Today: xDSL, Cable Modem, IP-STB Analog or Digital TV FTTx, Metro Ethernet, Subscriber (Set Top Box) (increasingly HDTV) Future?: 3G, WiMax, BPL, ... Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2 What is VOD? VOD = Video-On-Demand Service Provider VOD is about putting the consumer in control in accessing high-quality video- based content Leverages Digital Cable or IP Set Top Boxes (STBs) Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3 The Many Forms of Video-On-Demand • Movies-on-Demand (MOD) • Subscription Video-on-Demand (SVOD) • Free Video-On-Demand (FVOD) • HDTV-on-Demand (HDVOD) • Network-based Personal Video Recording (nPVR) • Public, Educational & Governmental On-Demand (PEG-OD) City council meetings, Information Local sports & Community events • Distance Learning (EduVOD) Education-on-Demand Do-it-yourself tutorials • Advanced Advertising • Interactive TV (iTV) Video-based shopping Session Number Presentation_ID Virtual ©museums, 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights vacations, reserved. etc. Cisco Confidential 4 MPEG Compression Overview Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 5 Outline • The Need for Video Compression • Video Compression Standards • Video Compression Techniques • MPEG Transport Streams Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 6 The Need for Video Compression • Uncompressed Digital Video in the SDI (Synchronous Digital Interface) format requires a tremendous amount of bandwidth to transmit 270Mbs for Standard Definition Service 1.485Gbs for High Definition Service • Aggressive compression techniques are required in order to deliver video services over IP networks • Compression is also required to reduce storage requirements for Video on Demand (VOD) systems Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 7 The Need for Video Compression • Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) A working group within the International Standards Organization (ISO) that was establish in 1988 to define the standards for digital compression of audio-visual signals. Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 8 MPEG Definitions • MPEG has standardized the following compression formats and ancillary standards: MPEG-1: Initial audio and video compression standard. Later used as the standard for Video CD, and includes the popular Layer 3 (MP3) audio compression format. MPEG-2: Transport audio and video standards for broadcast-quality television. Used for over-the-air digital television ATSC, DVB and ISDB, digital satellite TV services like DirecTV, digital cable television signals, and (with slight modifications) for DVD video discs. MPEG-4: Expands MPEG-1 to support audio/video "objects", 3D content, low bit rate encoding and support for Digital Rights Management. A new higher efficiency video codec is included (an alternative to MPEG-2 Video). MPEG-4 Part 2: Full Protocol that includes support for advanced editing functions and 3D modeling MPEG-4 Part 10: Also known as the Advanced Video Codec (AVC) and H.264. MPEG-4 Part 10 is effectively an extension of MPEG-2 that incorporates the advanced compression techniques used in MPEG-4 Part 2. MPEG-4 Part 10 = H.264 = AVC Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 9 Typical Compression Ratios • For Broadcast Video Applications, the following compression ratios are typical: • MPEG-2 SD: 270Mbs SDI Æ 3.5 – 5 Mbs MPEG-2 Stream HD: 1.485Gbs SDI-HD Æ 15 – 20 Mbs MPEG-2 Stream Compressed stream is 50 to 100 times smaller • MPEG-4 SD: 270Mbs SDI Æ 1.5 – 2.5 Mbs H.264 Stream HD: 1.485Gbs SDI-HD Æ 8 – 12 Mbs H.264 Stream Compressed stream is 100 to 180 times smaller Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 10 H.264 vs. MPEG-2 • Performance of H.264 vs. MPEG-2 38 37 36 35 34 33 Quality 32 Picture Rating 31 30 29 H.264 28 MPEG-4 part 2 27 MPEG-2 26 25 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Bit-rate [kbit/s] Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 11 How Compression is Achieved • Limitations of human perception are used to determine what information can be discarded from the signal without a significant reduction in perceived signal quality • Visual Limitations Limited resolution Higher luminance resolution than color resolution Higher sensitivity for coarse picture details than fine details • Psychoacoustic Limitations Limited frequency response (Fra 20hz til 20.000hz) Non-linear frequency response Limited volume range (fjern svag og meget høj lyd) Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 12 How Compression is Achieved • Blanking removal • Chroma sub sampling (færre farve samplinger end grå samplinger, samt pixel optimering) • Motion Prediction (Temporal Compression) • Spatial Compression (Still Image Compression, ala jpeg) Discrete Cosine Transform Quantization • Entropy Coding (Huffman Coding) Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13 Blanking Removal • Blanking Removal (ingen tab af kvalitet) The horizontal and vertical blanking areas are not recorded. They are replaced by short sync data words specific to the application. Example: ITU-R BT.601, 10 bits per sample, 4:2:2 bit-serial data stream has a bit rate of 270Mb/s. Removing the blanking data results in a reduced bit rate of 207Mb/s without affecting the picture quality. Vertical Blanking Interval Interval Horizontal Blanking Electron Gun Picture Area Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 14 Chroma sub sampling Lossy images utilizing Sub-sampling The pixels in every second row and every second column are ignored. To compensate for this, the size of the remaining pixels are scaled up. Human perception fills in the gaps. Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15 Compression Methods: Temporal • Hierarchy of Data Group of Pictures (GOP) Frame Slice Macroblock Block • Fixed størrelse i Mpeg2, variabel • I Mpeg4 kan slices og blocks kan være for forskellige størrelser Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 16 Compression Methods: Temporal • Frames of video are coded as pictures in a specific sequence • Types of frames I-pictures: intraframe encoded, do not use prediction P-pictures: interframe encoded using forward prediction B-pictures: interpolated bi-directional motion prediction Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 17 Compression Methods: Temporal • Temporal Redundancy Motion Prediction I Frame B Frame P Frame Only Motion Encoded Complete Frame Encoded Ball Encoded with Motion Vector Ball Bi-directionally from I & P from I frame Revealed Knee from P frame Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 18 Compression Methods: Temporal • Coding of Moving Images Most video frames are similar except for movement Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 19 Compression Methods: Temporal • Only the difference between frames is encoded and transmitted. Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20 Compression Methods: Temporal • Frame Types I-Frames or Intracoded Frames Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 21 Compression Methods: Temporal •Frame Types P-Frames or Predictive Frames •Indeholder ”forskellen” fra sidste I eller P frame, f.eks rød pil viser hvor objekt vil bevæge sig hen. Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 22 Compression Methods: Temporal •Frame Types B-Frames or Bidirectional Predictive Frames •Indeholder ”forskellen” fra sidste I/P frame og næste P frame. F.eks rød pil viser hvor objekt var i foregående I/P frame og blå viser hvor objekt er i næste P frame. Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23 Compression Methods: Temporal •GOP Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 24 Compression Methods – Temporal • A GOP is usually described by a two number sequence describing The I frame interval The anchor frame interval (I or P frames)’ • Afstanden mellem I frames afgør ”channel change time”!!! • 12/3 er mest ”normalt” i mpeg, men også 15/3 bruges • Video med 30 fps og GOP på 15/3 vil have en I frame hvert ½ sekund 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 30 B B B I B B P B P B P B PI Example of 12/3 Session Number Presentation_ID © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25 Compression Process:
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