Université De Montréal Un Regard Hors De Soi : Étude Des Rapports Entre

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Université De Montréal Un Regard Hors De Soi : Étude Des Rapports Entre Université de Montréal Un regard hors de soi : Étude des rapports entre corps, caméra et espace dans l’histoire des techniques de prise de vues au cinéma par Philippe Bédard Département d’histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiæ Doctor (Ph. D.) en Études cinématographiques Septembre 2020 © Philippe Bédard, 2020 Université de Montréal Département d’histoire de l’art et d’études cinématographiques, Faculté des arts et des sciences Cette thèse intitulée Un regard hors de soi : Étude des rapports entre corps, caméra et espace dans l’histoire des techniques de prise de vues au cinéma Présentée par Philippe Bédard A été évaluée par Carl Therrien Président-rapporteur Richard Bégin Directeur de thèse Carl Therrien Membre du jury Antoine Gaudin Évaluateur externe I RÉSUMÉ En tant que phénomène divisé entre technique et esthétique, le mouvement de caméra s’avère parfois difficile à analyser. Comme le remarque Vivian Sobchack (1982, 317), le vocabulaire typiquement utilisé pour aborder les mouvements de caméra nous renvoie à leur processus de création et n’est pas suffisant pour rendre compte de l’expérience que nous en avons lors du visionnement d’un film. Le projet de cette thèse est d’aborder les mouvements de caméra du point de vue des rapports qui se tissent entre la caméra, le corps et l’espace, et ce, à la fois au moment de la production d’un film et dans le cadre de l’expérience spectatorielle. Un phénomène particulier guide notre étude, soit ce que nous appelons l’ « image exo- centrique ». Celle-ci propose une organisation unique du triptyque corps-caméra-espace qui se décline en trois mouvements : 1) la caméra est fixée au corps qu’elle filme, 2) elle est portée à une certaine distance du corps (devant ou derrière) et 3) elle est retournée sur le corps qui la porte. Notre étude suit ces trois mouvements en se focalisant sur trois paradigmes : la proximité, l’affranchissement, la réflexion. Pour mener à bien ce projet, cette thèse s’inspire de l’approche phénoménologique en proposant des descriptions des mouvements de caméra qui sont fondées sur l’apparence du phénomène à l’écran, une méthode qui nous permet d’écarter les préconceptions typiquement liées au vocabulaire traditionnel des études cinématographiques. Plus spécifiquement, c’est à la postphénoménologie de Don Ihde et à l’étude phénoménologique du cinéma de Vivian Sobchack que nous faisons appel afin d’interroger l’influence de la machine dans notre expérience du monde, ainsi qu’afin de reconnaître les particularités de l’expérience cinématographique. À travers la figure de l’image exo-centrique, cette thèse propose de nouvelles interprétations des mouvements de caméra en remettant en question les rapports corps-caméra- espace à travers l’histoire des techniques de prise de vues. Mots clés : Caméra, Techniques de prise de vues, Mouvement de caméra, Technique du cinéma, Phénoménologie, Point de vue II ABSTRACT As a phenomenon that is as much technical as it is formal, camera movement can pose problems to those wishing to analyze it. As Vivian Sobchack (1982, 317) put it, the vocabulary typically used to describe camera movement refers back to filmmaking techniques and is not sufficient to describe the experience of camera movement as seen on screen. The goal of this dissertation is to approach camera movement from the point of view of the relations between bodies, cameras, and spaces, that is, both at the time of filming and in the context of the film viewing experience. One key example of camera movement guides this project, namely what we call “exo- centric images.” This phenomenon derives from a unique arrangement or the body-camera-space triad that is divided into three steps: 1) the camera is linked to the body which it films, 2) it is carried with, but away from, the body (in front or behind), and 3) it is flipped back onto the body that carries it. Building from these three “movements,” this dissertation focusses on three paradigmatic body-camera-space relations: proximity, emancipation, reflection. To accomplish its goal, this dissertation builds from phenomenology by proposing descriptions of camera movements that are based solely on the appearance of the phenomenon perceived on screen, a method that allows us to be free from the preconceptions tied to the vocabulary typically used in film studies. More specifically, we call upon Don Ihde’s postphenomenology as well as Vivian Sobchack’s film phenomenology as a way to question the intermediary role of a machine in our experience of the world, as well as to recognize the specificities of the film viewing experience. Through the exo-centric image, this dissertation puts forward new ways of interpreting camera movement by interrogating the relations between bodies, cameras and spaces throughout the history of filmmaking techniques. Keywords : Camera, Filmmaking techniques, Camera movement, Phenomenology, Point of view III TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ .................................................................................................................................................................. I ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................... II TABLE DES MATIÈRES ................................................................................................................................... III TABLE DES FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... VI REMERCIEMENTS .......................................................................................................................................... VII INTRODUCTION : MOUVEMENT ET BOULEVERSEMENT ........................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................2 Questions centrales — Questions périphériques ........................................................................................ 2 Un problème de première importance ........................................................................................................ 5 Mouvement de caméra — Recherches actuelles ........................................................................................ 8 1. La caméra ............................................................................................................................................ 9 2. L’espace ............................................................................................................................................. 11 3. Le corps .............................................................................................................................................. 14 Cadre théorique ........................................................................................................................................ 17 Phénoménologie: L’expérience subjective du monde ............................................................................ 18 Postphénoménologie : L’influence de la machine ................................................................................. 19 Méthode et processus ............................................................................................................................... 21 Section 0 : Centre et périphérie ............................................................................................................. 23 Section 1 : Proximité et anthropomorphisme ........................................................................................ 24 Section 2 : Affranchissement et dépassement ........................................................................................ 26 Section 3 : Retournement et réflexion .................................................................................................... 28 Délimiter l’analyse — Corpus et cadre historiographique ....................................................................... 29 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 31 Note linguistique .................................................................................................................................... 32 SECTION 0 : CENTRE ET PÉRIPHÉRIE ............................................................................. 35 CHAPITRE 0.1 ......................................................................................................................................................36 Phénoménologie : Les bases .................................................................................................................... 39 Le corps — l’espace ................................................................................................................................. 46 Le rapport sujet-monde .......................................................................................................................... 46 Le corps .................................................................................................................................................. 49 Comment le corps bâtit l’espace ............................................................................................................ 55 Conclusion
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