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Other Newspaper and journals articles

Biblical teaching on the effects of alcoholism and the Nagaland Liquor Total Prohibition Act 1989 (PART 1). Eastern Mirror, September 13, 2014. The Commodification of Everything. 2003. The Hedgehog Review 5(2): 5–6. Nagaland Baptist Church Counil. Morung Express, August 4, 2014, Dimapur. “Nation-State.” In New World Encyclopedia http://www.newworldencyclope dia.org/entry/Nation-state. Accessed 31 Jan 2016. Politics of Ethnic and Tribal Conflict. Morung Express, Editorial, January 25, 2016. ‘Unity Dance’ Marks Colourful Conclusion of Hornbill Festival. Eastern Mirror, December 11, 2014. INDEX

A B Adversarial democracy, 65 Balance of authority, 56 Age of Reason, 43 Balfour, Henry, 36, 51, 100, 101 Ahrari, Ehsan, 96, 111 Banking’ concept of education, 54 Akbar Hydari Agreement, 103 Barbarism, 51, 61, 66 Akhu, 28, 47 Beliefs, spirituality and, 20, 21, 22 Alesü nkechü, 45 Bentinck, William, 17 Allen, B.C., 19 Bhattacharya, C. K., 79 American Baptist missionaries, 1, 34, Biblical literalism, 47 35, 36, 42, 44, 60, 84, 110 Biel, Robert, 19, 24 American missionaries, 2, 11, 36, Boiling cauldron, 75 39, 44, 45, 52, 54, 56, 59, Boiling pot, 75–76 84, 87, 112 Border disputes, 75, 76 American Protestantism, 40 Boyd, Richard, 94 Anal Nagas, 80 Bridle path, 46, 89 Angami Nagas, 19, 32, 42, 100 British colonialism, 2, 75 Angamis, 79, 84, 85 British colonization, 17 Anglo-Burmese war, 75, 99 British commercial interests, 114 Anti-traditionalists, 4 British East India Company, 11, 15, Anyiza, 61 16, 18, 74 AoNagas, 2, 32, 36, 42, 44, 65 British Folklore Society, 36, 51 Armed Forces (Special Powers) Bronson, Miles, 31, 34, 40, 41–42, Act (AFSPA), 91 44, 53, 78 AruLani, 21 Bronson, Rhoda, 35 Ayeng, 62 Brown, Godhula, 36 Azü, 38, 48 Bruce, Charles, 17

© The Author(s) 2016 131 T. Thong, Colonization, Proselytization, and Identity, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43934-1 132 INDEX

Bruce, Robert, 17 Colonialism, 2, 4, 8, 11, 15, 16, Burdette, C.E., 42 24, 29, 56, 74–75, 82, 91, Bureaucratization, 55 96, 97, 104, 105, 116 Butler, John, 79, 82 Colonization, 15, 17, 23, 24, 29, 30, 55, 59, 69, 73, 74, 75, 82, 93, 99, 103, 114 C Commerce, 11, 15, 19, 58, 74 fi Capitalism, 19, 23, 24 Commodi cation of nature Capitalization, 59, 60 capitalism, 23, 24 Carey, William, 43–44 cash-making commodity, 26 Chandra, Subhas, 104 colonialism, 24 – Chasie, Charles, 52, 55, 69 Hornbill Festival, 25 32 China, illegal British house tax, 24 trade activity, 17 permanent environmental Chin-Kuki-Mizo damage, 25 (CHIKIM), 81 unemployment rate, 31 Christian civilization, 36–37 Common language, education, – Christian colonies, 88 and, 88 90 Christian identity, 86 Compartmentalization, 63 Christianity Consensual democracy, 70 advent of, 85–88 Council of Naga Baptist Churches in Naga Hills, 34–37 (CNBC), 87 in Nagaland, 2, 35, 36 Criminals, 67 Christianity Today, 50 Crown Colony Eastern Christianization, 60–63 Agency, 104 Christian population, Crusades, 95, 100 in Nagaland, 33 Cutter, Oliver, 41 Christians, 2 Christian village, 70 Chungli, 84 D City-state, 94 Das, Samir, 75, 96, 97 Civil government, 66–67 Decolonization, 10, 90, 98, Civilization, westernization 110, 115, 116 and, 8–9 Deloria, Vine, Jr., 54 Civilizational competence, 69 Democracy by consensus, 65 Civilizational incompetence, 69 Democratization, 64–70 Clark, E.W., 36, 44, 52, 61, Demon worshipers, 35 70, 114 Directorate of Tourism Clark, Mary, 35, 39, 44 of Nagaland, 29 Clemmer, Richard, 52 Disciples of all nations, 86 Collective ethnonym, 78, 83, 93 Drinking prohibition of, 37, 38 Colonial education, 55 Dubashi, 69 INDEX 133

E Ethnicity, 74, 76, 80, 83, 84, 89, Eastern Nagaland Peoples’ 104–105, 110 Organization (ENPO), 77 Ethnogenesis, 81 Eastern Nagas, 80, 111 Ethno-nationalism, 111 Eastern Orthodox Church, 2 Europe, tea plantations East India Company, 11, 16, in, 16–19 18, 34, 74 Exposition Universelle, 29 Education and common language, 88–90 Western-style, 52 F Educationization Feast of Merit, 20 balance of authority, 56 Fiber, S. E., 94 ’ banking concept, 54 First Anglo-Burmese War Christianity, 45 in 1824, 75, 99 Colonial education, 55 Franke, Marcus, 81, 82, 83, colonization, 55 101–102, 103–104, 111 culture of literacy, 52 Freire, Paulo, 54 Government employment, 55 modern educational system, 54 G morung, 53 Gandhi, Mahatma, 91, 103 Naga institution, 53 Gaonbora, 68 objective of, 53 Gaonburas, 66 self-employment, 58 Gerontocracy, 56 social polarization, 55–56 Gibbon, Edward, 41 socio-cultural paradigm, 55 Gocek, Fatma Muge, 7, 9, 10 socio-economic disparity, 55 Government employment, 55, 57, 60 stratification, 55 Government of India, 56, 70, 81, 90, theoretical knowledge, 53 106, 107, 109, 116 traditional education, 53, 54 Grange, E.R., 18 unemployment, 57–59 Greater Nagaland, 106–107 Western education, 53, 54 Great Hornbill, 26 Environmental damage, 25 Etherington, Norman, 43 Ethnic groups hilly terrains, 94 H hyphenated, 77 Hall, Edward, 30 non-unified, 99 Hedgehog Review (2003), 24 in Northeast feel, 96 Heraka Movement, 109, 110 Northeast India, 74, 76 Hindu socio-religious stateless aspiration, 96 structure, 74 Ethnic identity, 104–106 Hornbill Festival, 25–32 134 INDEX

Hornbill International Rock Kepenuopfü, 61 Contest, 27 Kethaghanu, 46 House tax, 24, 47, 68 Kikon, Dolly, 26, 113, 116 Human right violations, 90, 106 KonyakNagas, 65 Hutton, J. H., 2, 82, 100, 102–103 Kuki National Front (KNF), 80

I L Illiterate savages, 41 Ladder theorists, 66 Indian government, 83 Lingua franca, 88, 89, 115 Indian National Army (INA), 104 Literacy projects, missionaries Indian National Congress and, 40–50 (INC), 102, 103 Literal colonization, 69 Indian political approach, 111 London Baptist Mission, 75 Indo-Naga political issue, 97 Lotha, 79, 81, 88 Inner line bifurcation, 115 Inner Line Regulation, 89 Institutional government, 65, 66, 69 M InterVarsity Press, 49 Magna Carta, 43 Introduction of literacy, 41, 45, 52, Makhel, 22 89, 115 Mar Thoma Syrian Church, 2 Maurel, Christian, 10 Melting pot, 75–76 J Militarization, 116 Jadonang Movement, 109 Missionaries, and literacy projects, 40–50 Jamir, Moa, 27 Mizo National Front (MNF), 81 Jenkins, Francis, 8, 17–18, 34, Modernization, westernization 35, 42 and, 9–11 Jhum cultivation, 21 Modi, Narendra, 26 Jubilee Conference, 42 Molungkimong, 36 Judaism, 40 Molungyimsen, 36 Judeo-Christian Bible, 40, 46, 47, 48, Monetized economy, vs. traditional 50, 110 Naga economy, 19–23 Judeo-Christian scriptures, 37, 39 Moody Press, 49 Morung, 25, 49, 53–54, 99 Mother Earth, 21, 22, 23 K Kahhang yeng, 62 Karen National Union N (KNU), 98 Naga Club, 101–102 Keating, Michael, 95 Naga culture Keesing, Roger, 56 non-literate, 11 INDEX 135

and society, 2 Nagaland Liquor Total Prohibition westernization of, 51–70 Act 1989, 48 Naga economy Naga National Council (NNC), 90, beliefs and philosophy of life, 20 102, 103 monetized vs. traditional, 19–23 Naga nationalist movement, 11, 90, non-accumulative economic 93–94, 98–104, 105, 106–107, practice, 20 108 Naga Hills, 1, 5, 6, 8, 15, 17, 18–19, ’s Movement for Human 21, 32, 41, 43, 46, 64, 67, 68, 75, Rights (NPMHR), 90 78, 80, 82, 87, 89, 93, 102, 109, Nagamese, 5–6, 88 113–114 Nagas Christianity in, 34–37 Christianity, 2, 4 Naga Hills Baptist Church Advisory folklore, 22 Board, 87 folktales, 11 Naga Hills Baptist Church Council intermarriage, 3 (NHBCC), 87 native language, 3 Naga Hills District, 89, westernization, 2, 4 102, 114 Western lifestyle, 31 Naga Hills District Tribal Naga Students’ Federation Council, 102 (NSF), 90 Naga Hoho (NH), 90 Naga system of social ordering, 64 Naga identity Namsang Nagas, 42 deconstruction and reconstruction National Ceasefire Agreement of, 82–91 (NCA), 98 Christianity, 85–88 Nationalism education and common language, ideology of, 111 88–90 and religious identity, 107–110 religious/nonreligious National races, 97 organizations, 90–91 National Socialist Council tribalization, 83–85 of Nagaland, Isak-Muivah ethnic minorities, 6 (NSCN-IM), 106 formation, 1, 2, 73–91 Nation-state Northeast India, 4 origin of, 94–98 politics of, 6 proliferation of, 98 punitive posting, 74 quest for, 11 Western colonization, 52 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 78, 79, 91, 103, Naga institution, 53 109, 111 Nagaisation process, 80 Ngada, 28, 32 Naga King Chilly, 28 Night schools, 45, 46 Nagaland Baptist Church Council Nine-Point Agreement, 103 (NBCC), 48, 49, 87, 90 Noga Hills, 78 Nagaland for Christ, 87, 88, 107 Non-literate Naga culture, 11, 52 136 INDEX

Non-literate society, 40, 53 Ptolemy, Claudius, 77 North-East Frontier Agency Pure traditionalists, 3 (NEFA), 80 Northeast India insurgency, 75 Q Naga identity, 6 Quasi-Christians, 2 tea plantations in, 17–19

R O Reid, Robert, 103, 112 Organizations Religion, 62, 85 – Naga identity, 90 91 Religiosity horizontal, 63 vertical, 63 P Religious identity, nationalism, Pablo, Richard, 37 107–110 Pachuau, Joy, 76, 83 Religious text, impact, 46–50 Paradigm of power pyramid, 68 Rengma Nagas, 23, 32, 61, 66 Patterson, Thomas, 9, 10 Rengmas, 79, 84 Pawsey, Charles, 102 Rice beer.See Azü Peace of Westphalia, 94, 96 Robertson, T.C., 35 Peace treaty, 75 Peal, S.E., 1 Pemberton, Robert, 18 S Perrine, S.A., 35, 44, 64 Savagery, 51, 66 Peters, Ralph, 98 Schelkle, Waltraud, 10 Phillips, E.G., 9, 36, 44 Self-determination, 116 Phizo, A.Z., 90, 102, 103 Self-employment, 58 Pi jisha thsünang, 66 Self-identification, 80, 115 Political identity Self-interested Europeans, 98 – ethnic vs., 104 106 Semi-traditionalists, 3 – territoriality, 106 107 Serampore Baptist Mission, 34 Political independence, 5, 76, Seven Sisters states, 74 96, 98, 103, 106, 116 Singh, K.S., 65, 80 Political movement, 116 Singh, Ram Subhag, 78 Political path, 46, 89 Skepticism, 81 Politics, 11, 45, 54, 64, 65, Smith, Linda Tuhiwai, 55, 79 66, 69, 85 Smith, William, 31, 32, 57, 66 Polygamy prohibition of, 38 Social drinker, 49 Pre-Christianized Nagas, 61 Social polarization, 55–56 Pre-colonial society, 57 Socio-politico-cultural state, 94 – Proselytization, 4, 11, 33 50, 82, 94 Sovereignty, 94 INDEX 137

Spirituality, and beliefs, 20, 21, 22 U Strathern, Andrew, 56 Unemployment, 26, 30, 31, Stratification, 55–56 57–59, 70 Stumbling Block: a Study of Alcohol Unemployment rate, 31 and Christian Responsibility United Methodist Church, 50 (Jackson), 49 Sustainable economy, 59 V Verdery, Katherine, 78 T Viswanathan, Gauri, 45 Tak-Wing Ngo, 94 Tanquist, J. E., 100 Tea, discovery of, 11, 15–16, 17–19, W 74, 113 Weede, Erich, 98 Tea plantation projects, 76, 105, 113 Western Christianity, 2, 11, 34, 36, Tea plantations 37–40, 52, 114 Assam, 17 Western colonialism, 8, 91, 96, 97 by British East India Western decolonization, 90, 98 Company, 11, 15, 74 Western education system, 31 in Europe, 17 Western invasion, 93, 115 – in Northeast India, 18 20 Westernization Terra incognita, 82 and civilization, 8–9 Territorial integrity, 94, 116 and modernization, 9–11 Territoriality, political identity, Nagas, 4, 8 – 106 107 Westernized Christianity, 107 – Textual religion, 41 46 Western lifestyle, 31, 32, 42 Thanksgiving and Dedication Western powers, 75 Sunday, 47 Western-style education Thomas, Jacob, 34 system, 4, 31, 32, 41, 82, 88 Tourism, 26, 27, 29, 30 Western values, 4, 16, 37–40 Traditional Naga economy, monetized Wirsing, Robert, 94, 95 – economy vs., 19 23 Wood, Ellen, 24 Traditional religion, 61, 109 World History, 45 Trask, Haunani-Kay, 30 World War I, 100, 105 Treaty of Yandabo, 99 World War II, 96, 102, 103, Treaty of Yandaboo, 75 104, 115 Tribal Council, 102 Tribalization, of Nagas, 83–85 Tribal people, 18, 20, 24, 44, 64, 74, 83, 89