PLANNING for BALANCE BETWEEN ECONOMIC BENEFITS and LAND USE POTENTIAL CASE of ALAPPUZHA, KERALA, INDIA By: Jeeno Soa George & Prof
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
PLANNING FOR BALANCE BETWEEN ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND LAND USE POTENTIAL CASE OF ALAPPUZHA, KERALA, INDIA By: Jeeno Soa George & Prof. Saikat Kumar Paul ALAPPUZHA HUMAN INTERVENTIONS Kuttanad – Rice Bowl of Kerala - Production of rice – 62,270 T (2nd highest in state) Vembanad Lake Household industry – 7.2% Thotappally nd work force(2 highest in state) Area : 1414 sq km Spillway Population Density – 1501 ppl/km2 2011 Year 2001 Backwater tourism – attracts 0 10 20 30 Thannermukkom 6% of total tourists to Kerala Population in lakhs Barrage STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION Arabian Purpose Sea Method Alappuzha Results Location of Alappuzha Proposals with respect to Kerala and India Panchayats of Alappuzha CHANGE IN LAND USE Land Use pattern - 1960 Land Use pattern - 2002 Land use pattern 2005-06 Other 18% Water 13% Crop land 69% Land use pattern 2011-12 Crop land 18% Other Water 56% 26% Purpose • The multi-dimensional anthropogenic pressures on the sensitive wetland system, changing socio-economic paradigms and continuing ad-hocism and neglect in addressing issues have compounded to the problems faced by the urban and rural population which is resulting in economic decline, livelihood loss and social sedation (M.S Swaminathan Research foundation, 2007, p. 170). • Challenge is to conserve and enhance the beauty and bounty of this ecosystem by creating an economic stake in its conservation. Workers in urban area Workers in rural area 500000 200000 Others Others 400000 150000 300000 H H Ind H H Ind 100000 200000 Workers Workers 100000 Agri 50000 Agri 0 Labourers Labourers 0 Cultivators Cultivators Number of workers Number Number of workers Number 1981 1991 2001 Prioritise livelihood opportunities that can come up in LSGs of Alappuzha region resulting in a better balance between region’s physical resources and economic opportunities AIM 1. Rank the different kinds of development that can come up in the region considering– Economic Benefits: No. of jobs & Associated Financial Costs and Benefits Pressure on resources : Net density and extent of land used 2. Prepare Land suitability map 3. Propose land use plan & policy interventions Background 60% of the geographical area of district WETLANDS falls under the Vembanad – Kol wetlands – largest estuarine system of the western any land saturated with water long enough to coastal wetland systems promote wetland or aquatic process and various kinds of biological activity that are adapted to a wet environment Four fundamental reasons for ‘why are wetlands threatened?’ Frequent failure of policy Economic interventions Public activities that Lack of due to the goods can trigger awareness lack of aspect externalities consistency of policies in Wetland Type (Ramsar Classification) different areas Marine/Coastal Wetlands - Estuarine waters & Intertidal Need for management often stems from economic forested wetlands use, which may trigger or depend on hydrological Human-made wetlands – aqua culture, ponds, irrigated land, canals, changes within a wetland seasonally flooded agricultural land Integrated approach for spatial ecological ANALYSIS OF WETLANDS economic analysis of wetland management CASE STUDY –VECHT, NETHERLANDS •Tool for testing whether it is possible to preserve value of nature and simultaneously maintain its economic Evaluations based on characteristics & value performance indicators Modeling using spatial Net Present Value Three step Framework ecological and Environmental quality economic models Welfare Ecological modeling – Formulation of Hydrology, model for development scenario – predicting the presence of Ranking of the scenarios defining a change in land plant species based on use water conditions Scenarios will Economic modeling – Net be used to present value perform model calculations of changes relative to the Reference /Existing scenario Case of Venice : the Romantic city, exotic CASE STUDY –TOURISM and unique urban environment, stylish destination Best Case scenario : Southern Red Sea region Egypt No. of tourists per year = 12 million Land use management plan and zoning No. of tourists on peak days = 200 regulations No. Of tourists = 1.2 million Once: Revenue(foreign exchange)= $1.2 billion Merchantile city No. Of jobs generated = 275,000 Presently: Aim : Counteract tourism’s negative Tourist effects while still encouraging economic destination growth Future Limit the number of :Historical tourists – limit theme-park or For Marine recreational development - Zone determined using tourist marine areas for different purposes destination Under Coastal Setback Use & Development - socio-economic Maintain Public Access to Coastal Amenities carrying capacity – Establish an Attractive Coastal Trail System issued “Venice cards” Methodology METHOD Step 3: Recommendations for setting the development scenarios Step 2: Understanding Existing scenario NPV+SD+LSS = Ranking • NPV Step 1: of activities in each LSG – • Pressure on land Prepare land use plans Initial assessment of the (SD) area • Identify major Value for ‘Welfare’ Recommendations for economic intensification of activities activities • Prepare land suitability map (land suitability score (LSS) is obtained for each LSG) NPV & SD EXISTING SCENARIO Indications Analysis Land suitability map DRIVING FORCES MAJOR ACTIVITIES Agriculture Paddy Coconut Vegetable Others Fisheries Non-motorized, motorized and mechanized boats Lime shell mining Fish culture Industries Macro, small and micro industries Tourism 5 & 4 star hotels 3 star resorts Grihasthalis Houseboats StepMETHOD 2 : Existing FOR State ANALYSIS Net Present Value : Based on the prices of 2009-10, NPV is calculated for the exiting scenarios considering a target year of 2020- 21. Pressure on land and Resources = 푡 푐푎푠ℎ 푓푙표푤 Func(net population density, land utilized 푁푃푉 = − 푛푡푎푙 푛푣푒푠푡푚푒푛푡 under each activity) 1 + 푛 푛=1 i-discount rate-10.75% 퐷푒푣푒푙표푝푚푒푛푡 푝푟푒푠푠푢푟푒 = t-total number of years 푙푎푛푑 푢푡푙푧푒푑 푢푛푑푒푟 푎푛 푎푐푡푣푡푦 × 푤1 Cash flow = Yearly benefits − Yearly cost Final net present value = NPV × w 푃푟푒푠푠푢푟푒 표푛 푙푎푛푑 & 푅푒푠표푢푟푐푒푠 표푓푒푎푐ℎ 퐿푆퐺 = 푁푒푡 퐷푒푛푠푡푦 Weightage – based on standardized 푎 values of number of people employed in + ( 푑푒푣푒푙표푝푚푒푛푡 푝푟푒푠푠푢푟푒) each sector for each Panchayat 푛=1 Scope of development= 1 / 푾풆풍풇풂풓풆 푨 Pressure on land and Resources 푁푃푉 + 푠푐표푝푒 푓표푟 푑푒푣푒푙표푝푚푒푛푡 = 푎푏푠(푁푃푉 − 푠푐표푝푒 푓표푟 푑푒푣푒푙표푝푚푒푛푡) 푾풆풍풇풂풓풆 (푩) = 푁푃푉 + 푠푐표푝푒 푓표푟 푑푒푣푒푙표푝푚푒푛푡 LAND SUITABILITY MAP 43.14 31.37 15.69 To understand the potential for 9.80 development Tourism Agriculture Industries Nature Various criteria are selected for conservation determining the suitability for the Peoples’ Preference for development considering economic benefits four sectors of activity. Each of the criteria is given a point (10 for high suitability, 5 for medium 44 suitability and 1 for low suitability) 28 weightages are given for each 18 10 criteria for each activity 0 points are multiplied with the Industries Fishing Tourism Agricuture Nature respective weightages and added to consv get value which indicates the Peoples’ preference for development preference for the activity. considering environmental benefits Source: Primary survey COMMON CRITERIA - MAPS Each of the criteria is given a point 10 - high suitability, 5 - medium suitability 1- low suitability The points are multiplied with the respective weightages and added to get value which indicates the preference for the activity. Map of ponds and other inland LSGs containing minerals water bodies Preference for Preference for agricultural industrial activity activities Agro-ecological zone of Kuttanad Mapping of number of industries in each LSG Criteria - Agriculture Agro-ecological zones, Criteria - Industries Type and number of Number of industrial ponds and other water units per LSG, presence bodies/LSG of minerals Map of tourist spots, tourist Preference for LSGs with areas of ecological Preference for homes and route followed importance such as mud by boats tourism related banks, mangroves, etc. nature conservation activities Influence of Houseboats on Tourism 100.00 80.00 Extent of Panchayat Area (Ha) 60.00 Criteria - Tourism 40.00 No. of tourist homes Arookutty 4 Criteria - Nature 20.00 or resorts/LSG, Panavally 1 Conservation 0.00 distance from tourist Distance from eco- spots, distance from Aroor 4 sensitive zones water bodies Pallipuram 52 containing boat route Total 61 Very much Average Not at all Ranking of activities in each LSG Results & Discussion RANKING OF ACTIVITIES IN EACH 1 CLUSTER 2 Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 Rank 4 Rank 5 3 Cluster 1 Tourism Fisheries Nature Agriculture Industries 4 consv 5 Cluster 2 Fisheries Nature Agriculture Tourism Industries 6 consv Cluster 3 Fisheries Tourism Agriculture Industries Nature consv Cluster 4 Tourism Nature Fisheries Industries Agriculture consv Cluster 5 Nature Fisheries Industries Tourism Agriculture consv Cluster 6 Tourism Industries Fisheries Agriculture Nature consv Final value for deciding Rank of each activity in each LSG = 0.1 NPV Act + 0.3 SD Act + 0.6 LS Act NPV – existing condition in terms of financial aspect – 0.1, SD – existing condition in terms of development density – 0.3, LS – spatial suitability for Clusters of Activity activity – 0.6 RANKING OF ACTIVITIESDetailed OF 5 LSGS plan LSG Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 Rank 4 Rank 5 Tourism Fisheries Nature Agriculture Industries 1 Consv Fisheries Agriculture Tourism Industries Nature 1 2 consv 2 3 Fisheries Tourism Agriculture Nature Industries 3 4 Consv Tourism Fisheries Nature Agriculture Industries 4 5 consv Tourism Fisheries Nature Agriculture Industries