Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan 49242 December 1988 Volume 17, No. 12 ''Forced to the : The Secret Betrayal"

Editor's Preview: At the end of World War through their villages in flower-strewn II, two million Russians-including White glory. Russians, , Slovenians, and What happened to the Russian POWs Serbs who were POWs or simply living in after that, however, was far from glorious. exile-were forcibly repatriated to the They were thrown into wired camps on Soviet Union. Men, women and children the open steppe. During the cruel winter were turned over to the Russian secret of 1941-42, without shelter or proper food, police at gunpoint. Non-Soviet citizens were millions died. This is a Nazi war crime, supposedly exempt, but historian Count undeniably, but it is not one which should Nikolai Tolstoy charges that they were be laid exclusively at Hitler's door. secretly betrayed by a few key military of­ During , Russian prisoners ficials, a future British prime minister received the same treatment as the British, among them. French and American troops; they were all This tragedy, although nearly a half­ signatories of the Hague Convention. Iron­ century old, ought not be forgotten. What ically, it was not Imperial Russia under Czar happened in 1944-47 was more than a Nicholas II which refused to be bound by sinister episode. Even in this era of the Hague agreement but the new Soviet ''glasnost,'' the Soviet Union still denies regime which supplanted it in 1917. Twelve freedom of emigration, one of the most ( ( \ years later, the world powers reached a fundamental human rights, to its people. came later. Though the story is over forty more detailed agreement, the Geneva Con­ Our thanks to the U.S. Business and In­ years old and may not be widely known, vention, but the Soviets remained aloof. dustrial Council who co-sponsored this it is one which continues to gain in Throughout World War II, Russian POWs Shavano Institute for National Leadership significance-and tragedy. were completely unprotected. Except on a lecture on the Hillsdale campus in the fall few rare occasions, the Red Cross was of 1987. Prisoners of War forbidden to enter the camps and Stalin refused to discuss the issue even though he last world war was a long time n 1941, after the demise of the brief Germany urged Red Cross intervention. ago, and for many of us, even those cynical alliance between Hitler and Often with nothing but a barbed wire Twith first-hand experience, it does IStalin, Germany invaded Russia and fence to separate them, the beleaguered indeed seem to have become a distant advanced very swiftly. The German forces Russians were forced to watch their British, memory. Yet some images remain vivid. took several million prisoners in the first French and American counterparts receive Only a child at the time, I remember the three months of their offensive. Mistakenly, food parcels, clothing and letters from bombing raids as if they happened many of these prisoners and the inhab­ home. Still on record in the British Foreign yesterday. But the particular experience itants of the invaded regions regarded the Office are documents discussing requests which has occupied much of my adult Germans as liberators who were expected from White Russian immigrants in Britain concern, oddly enough, involves a story to overthrow the hated Stalin and restore who pleaded for permission to help their which I understood very little of in the their freedom. Some surrendered Russian countrymen. Foreign Secretary Anthony l940s or for many years afterward. I had Army units marched to meet their supposed Eden said, in effect, "Well, for some reason heard people talking about it in the Russian liberators with bands playing, and Nazi which we know nothing about, Stalin is church where emigres and propaganda films depict Russian peasants determined that nothing should be done gathered in London, but the rest, for me, cheering as the German troops paraded for the Russian prisoners" and nothing indeed was done. It is significant to note troops. Of politics, most of these men knew witnessed on this occasion, but rumors of that Stalin did not oppose humanitarian nothing. All their lives they had been the fate that awaited the Russians abounded aid for other Allied POWs; only for harried hither and thither in the name of and were verified later by first-hand and Russians. For those who recalled his brutal confused ideologies by commanders whose other reliable accounts of mass executions methods of subjugation in the Ukraine, the languages more often than not they could in abandoned quayside warehouses and message is clear. not understand. Among the more educated, factories . The prisoners were marched to Thousands of Russians were drawn into knowledge of their precarious situation these after disembarking and divesting the Third Reich willingly or unwillingly. only contributed to a typically fatalistic themselves of the clothes and possessions Many, of course, had opposed the com­ attitude. the Allies had given them . Many were munist revolution of 1917 and desired autonomy, so they did not consider it treasonable to work for the Nazis. Men, women and children were also abducted "Eden's detailed plan for forcible repatriation was from occupied zones by the hundreds to work as forced labor in Germany. Great formulated before Stalin or any Soviet official had numbers of refugees fled eastward for all raised the issue. '' sorts of reasons, not the least of which was to get out of the line of fire during the German retreat. Consequently, at the war's end, some Soon the British authorities received allowed to live, and were sent to ''educa­ six million Soviet citizens were located in their first glimpse of what it meant to be tional" camps. Regarding the other group Central Europe. The Allies were completely faced with the possibility of compulsory however, here is one British observer's unable to comprehend the scale of such return to the world's first Marxist state: account: a problem. They had no way of assessing Russian POW suicides began in july of 1944. The disembarkation started at 1830 how many Russians were inside Germany The matter was brought before the British hrs. and continued for 4 Yz hrs. The or anywhere else, for that matter, but huge Cabinet (the Americans were only Soviet authorities refused to accept numbers of them showed up in North marginally involved at this time because any of the stretcher cases as such and Africa, Persia, Normandy, and Italy too. they had been delivering all captured even the patients who were dying During the D-Day invasion in june 1944, Russians into British hands), but already were made to walk off the ship British and American military authorities the decision had been made: All Russian carrying their own baggage. Two estimated that one out of every ten German POWs would be returned to the Soviet people only were carried off, one soldiers captured was in reality a Soviet Union, whatever the fate in store for them. man with his right leg amputated and citizen. Of all the nations in Europe, the One member of the government who left one broken , and the other un­ USSR was the only one to witness nearly spoke up for the unfortunate prisoners was conscious. The prisoner who had a million of its subjects enlisting in the Lord Selborne, then Minister of Economic attempted suicide was very roughly enemy army. Warfare, who was also responsible for handled and his wound opened up Many of the Russian prisoners were occupied Europe's sabotage and espionage and was allowed to bleed. He was transported to Britain and were held in operations under the Special Operations taken off the ship and marched training camps originally used for British Executive. Russian-speaking officers under behind a packing case on the docks; his direction recorded dozens of appalling a shot was then heard, but nothing stories of suffering from the POWs. Com­ more was seen. The other 32 About the Author mon to all of them was an absolute dread prisoners were marched or dragged of returning to the Soviet Union. They were into a warehouse 50 yards from the Count Nikolai Tolstoy, heir to the certain that they would be killed or, at the ship and after a lapse of 15 minutes, senior line of the world-famous literary very least, sentenced to the unspeakable automatic fire was heard coming from family, is the author of a number of horrors of the labor camps. Selborne wrote the warehouse; twenty minutes later books, including The Minister and the to , who promised to a covered lorry drove out of the Massacres, , Stalin 's consider the matter again. But at a second warehouse and headed towards the Secret War, The Tolstoys: Twenty Four Cabinet meeting, Selborne, not being a town. Later I had a chance to glance Generations of Russian History, The Cabinet Minister, was barred from pre­ into the warehouse when no one was Quest for Merlin, and, The Coming of senting his evidence and Anthony Eden around and found the cobbled floor the King: The First Book of Merlin. He was able to convince the Prime Minister stained dark in several places around is president of the Association for a Free that all Russian POWs must be repatriated, the sides and the walls badly chip­ Russia and the Soviet Prisoners in forcibly if necessary. ped for about five feet up. Afghanistan Rescue Committee. Inquiries These were not the only victims in this regarding the forced repatriation defense Return to the USSR incident. Altogether, about 150 Russians case mentioned in this essay may be were separated from the rest and marched directed to Messrs. Rubenstein Call­ n December of 1944, the first shipload behind sheds on the quayside. There they ingham, Z, Raymond Buildings, Gray 's of Soviet soldiers sailed around the were massacred by executioners, many of Inn, London, WC1R SBZ, England. INorth Cape of Murmansk by the White whom appeared to be youths aged between Sea. Nothingly overtly terrible was 14 and 16 .

2 Repatriation Policy all, broadcast a general "amnesty." But already or had escaped, often with the help many brutal scenes did take place. of sympathetic Allied soldiers, including t must be remembered that the early A particularly grim experience for officers, who provided them with false debate over the Russian prisoners had American soldiers involved the notorious papers or simply looked the other way at Ibeen won on Eden's insistence (1) that extermination camp, Dachau. After the the right moment. it was vital to placate the Soviet govern­ Nazis were defeated, the Americans used In 1946 and 194 7, the policy known in ment if British POWs liberated in Russian­ it for an internment center. When they Italy as Operation Keelhaul was typical. controlled zones were to be safely returned handed the Russian POWs over to the Soviet Unlike earlier repatriation efforts carried out and (2) that Stalin would not help them authorities, they discovered to their horror in the chaotic final days of the war, Oper­ win the war unless his demands were met. that a number had hung themselves from ation Keelhaul was very carefully executed. What is surely suspicious, however, is the their bunks in the barracks. In another The officers who actually conducted the fact that Eden's detailed plan for forcible camp, soldiers were ordered to break up screening felt privately that it was up to repatriation was formulated before Stalin a religious service; they dragged Russians them to shield as many Russians as pos­ or any other Soviet official had raised the out of a church and threw them into sible. But it was made clear to them that issue. trucks. A rare American Army film showed they were to fill their ''quota,'' else the When Churchill and Eden traveled to a POW stabbing himself 56 times to avoid SMERSH agents would take things into their Moscow in October 1944 to meet with being taken into custody by SMERSH own hands. Stalin, the Foreign Secretary offered the officers. In May of 194 7, Operation East Wind unconditional return of all Russian POWs. In the British zone, as in the American­ handed over its final contingent of To Vyacheslav Molotov's suggestion that controlled territory, SMERSH operatives repatriates, bringing the long sad story of Soviet citizens should be returned regardless were allowed to roam freely and on forced repatriation to a close, for the of their personal wishes, Eden replied that frequent occasions they resorted to kid­ moment. Ironically enough, another simul­ he had no objection. At Yalta in February napping and murder. Their blatant violence, taneous operation in the British Army, code of 1945, however, the Americans balked. combined with the obvious injustice and name Highland Fling, was assisting Soviet All prisioners captured in German uniforms illegality of their actions, eventually led soldiers to defect as the Cold War were considered protected by the provisions military commanders Eisenhower, commenced. of the Geneva Convention. U.S. Secretary Montgomery and Alexander to unilaterally of State Cordell Hull telegraphed a message issue orders outlawing forced repatriation. Forced Non-Soviet Repatriation ver thirty years later, I wrote a book '' faced with the possibility of compulsory on the history of forced repatriation Ocalled Victims of Yalta, which return to the world's first Marxist state appeared in the U.S. as The Secret Betrayal. Russian POW suicides began in July of 1944. '' At the time, I thought that my research, based on numerous documents and eyewitness accounts, had also drawn to a to Ambassador Averell Harriman in Moscow This placed the British and American close. I never dreamed that within a decade, the previous September to state unequi­ governments in an awkward position. I would be publishing an even longer book vocally what had been American policy Individual soldiers refusing to carry out on a single repatriation operation. since December of 1943: No Russian POW orders was embarrassing enough, but this The new book, The Minister and the could be returned by force. After the Yalta amounted to a mass revolt at the highest Massacres (1986), describes the fate of some Conference it was agreed, however, that level of command, and was further compli­ 40,000 Cossacks, White Russians, , those designated as Soviet citizens would cated by the fact that if the unpleasant Croats and Serbs, including many women be forcibly repatriated.* With the surrender details of the Russian repatriation effort and children, who were interned in of the Nazis in May of 1945, the logistics were made known to the public, there after the British military authorities of repatriation became much easier. The would certainly be a huge uproar. accepted their surrender in 1945. One Russians liberated in Germany were simply But under strong pressure from the group, the Fifteenth Cossack Cavalry Corps, handed over to Soviet troops on the spot. British Foreign Office, the U.S. State Depart­ had been fighting in YUgoslavia against Tito. Altogether, some two and three quarters ment reluctantly agreed to pursue the Large numbers within this group and of a million people were repatriated. Most policy. American resistance was sufficient others were not Soviet citizens. They had did not have to be physically forced-all only to severely limit the categories of escaped Russia during or before the Revo­ their lives they had been used to following repatriation candidates. Previously, mere lution, rescued in British and French war­ the orders of the state, and Stalin had, after Soviet citizenship, regardless of age, sex, ships. They had taken new citizenship or career, or war record, meant mandatory possessed League of Nations passports *Only one country stood ftrm against Stalin's demands: repatriation, but now in late 1945, stipu­ attesting to their stateless status. tiny Liechtenstein, with an entire population of less than 13,000 people, most of them farmers , no army, lations were made that only citizens who Throughout the repatriation campaign, and a police force of eleven men. No refugees, Soviet had actually lent aid and comfort or wore both British and American authorities had citizens or otherwise, would be sent back to Russia a German uniform were to be returned. The adhered to an extremely legalistic view of by force, the government of Liechtenstein courageously trouble was, almost all who fit these their obligations. Even the British Foreign declared to the Soviet delegation which came to claim categories had either been repatriated Office stated after the Yalta Conference that them in 1945 . 3 only Soviet citizens, i.e, residents of the Andrei Shkuro, had been honored for the Soviets regained this particular group Soviet Union after September 1, 1939, were gallantry by King George Vwith the Com­ of their most inveterate enemies, and that to be compelled to return. This order was panionship of the Bath , whose cross he equally skillful measures had been adopted echoed in writing by the Supreme Allied still wore on his uniform alongside others to prevent this aspect of the operation from Headquarters. Field Marshal Alexander ac­ awarded by King George's cousin, Emperor becoming known outside the Fifth Corps. cordingly issued stringent orders against Nicholas II. SMERSH operatives, signi­ In short, the evidence suggested strongly the use of force. ficantly, had detailed lists of all former that the tragedy resulted not from the But in May of 1945 the British Army White Russian officers on which they muddle or oversight that one could so in Austria handed over thousands of non­ checked off the names as the British readily envisage in the chaotic circum­ Soviet citizens, men , women and children, relinquished custody of them. These same stances of the time, but was planned and by the most brutal means imaginable. How operatives arranged to have Shkuro implemented throughout with great care did it happen? Was it an accident-a case detained in secret by the British before he and forethought in deliberate contravention of mislaid orders and fouled up commun­ was forcibly repatriated. When he was of orders from above. ications-or was it a deliberate act, covered handed over, the General tore the cross But if this view were correct, who could up these past forty years? from his chest and threw it at the feet of have been responsible for flouting unde­ After examining the relevant evidence the attending British officer. He and the viatingly clear government instructions in and talking to the soldiers involved, I came of the , Peter order to perpetrate an atrocity greatly to the conclusion that the "accident" Nikolaevich Krasnov, one of the most beneficial to the Soviet government, but of theory was untenable. First, it was clear famous Russian leaders of all , were hung no perceptible advantage to British that the presence and status of the non- together in the Lefortovo prison courtyard. interests? What was the motive for such

Soviet Cossacks was well known at all Beyond a brief notice in Pravda, their action? These were questions which I was levels within the British Fifth Corps, the passing went unnoticed. Their helpless unable to answer in Victims of Yalta, and unit to which they had surrendered at the compatriots lie buried in mass unmarked I was compelled to conclude my investi­ close of hostilities. Second, all orders graves in Gulag forced labor camps. gation with the admission that, "whether relating to the handover of the Cossacks It seemed that two versions of the event we shall ever know the full story is ques­ emphasized that non-Soviet citizens were existed. According to the official record, tionable.'' to be screened and retained in accordance preserved among War Offices files, the non­ For the time being matters were left in with policy laid down by the British Soviet Cossacks were screened and retained this unsatisfactory state. Some years later government. Given these indisputable facts , in British custody, and nothing in the files I discovered that Winston Churchill himself, how could the surrender of Tsarist exiles suggests that anything but this took place. with all the resources of the Cabinet and be attributed to an oversight? In reality some two or three thousand War Office at his disposal , had been Tsarist emigres, holding foreign or League similarly unable to penetrate the secret. In Deception and Betrayal of Nations passports and for the most part the spring of 1953 , disturbed by allegations dressed in flamboyant Tsarist uniforms, received from an emigre Cossack general , were deceived into travelling to the Soviet he ordered a full enquiry. After an mong the Cossack officers were lines at Judenburg. We seem to be exhaustive search among the ftles , Brigadier many famous heroes who had led inhabiting two different worlds: one fiction Latham of the Cabinet Office was obliged Athe White Russian Army in alliance and one tragic reality. to confess that "though we know most with the British, French and Americans Further research revealed that elaborate of the details of what happened we are at during the . One, General precautions had been taken to ensure that present unable to say why these events took place.'' others by the Eighth Army in Austria to ·not only his Cossack and Yugoslav victims On first launching into research for Tito's forces at the end of May was, of but his own colleagues, at Fifth Corps Victims of Yalta , I addressed appeals for course, a ghastly mistake which was Headquarters in Austria and Allied Force information to all the surviving protag­ rectified as soon as it was reported to head­ Headquarters in Naples , the Foreign Office onists. The response was fruitful , with one quarters.'' and the Cabinet , was so complex and remarkable exception. As Minister Resident It was the phrase "a ghastly mistake" ingenious that it was still no easy task to in the Mediterranean in 1945 , Harold which attracted my attention. Two "ghastly unravel the skein of events. Macmillan bore responsibility for providing mistakes " occurring at the same time and Patiently I built up a circumstantial case political advice and decisions in British­ place appeared an improbable coincidence. which proved, to my satisfaction at least, occupied Italy and Austria. In view of his I saw at once that the Yugoslav tragedy that Harold Macmillan (later, Lord Stockton high authority in a region where many represented not only a subject in itself and Prime Minister of Great Britain) had thousands of Russians fell into British worthy of study, but one which might open himself largely engineered the whole affair. hands and were subsequently repatriated, up fresh avenues in an investigation which I published the fresh evidence, such as it he was an obvious person to consult. At for some time seemed to have reached a was , concerning the Cossacks in Stalin's the same time I had no reason to believe dead end. Secret War (1981), and on the Yugoslavs in that he had been directly involved in the Examination of the relevant Foreign an article in Encounter (May 1983). business with which I was concerned, since Office and War Office files revealed The case I presented was admittedly the decision to repatriate Soviet citizens had anomalies even greater than those circumstantial and speculative, leaving con­ been made at the Cabinet level. His task, attending the Cossack handovers. The siderable room for differing interpretation on the face of it, had merely been to Cossacks were divided into two categories, even if the salient points appeared clear transmit and explain that decision to the Soviet and non-Soviet, repatriable and non­ enough. It also included a number of errors Supreme Allied Commander, Field-Marshall repatriable, which might (but for the of commission and omission . I would Alexander. evidence I had uncovered) suggest a source regret what proved to have been a jejunely It was with some surprise, therefore, that of confusion. In the case of the Yugoslavs , premature venture more than I do, were in April 1974 I received a curt reply from however, there existed no ambivalence of it not that publication stimulated anew Mr. Macmillan , informing me simply that, any sort. The British and American govern­ public interest in the matter. As a result "I am sorry that I cannot be of help to ments had throughout maintained a con­ I began to receive a fresh flow of informa­ you .'' Though he was clearly under no sistent policy that no Yugoslav citizens tion, some of it implicating Toby Low, at obligation to assist every historian falling into British hands were to be the time Brigadier-General of Fifth Corps : approaching him , this refusal appeared returned against their will. Despite this, the man who signed the orders arranging perplexing and, as I was later to learn , thousands had been surreptitiously handed the handovers of Cossacks and Yugoslavs. unusual. My suspicions were aroused, and over. Something was very wrong, and it Today, Toby Low is Lord Aldington. his name moved to the forefront of my looked as if the twin operations might Harold Macmillan died several years ago concern. represent aspects of a single covert exercise. without answering the charges leveled At the time of the public outcry which So at least I reasoned. against him in The Minister and the greeted the appearance of Victims of Yalta , Gradually the evidence began to accum­ Massacres. Reluctantly, Toby Low has been I was approached on different occasions ulate. It soon began to look as if some hand pressured into a court case to which I am by Yugoslav emigres, who urged me to had been at work, altering and removing a party. The full facts will, I hope, come write about the parallel plight of thousands documents, with the apparent purpose of to light in the near future. Whatever vin­ of their compatriots handed over to be implicating Field-Marshal Alexander. By this dication comes for the victims of forced slaughtered by Tito at the time of the stage, however, the existence of what could repatriation , it comes too late. n Cossack tragedy. I was strongly sympathetic only be a deliberate false trail merely to their cause, but had to reply that as the provided further evidence of the extra­ U.S. News & World Report Yugoslavs did not come under the Yalta ordinary thoroughness with which the real Ranks Hillsdale Among Top Ten Agreement, and as my field of study lay culprit had covered his tracks. Slightly largely if not exclusively in Russian affairs, unnerving was the discovery that a crucial On October 10 , U. S. News & World Report I felt their story should be told by a public document which I had actually ranked Hillsdale College among the top Yugoslav specialist. handled had some time after been removed ten regional liberal arts colleges in But then it happened that my friend or destroyed. America. The magazine's survey noted that David Floyd wrote an important article on Then came the moment in a hotel room ''Few colleges remain as firecely indepen­ the subject at the end of 1979, published in Toronto when my friend , the Croatian dent as Michigan's Hillsdale College'' and in the magazine Now. I read it with scholar Dr. Jerome Jareb, handed me a copy went on to mention that three-fourths of detached interest until I came across this of Alexander Kirk's revealing report of May its undergraduates receive loans and grants quotation from a report by a Foreign Office 14, 1945 . Now I felt I knew who my man through private sources arranged by the official: ''The handing over of Slovenes and was! But the manner in which he deceived College.

Editor, Joseph S. McNamara, Managing Editor, Lissa Roche, Assistant, Patricia A. DuBois. The opinions IMPRIMIS (im'pri-mes), taking its name from the Latin term for expressed in IMPRIMIS may be, but are not necessarily, the vie'(>'s of Hillsdale College and its External Affairs " in the first place," is the publication of Hillsdale College's Center division. Copyright © 1988. Permission to reprint in whole or in part is hereby granted, provided a version for Constructive Alternatives and the Shavano Institute for Na­ of the following credit line is used: " Reprinted by permission from IMPRIMIS, the monthly journal of Hillsdale tional Leadership. Circulation 180,000 worldwide, established College, featuring presentations at Hillsdale's Center for Constructive Alternatives and at its Shavano Institute 1972. Complimentary subscriptions available. • n n n for National Leadership." ISSN 0277-8432.

5 even as he called the Hoover Institution "too political.'' Stanford also is the university that wanted nothing to do with the Reagan presiden­ tial library and that gutted its curriculum to create room for more female and Third World writers. Since both Campbell and his think tank are Herald Examiner generally recognized as conservative, no wonder the sensibilities of Stanford's "progressive" academics have been ruffled. But the animosities Down and dirty at Stanford between the university and institution are complicated by factors other than philosophical By George Roche differences. Even a small sampling of the intellectual heavyweights whom Campbell has recruited - sense of overweening self-importance is would enforce a campus policy on mandatory and the visibility they have attained - suggest not unknown in academic circles. Finding retirement against Hoover's director Glen W. why Stanford's academics might find Hoover so Aour works on a bookstore shelf, being Campbell. w.hen he turns 65 next April he'll have vexing. asked by a reporter to comment on a breaking to step down . Interestingly, the trustees also There's Milton Friedman . Perhaps the single current event, or delivering a lecture and seeing appointed a former Stanford president to a five­ most influential economist of the past two that look in a student's eyes that says "I finally year term as head of a new campus institute, decades, he has acquired a popular following understand;' all can pump us up emotionally. despite the fact that he is several months older through his public television series "Free To More often than not, however, the scholar's than Campbell. Choose." problem is just the opposite: How to live with There's political philosopher Sidney Hook. The the suspicion that all those years spent toiling one-time socialist's recent book. "Out of Step," in the ivy-covered world of ideas might really Ideological conflict at its lowest, mixed has been hailed by reviewers all over the country. have been beside the point. After all, most of the with academic jealousy at its pettiest, has There's Thomas Sowell. The "infamous black time it appears as if the outside world - the resulted in campus politics at its filthiest. conservative;' who, in challenging the idea of real world - doesn't give a hoot about the racial disadvantage and the government's arcana rattling around inside academic brains. automatic need to correct it, is making the That depressing thought underlies Henry Campbell was Herbert Hoover's hand-picked Republican Party a viable option for many blacks. Kissinger 's observation that disputes among successor. Since taking over from the late There are others. What describes them all is scholars are so vicious because "the stakes are president in 1960 , he has transformed the institu­ that their "ideas have consequences " (to borrow so low." tion into one of the nation's most dominant a phrase from the late educator Richard Weaver) But every now and then , the stakes are not intellectual centers. Some of America's most and, as a result, these intellectuals have basked low, especially when faculty bickering gets caught brilliant free-market, pro-liberty scholars are in in the well-earned - and highly public - glory up in partisan or ideological disputes. Then the residence there, and many of them exercised of their accomplishments. fights really get dirty. This is what is happening enormous influence over the development of This is the essence of Stanford's power play on the campus of Stanford University. Reagan administration policies. against Campbell and the Hoover Institution: Stanford has been playing political hardball And therein lies the problem . ideological conflict at its lowest, mixed with with the Hoover Institution , which was Eighty percent of Stanford's faculty are academic jealousy at its pettiest, resulting in established on the campus by the late U.S. registered Democrats (10 percent are Republican, campus politics at its filthiest. president. After years of uneasy coexistence with 10 percent independent). The university 's presi­ Regrettably, this is not a new academic brew. the semi-autonomous "think tank," Stanford's dent, a former Carter administration official, has It is a stain on the halls of ivy, and it will take board of trustees recently announced that it campaigned on behalf of many liberal Democrats Stanford a long time to clean it up. ,------

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