DOCSLIB.ORG

Inmate-, Incident-, and Facility-Level Factors Associated with Escapes from Custody and Violent Outcomes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inmate-, Incident-, and Facility-Level Factors Associated with Escapes from Custody and Violent Outcomes City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2015 Inmate-, Incident-, And Facility-Level Factors Associated With Escapes From Custody And Violent Outcomes Bryce E. Peterson Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/606 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] INMATE-, INCIDENT-, AND FACILITY-LEVEL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ESCAPES FROM CUSTODY AND VIOLENT OUTCOMES by BRYCE E. PETERSON A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2015 © 2015 BRYCE ELLING PETERSON All Rights Reserved ii The manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Criminal Justice in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Jeffrey Mellow, Ph.D ______________________ _____________________________________ Date Chair of Examining Committee Deborah Koetzle, Ph.D _______________________ _______________________________________ Date Executive Officer Michael Maxfield, Ph.D Joshua Freilich, Ph.D Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract INMATE-, INCIDENT-, AND FACILITY-LEVEL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ESCAPES FROM CUSTODY AND VIOLENT OUTCOMES by Bryce E. Peterson Advisor: Professor Jeffrey Mellow, Ph.D Introduction: Preventing escapes from custody is a critical function of prisons, jails, and the individuals who run these correctional facilities. Escapes are a popular topic in the news, among lawmakers, and in public discourse. Much of this interest stems from the widespread notion that escapees pose a serious threat to public safety, as well to the safety of correctional staff and law enforcement officers tasked with preventing and apprehending them. However, despite the importance of preventing escapes and minimizing violence, there has been very little empirical research on these issues in the past several decades. Extant research has also been limited in terms of its depth, breadth, and methodological rigor. Thus, the current dissertation seeks to address the following research questions: 1. What jail-level factors are related to escape-proneness? 2. What prison-level factors are related to escape-proneness? 3. What inmate-level characteristics are associated with escape behavior? 4. How often and at what point does violence occur during escapes? 5. What facility-level factors influence the likelihood of an escape being violent? 6. What incident-level variables influence the likelihood of an escape being violent? 7. What characteristics of the escapee influence the likelihood of an escape being violent? Methods: To address these research questions, this study explores the degree to which facility-, incident-, and inmate-level factors are associated with two overall outcomes: iv 1) escapes from custody and 2) violent escape outcomes. To accomplish this, a series of analyses were conducted using several different sources of data. Specifically, the first two analyses used data from the 2011 Annual Survey of Jails (n=366) to examine how jail-level variables impact the number of escapes and attempted escapes from jails, and from the 2005 Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities (n=1821) to examine how prison-level variables impact the number of escapes and the number of walkaways from prisons. The third analysis used the 2008 and 2009 iterations of the National Corrections Reporting Program (n=7,300) to test whether relevant inmate-level characteristics were associated with the likelihood of an individual being an escapee. The final set of analyses examined the degree to which facility-, inmate-, and inmate-level factors were able to predict four violent escape outcomes: violence at the breakout, in the community, during recapture, and overall. These analyses used data from the Correctional Incident Database, 2009 (n=610). Findings: Several jail-level variables—including rated capacity, ethnic heterogeneity, percent noncitizens, and privately operated—were significantly associated with the number of escapes and escape attempts from jails. There were also many prison- level variables associated with the number of escapes and the number of walkaways from a facility, including measures related to the facilities’ administration and management (e.g., rated capacity, percent capacity, inmate-staff ratio, inmates from other authorities, court order, secure perimeter, security level, region), inmate populations (e.g., percent male, percent noncitizens), and treatment and programming options (e.g., percent on work assignment, percent on work release, alcohol or drug treatment, inmates permitted to leave). At the individual-level, information about inmates’ demographics (e.g., age, sex, race), criminal histories (e.g., prior time in prison and jail, prior escape), and current v sentence (offense type and counts, sentence length, percent of sentence served) were associated with individual escape behavior. Finally, findings indicate that violence is, overall, a relatively rare outcome in escape incidents, though when it does occur it is precipitated by certain situational factors. Incident-level factors were the best indicators of violence, including whether the escape occurred in secure custody, the location of the incident, and the start time of the escape. The classification of the facilities was also associated with violence (i.e., escapees from higher security prisons and jails were more likely to use violence than escapees from minimum security facilities). Inmate-level factors were the least important for understanding when an escape would result in a violent outcome, though some of the findings indicate that young, male escapees, who were in custody for a violent offense and had a history of escaping, were more likely to use violence during their escapes than other escapees. Discussion and Implications: These findings demonstrated that opportunity- and place-based theories of criminal behavior, such as the situational crime prevention and routine activities frameworks, are most useful for understanding when escapes are likely to occur and when they are likely to result in violence. For example, higher security prison facilities had fewer escapes than lower security prisons, but prisons that permitted inmates to leave the facility (e.g., to study, participate in a rehabilitative program, or work) had a greater number of walkaways. At the individual level, inmates who were on community release were much more likely to have been escapees than those who were not on community release. Finally, inmates who escaped during transport were more likely to use violence than those who escaped under other circumstances. Based on these findings, this dissertation provided several recommendations for policy and practice. For example, it was recommended that correctional administrators vi adopt strategies for preventing escapes that are rooted in the situational crime prevention framework. These might include modifying the environment and enhancing certain types of security features, but could also include providing counseling to inmates, allowing more home visits and furloughs, offering more programming in the prison, and protecting inmates when their safety is threatened. It was also recommended that administrators identify and implement best practices for situations in which violence is most likely to occur, such as during inmate transport. Finally, given that most escapes are nonviolent and relatively minor incidents, it was recommended that administrators consider expanding their practice of punishing escapees internally rather than charging them with a new crime that could potentially add years to their sentence. Conclusion: Though there are several substantive and methodological limitations to the current dissertation, this research contributes to the literature by: analyzing the impact of a range of facility-, incident-, and inmate-level factors on escapes from custody and violence; examining a broader range of escapes from across the country; using more recent data and more rigorous analyses; clarifying some of the contradicting and confusing findings from previous studies; and providing a thorough analysis of the amount, scope, and predictors of violence escape outcomes. vii Acknowledgements I am forever grateful to the long list of people who have helped, supported, and encouraged me as I finished my dissertation. First, I would like to thank my beautiful wife, Channelle. You have been the most supportive, loving, and stabilizing force in my life for the past five years, and I will never be able to thank you enough for uprooting your life and moving across the country with me so I could pursue my education. I also want to thank my family—my parents, Susan and Lance, and my brothers, Kellan and T.J.—for always being there for me, listening to me (even when you may not have cared what I had to say), and making me feel close despite living thousands of miles away. I am truly thankful to have been raised in an encouraging, grounded environment. To the awesome 2010 Criminal Justice PhD cohort: You all made my graduate school experience so enjoyable and rewarding. In addition
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Prisons in Yemen
    [PEACEW RKS [ PRISONS IN YEMEN Fiona Mangan with Erica Gaston ABOUT THE REPORT This report examines the prison system in Yemen from a systems perspective. Part of a three-year United States Institute of Peace (USIP) rule of law project on the post-Arab Spring transition period in Yemen, the study was supported by the International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Bureau of the U.S. State Department. With permission from the Yemeni Ministry of Interior and the Yemeni Prison Authority, the research team—authors Fiona Mangan and Erica Gaston for USIP, Aiman al-Eryani and Taha Yaseen of the Yemen Polling Center, and consultant Lamis Alhamedy—visited thirty-seven deten- tion facilities in six governorates to assess organizational function, infrastructure, prisoner well-being, and security. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Fiona Mangan is a senior program officer with the USIP Governance Law and Society Center. Her work focuses on prison reform, organized crime, justice, and security issues. She holds degrees from Columbia University, King’s College London, and University College Dublin. Erica Gaston is a human rights lawyer with seven years of experience in programming and research in Afghanistan on human rights and justice promotion. Her publications include books on the legal, ethical, and practical dilemmas emerging in modern conflict and crisis zones; studies mapping justice systems and outcomes in Afghanistan and Yemen; and thematic research and opinion pieces on rule of law issues in transitioning countries. She holds degrees from Stanford University and Harvard Law School. Cover photo: Covered Yard Area, Hodeida Central. Photo by Fiona Mangan. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors alone.
    [Show full text]
  • Kindynis, T and Garrett, BL. 2015. Entering the Maze: Space, Time and Exclusion in an Aban- Doned Northern Ireland Prison
    Kindynis, T and Garrett, BL. 2015. Entering the Maze: Space, Time and Exclusion in an Aban- doned Northern Ireland Prison. Crime, Media, Culture, 11(1), pp. 5-20. ISSN 1741-6590 [Article] https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/23441/ The version presented here may differ from the published, performed or presented work. Please go to the persistent GRO record above for more information. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Goldsmiths, University of London via the following email address: [email protected]. The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. For more information, please contact the GRO team: [email protected] Entering the Maze: Space, Time and Exclusion in an Abandoned Northern Ireland Prison [O]ur deepest thoughts and feelings pass to us through perplexed combinations of concrete objects… in compound experiences incapable of being disentangled (De Quincey, 1998: 104). Figure 1 1. Introduction Our hotel room, a cheap, smelly affair with 1970s puke-coloured wallpaper and a psychedelic flower-patterned rug, just outside of Belfast in Northern Ireland, is littered with ropes, harnesses, camera gear, beer bottles, makeup, computer equipment, sleeping bags, academic journal articles and 30 meters of rope. We’re trying to make the rope climbable, stretching it down the hotel corridor, testing variations, debating feasibility. We settle on doubling the rope over and tying fat knots to step into, and go to sleep. The alarm clock goes off at 2am. We crawl out of bed, bleary- eyed, grab our bags, and trudge down to the car.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of the June 5, 2015 Escape of Inmates David Sweat and Richard Matt from Clinton Correctional Facility
    State of New York Office of the Inspector General Investigation of the June 5, 2015 Escape of Inmates David Sweat and Richard Matt from Clinton Correctional Facility June 2016 Catherine Leahy Scott Inspector General STAFF FOR THIS INVESTIGATION AND REPORT SPENCER FREEDMAN JAMES CARROLL ELEANORE RUSSOMANNO Executive Deputy Inspector Deputy Chief Investigator Investigative Auditor General (Downstate Region) (Upstate Region) MICHELE HOST DENNIS GRAVES JASON FAZIO Chief Counsel Supervising Investigative Investigator Auditor (Upstate Region) (Upstate Region) JAMES R. DAVIS Deputy Inspector General FRANK RISLER ROBERTO SANTANA (Upstate) Chief Investigator Investigator Digital Forensics Lab (Downstate Region) BERNARD S. COSENZA Deputy Inspector General PETER AMOROSA JOSHUA WAITE of Investigations Investigative Auditor Senior Investigator (Upstate Region) (Upstate Region) SHERRY AMAREL Chief Investigator JOHN MILGRIM ROBERT PAYNE (Upstate Region) Special Deputy for Investigator Communications (Upstate Region) JAMES L. BREEN Investigative Counsel (Upstate) JEFFREY HAGEN GARY WATERS Deputy Inspector General Investigator DANIEL WALSH (Western Region) (Upstate Region) Deputy Chief Investigator (Upstate Region) STEPHEN DEL GIACCO STEPHANIE WORETH Director of Investigative Investigator ERIN BACH–LLOYD Reporting (Upstate Region) Investigator (Upstate Region) (Upstate Region) KATHERINE GEARY ANA PENN AMY T. TRIDGELL Special Assistant Investigator (Upstate Region) Director of Investigative (Upstate Region) Reporting (Downstate Region) JEFFREY HABER KELLY
    [Show full text]
  • The Transformation of Noncitizen Detention in the United States
    From Exclusion to State Violence: The Transformation of Noncitizen Detention in the United States and Its Implications in Arizona, 1891-present by Judith Irangika Dingatantrige Perera A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved March 2018 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Jack Schermerhorn, Chair Leah Sarat Julian Lim ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY May 2018 ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the transformation of noncitizen detention policy in the United States over the twentieth century. For much of that time, official policy remained disconnected from the reality of experiences for those subjected to the detention regime. However, once detention policy changed into its current form, disparities between policy and reality virtually disappeared. This work argues that since its inception in the late nineteenth century to its present manifestations, noncitizen detention policy transformed from a form of exclusion to a method of state-sponsored violence. A new periodization based on detention policy refocuses immigration enforcement into three eras: exclusion, humane, and violent. When official policy became state violence, the regime synchronized with noncitizen experiences in detention marked by pain, suffering, isolation, hopelessness, and death. This violent policy followed the era of humane detentions. From 1954 to 1981, during a time of supposedly benevolent national policies premised on a narrative against de facto detentions, Arizona, and the broader Southwest, continued to detain noncitizens while collecting revenue for housing such federal prisoners. Over time increasing detentions contributed to overcrowding. Those incarcerated naturally reacted against such conditions, where federal, state, and local prisoners coalesced to demand their humanity. Yet, when taxpayers ignored these pleas, an eclectic group of sheriffs, state and local politicians, and prison officials negotiated with federal prisoners, commodifying them for federal revenue.
    [Show full text]
  • Prison Escapes 6
    PRISON ESCAPES 6 Alfred George Hinds Alfred George "Alfie" Hinds (1917, Newington Butts, London – January 5, 1991) was a British criminal who, while serving a 12-year prison sentence for robbery, successfully broke out of three high security prisons. Despite the dismissal of thirteen of his appeals to higher courts, he was eventually able to gain a pardon using his knowledge of the British legal system. [citation needed ] Biography Hinds grew up in a children's home following the death of his father, a thief who died while receiving ten lashes (from a cat 'o 6) as a form of corporal punishment for armed robbery, before running away at the age of seven. Eventually arrested for petty theft, he would later escape a Borstal institution for teenage delinquents. Although drafted into the British Army during the Second World War, Hinds deserted from the armed forces and continued his criminal career before his eventual arrest for a jewellery robbery in 1953 ($90,000 of which was never recovered by authorities) [citation needed ]. Although pleading not guilty, he was convicted and sentenced to 12 years imprisonment. However, Hinds later escaped from Nottingham Prison after sneaking through the locked doors and over a 20-foot prison wall for which he became known in the press as "Houdini" Hinds. He worked as a builder-decorator in Ireland and throughout Europe until his arrest by detectives of Scotland Yard in 1956 after 248 days as a fugitive.[1] After his arrest, Hinds brought a lawsuit against authorities charging the prison commissioners with illegal arrest and successfully used the incident as a means to plan his next escape by having a padlock smuggled in to him while at the Law Courts.
    [Show full text]
  • Prison Breaks 3
    PRISON BREAKS 3 The larger than life story of Mark DeFriest, an infamous prison escape artist - the "Houdini of Florida" - whose notoriety and struggle with mental illness threaten his quest to be freed after 31 years behind bars. Animation from the Florida State Hospital escape sequence Mark DeFriest's life is living history. At age 19, his original sentence was for a nonviolent property crime, but because of additional punishment for escapes, he has spent his entire adult life behind bars. DeFriest has survived 31 years in prison, most of it in longterm solitary confinement in a custom cell above the electric chair at Florida State Prison. He has been raped, beaten, shot and basically left for dead, but he has somehow lived to tell the tale. When he was sent to prison in 1981, five out of six doctors declared that he was mentally incompetent to be sentenced. They warned the judges that Mark couldn't learn better behavior and needed treatment. Instead, he was allowed to plead guilty, even at one point to a Life Sentence. The documentary brings this story to life. True to the psychiatrists' expectations, Mark has amassed an astonishing number of disciplinary reports in prison for things like possession of escape paraphernalia, but also for behavioral violations like telling the guards his name was James Bond. "He's a little bit crazy, a little bit manipulative, but not really a bad person", as his former lawyer puts it. Apparently that point was lost on the system, as Mark has always been held with the worst of the worst.
    [Show full text]
  • Prison Break: True Stories of the Worlds Greatest Escapes Ebook
    PRISON BREAK: TRUE STORIES OF THE WORLDS GREATEST ESCAPES PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Paul Buck | 288 pages | 01 Sep 2012 | John Blake Publishing Ltd | 9781843589600 | English | London, United Kingdom Prison Break: True Stories of the Worlds Greatest Escapes PDF Book Md Sadekul marked it as to-read Nov 29, Abagnale committed a series of jaw-droppingly bold crimes, which included although by no means were limited to flying over 1,, miles between the ages of 16 and 18 by impersonating a Pan Am cockpit. Close We Are hiring! If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. He nailed the part of noble Scofield, but Miller was actually cast on Prison Break just one week before filming began. On July 1, , Faid made his second shocking escape. Twenty prison officers were injured and one died after suffering a heart attack during the escape. Showing In an escape that sounds unbelievable, three inmates escaped in the UK by memorizing the outline of a key. Wilson had been planning his escape right from the off. The other three were joined to prison officers. They were arrested three weeks later. The three men who had entered to liberate Wilson were taking him back the same way as they came. Anthony Labson rated it liked it Apr 22, A plot devised by fellow prison Allen West saw Frank Morris, John Anglin and his brother Clarence spending two years digging an escape route through the cell walls and building a raft to sail to freedom. After another series of bank robberies, Dillinger was captured again in and sent to Crown Point Jail.
    [Show full text]
  • Arts-In-Corrections: a Path to Redemption Larry Brewster University of San Francisco, [email protected]
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Public and Nonprofit Administration School of Management 2-2010 Arts-in-Corrections: A Path to Redemption Larry Brewster University of San Francisco, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.usfca.edu/pna Part of the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Recommended Citation Brewster, Larry, "Arts-in-Corrections: A Path to Redemption" (2010). Public and Nonprofit Administration. Paper 2. http://repository.usfca.edu/pna/2 This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Management at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public and Nonprofit Administration by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Artists in Prison: Coloring Bleak Todays, Reforming Hopes for Tomorrow-Revisited Larry Brewster, PhD, School of Business and Professional Studies University of San Francisco 2130 Fulton Street San Francisco, CA 94117-1047 415-422-2063 415-422-6917 [email protected] 2009 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Conference San Diego, CA February 23-27, 2010 2 Arts-in-Corrections: A Path to Redemption Abstract The California Arts-in-Corrections (AI C) program is among the oldest in the nation. The Prison Arts Program (PAP), a three-year pilot program, was the precursor of Arts-in-Corrections In 1983, I found the program to be cost-effective, and in 1986 wrote about the importance of prison art programs in the Journal of American Culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Escape from Cruel and Unusual Punishment: a Theory of Constitutional Necessity Cynthia R
    Cornell Law Library Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository Cornell Law Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 1979 Escape from Cruel and Unusual Punishment: A Theory of Constitutional Necessity Cynthia R. Farina Cornell Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the Criminal Law Commons Recommended Citation Farina, Cynthia R., "Escape from Cruel and Unusual Punishment: A Theory of Constitutional Necessity" (1979). Cornell Law Faculty Publications. Paper 778. http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/778 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ESCAPE FROM CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT: A THEORY OF CONSTITUTIONAL NECESSITY A slightly-built twenty-year old prisoner is repeatedly subjected to homosexual rape. Fearing to report the incidents openly to guards where other inmates will overhear, the youth twice feigns suicide in order to speak to prison authorities in the more private setting of the infirmary. Both times officials tell him to fight or submit. He is indigent, and so unable to hire a lawyer; moreover, the law library at the prison is wholly inadequate to guide him in preparinga pro se petition to the court. One afternoon, several inmates warn him that they plan to come to his cell that night to rape him. A few hours later he escapes.
    [Show full text]
  • Act 328 of 1931 CHAPTER XXXII ESCAPES, RESCUES, JAIL and PRISON BREAKING 750.183 Facilitating Escape of Or Assisting Prisoners; Penalty
    THE MICHIGAN PENAL CODE (EXCERPT) Act 328 of 1931 CHAPTER XXXII ESCAPES, RESCUES, JAIL AND PRISON BREAKING 750.183 Facilitating escape of or assisting prisoners; penalty. Sec. 183. Any person who conveys into any jail, prison, or other like place of confinement, any disguise or any instrument, tool, weapon, or other thing, adapted or useful to aid any prisoner in making his or her escape, with intent to facilitate the escape of any prisoner there lawfully committed or detained, or shall by any means whatever, aid or assist any prisoner in his or her endeavor to escape therefrom, whether such escape be effected or attempted, or not, and every person who shall forcibly rescue any prisoner, held in custody upon any conviction or charge of an offense, is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not more than 7 years; or, if the person whose escape or rescue was effected or intended, was charged with an offense not capital, nor punishable by imprisonment in the state prison, then the offense mentioned in this section shall be a misdemeanor and shall be punishable by imprisonment for not more than 1 year or a fine of not more than $1,000.00. History: 1931, Act 328, Eff. Sept. 18, 1931;CL 1948, 750.183;Am. 2002, Act 672, Eff. Mar. 31, 2003. Former law: See section 11 of Ch. 156 of R.S. 1846, being CL 1857, § 5830; CL 1871, § 7663; How., § 9245; CL 1897, § 11315; CL 1915, § 14982; and CL 1929, § 16573. 750.184 Aiding escape from officer; penalty.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transformation of Noncitizen Detention in the United States And
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ASU Digital Repository From Exclusion to State Violence: The Transformation of Noncitizen Detention in the United States and Its Implications in Arizona, 1891-present by Judith Irangika Dingatantrige Perera A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved March 2018 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Jack Schermerhorn, Chair Leah Sarat Julian Lim ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY May 2018 ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes the transformation of noncitizen detention policy in the United States over the twentieth century. For much of that time, official policy remained disconnected from the reality of experiences for those subjected to the detention regime. However, once detention policy changed into its current form, disparities between policy and reality virtually disappeared. This work argues that since its inception in the late nineteenth century to its present manifestations, noncitizen detention policy transformed from a form of exclusion to a method of state-sponsored violence. A new periodization based on detention policy refocuses immigration enforcement into three eras: exclusion, humane, and violent. When official policy became state violence, the regime synchronized with noncitizen experiences in detention marked by pain, suffering, isolation, hopelessness, and death. This violent policy followed the era of humane detentions. From 1954 to 1981, during a time of supposedly benevolent national policies premised on a narrative against de facto detentions, Arizona, and the broader Southwest, continued to detain noncitizens while collecting revenue for housing such federal prisoners. Over time increasing detentions contributed to overcrowding.
    [Show full text]
  • Escapes and Attempted Escapes from Corrections in Western Australia
    Escapes and attempted escapes from corrections in Western Australia Level 5, Albert Facey House, 469 Wellington Street Perth, Western Australia 6000 Telephone: +61 8 6551 4200 Facsimile: +61 8 6551 4216 www.oics.wa.gov.au February 2015 7338 OIC A3 Review artwork.indd 1 9/3/15 9:11 AM ISBN: 978-0-9942293-0-4 This report is available on the Office’s website and will be made available, upon request, in alternate formats. 7338 OIC A3 Review artwork.indd 2 9/3/15 9:11 AM Contents 1 Inspector’s overview ............................................................................................................................... i Truth and fiction ....................................................................................................................................... i Numbers, circumstances and causes ................................................................................................ i Balancing risks ........................................................................................................................................ iii 2 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................. iv 3 Background ................................................................................................................................................ 1 The risk of escape .................................................................................................................................... 2 Escapes and attempted
    [Show full text]