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· A COMPANION TO EUROPE 1900-1945 EDITED BY Gordon Martel @)WILEY-BLACKWELL BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO HISTORY This scries provides sophisric:l(cd and authorirotivc overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our current understandi ng of the pa t _ Defi ned by theme, period and/or region, each volume comprises between rwemy-five :1J1d for!)' concise essay wrinen by individual cholars within their area of specialization. The aim of each conlribution is to synthesize the currelll state of scholarship from a variety of historical perspec­ A COMPANION TO EUROPE rives and to provide a statemenc Oil where the field is heading. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and li,·c1y manner, designed for nn international audience of scholars, students, and general readers. BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO EUROPEAN HISTORY 1900-1945 A Companion to Europe 1900-1945 Edited by Gordon Martel A Companion to the Reformation World A Companion to Eighteenth-Centmy Europe Edited by R. Po-chia Hsia Edited by Petel- H. Wilson A Companion to Europe Since 1945 A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Europe Edited by Klam Lmns Edited by Stefan Berger A Companion to the Medieval World Edited by A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance Edited by Carol Lansing and Ed1Vard D. English Edited by Guido Ru.ggiero BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO BRITISH HISTORY Gordon Martel A Companion to Roman Britain A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Britain Edited by Malcolm Todd Edited by Ch1'is Williams A Companion to Britain in the Later A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain Middle Ages Edited by Chris Wrigley Edited by S. H. Rigby A Companion to Contemporary Britain A Companion to Tudor Britain Edited by Palll Addison and Har/-iet Jones Edited by Robert Tittle!- and Norman Jones A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and A Companion to Stuart Britain Ireland c.500-c.1100 Edited by Ba/'ry Coward Edited by Pauline Staffm'd A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Britain Edited by H. T. Dicllinson BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO AMERICAN HISTORY A Companion to the American Revolution A Companion to the American West Edited by Jack P. Greene and]. R. Pole Edited by William Deverell A Companion to 19th-Century America A Companion to American Foreign Relations Edited by William L. Barney Edited by Robert D. Schulzinger A Companion to the American South A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction Edited by John B. Boles Edited by Lacy K. Ford A Companion to American Indian History A Companion to American Technology Edited by Philip]. Deloria and Neal Salisbu/)' Edited by Carroll Pursell A Companion to American Women's History A Companion to African-American History Edited by Nalley A. Hewitt Edited by Altoll Homsby, JI- A Companion to Post-1945 America A Companion to Amcrican Immigration Edited 11)' Jam-Christopbe AgllCIII (md Edited by RCClI Utda Roy ltos~·IIZJl'cig A ompanion ro American Cultural Hi lOry A Companion to the Viern:un War Edited by Kf/.I-clJ Hn.Ir.t/ll/e11 Edited by MfII"ilylJ B. Yoll7Jg (tIld Robert A Companion to California History B'JZZIIIICO Edit.ed by William. Derl,m:1/ Mid Vavid Igler A Companion to olonial Amcr'ica Edited iJy Dlmi..! Vickers A ompanion to American Milital), History Et/ited by JMIItS .Brtr.dford A ompanion to 20th·Centu.ry America Edited by Stephen J. Whitfield BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO WORLD HISTORY A omp9nion to Western HistOrical Thought Erfitcd by Uoyd Kmlllcr Mlrf Snmh Maza A olllpanion to Japancse History Edited by WilUam M. TsutS1ti A omp:lnion to Gender Histor)' Editcd by 7i:rclf1 A . Meadc fIIlrf A olllpanion to Larin American History Merry E. Wiemer-Hallks Edited by TholilM Hol/oway A Companion to International History A Companion to Russian History 1900-2001 Edited by Abbott Gleason Edited by Gordon Martel A Companion to World War I ffiWILEY- BLACKWELL Edited by John Horne A Companion to the History of the Middle East A fohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Edited by Youssef M. Cholleiri This paperback edition first published 2011 © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Edition history: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (hardback, 2006) Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell's publishing program has been merged with Wiley's global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Contents Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, P019 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148 ·5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, P019 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley. comjwiley-blackweH. The right of Gordon Martel to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been Notes on Contributors Vlll asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Preface Xlll All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans­ Maps xiv mitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the Introduction: Europe in Agony, 1900-1945 XXI publisher. Gordon Martel Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. PART I CONTINUITY AND CHANGE; FORCES AND MOVEMENTS 1 Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand 1 Urbanization, Poverty, and Crime 3 names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered Paul Lawrence trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor men­ tioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in 2 The Revolution in Science 19 regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in Cathryn Carson rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. 3 Feminism: Women, Work, and Politics 35 June Hannam Libmr)' of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 4 Modernism 50 A companion to Europe: 1900-1945/ edited by Gordon Martel. p. em. - (Blackwell companions to European history) Robin Walz Includes bibliographical references and index. 5 The Cult of Youth ISBN: 978-1-4051-0664-1 (hardcover: alk. paper) 66 ISBN: 978-1-4443·3840-9 (pbk.: alk. paper) Elizabeth Harvey 1. Europe-History-20th century. 1. Martel, Gordon. II. Series. 6 Sexuality and the Psyche D424.C662005 82 940.5-dc22 Lesley A. Hall 2005013772 7 The Economy 98 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Peter Wardley Set in 10/12 pt Galliard by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited PART II BEFORE THE DELUGE 117 Printed in Malaysia by Ho Printing (M) Sdn Bhd 8 Europe's World: Power, Empire, and Colonialism 119 1 2011 Woodruff D. Smith VI CONTENTS CONTENTS Vll 9 Social Reform or Social Revolution? 135 25 The Strategic Revolution 391 Gary P. Steenson Tami Davis Biddle 10 Modernity: Approaching the Twentieth Century 150 26 Hitler and the Origins of World War II 407 Angela K. Smith Anita J. Prazmowska 11 Politics: The Past and the Future 165 Peter Waldron PART VI WORLD WAR II 423 12 The Coming of War, 1914 180 27 Grand Strategy and Summit Diplomacy 425 Annika Mombauer Michael Jabara Carley 28 The Real War 441 PART III WORLD WAR I 195 David French 13 August 1914: Public Opinion and the Crisis 197 29 The Home Fronts: Europe at War, 1939-1945 456 David Welch Nicholas Atkin 14 The War in the Trenches 213 30 The Holocaust 472 Tim Travers David Engel 15 The War from Above: Aims, Strategy, and Diplomacy 228 31 Memories of World War II and the Holocaust in Europe 487 Matthew Stibbe Harold Marcuse 16 The War and Revolution 243 Mark Baker Bibliography 505 Index 539 PART IV THE AFrERMATH OF WAR 259 17 Peacemaking after World War I 261 Alan Sharp 18 Demobilization and Discontent 277 James M. Diehl 19 The Socialist Experiment 292 William J. Chase 20 The Fascist Challenge 309 Martin Blinkhorn 21 Revisionism 326 Carole Fink PART V THE NEW AGE 341 22 The Jazz Age 343 Thomas J. Saunders 23 The Nazi New Society 359 Dick Geary 24 The Popular Front 375 Michael Richards NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS IX Revolution & Intervention: The French The Holocattst: The Third Reich and the Jnvs Government and the Russian Civil War, (2000), aDd "A Truly Ovenvhelming 1917-1919 (1983), and a great many arti­ Picture»: The Holocaust and the Writing of cles and review articles (1976 to the present) Jewish History (Hebrew, forthcoming). in learned journals in Canada, the United Carole Fink is Distinguished Humanities Kingdom, France, and the United States. Professor in History at Ohio State Cathryn Carson is Associate Professor of University. She is the author of Defending Contributors History at the University of California, the Rights of Others: The Great Powe/'s, the Berkeley, where she directs the Office for Jews, and International Minority Protection, History of Science and Technology. She 1878-1938 (2004), Marc Bloch: A Life in has published on the history of quantum History (1989), which has been translated physics, the politics of science in Germany, into six languages, and The Genoa Conference and the cultural and philosophical lessons (1984), which was awarded the George scientists have drawn from their work.

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