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Technical Bulletin 15 Restoration Cleaning of Masonry Façades

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Technical Bulletin 15 Restoration Cleaning of Masonry Façades TECHNICAL BULLETIN 15 RESTORATION CLEANING OF MASONRY FAÇADES 3. Effective in removing surface organic growth. 4. Using only water allows for the run-off to be directed to most public drainage systems instead of requiring reclamation (check local requirements). Limitations of Steam Cleaning 1. The cost of steam-generating equipment and the amount of time required for effective cleaning make the process inefficient from a cost These “before and after” photos of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia illustrate standpoint. one of the main reasons for restoration cleaning -- a clean building looks better than a dirty building. 2. The use of excessively high temperatures presents a significant INTRODUCTION There are five basic methods for safety hazard to the operators. One of the main reasons for restoration cleaning masonry surfaces: cleaning is also one of the most 3. The cloud of steam generated at a. Water Cleaning obvious: a clean building looks better the surface makes it difficult for the than a dirty building. It is more b. Abrasive Cleaning operator to monitor the process and valuable and appears to be a better c. Chemical Cleaning creates visibility issues resulting in place to live, work or shop. As cleaning further safety hazards. The tendency removes decades of grit and grime, d. Thermal Cleaning to rush the cleaning process often architectural treasures are often e. Laser Cleaning results in incompletely rinsed, revealed where once there was only a blotchy surfaces. DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLEANING public eyesore. METHODS 4. Though effective for removal of The fact is heavy surface soiling and A. WATER CLEANING light to moderate surface soiling, deposits contribute to masonry decay. Steam Cleaning this process is less effective when Some historic buildings become Water heated in a flash-boiler is removing severe soiling. so covered with paint and grime, directed as a steam jet at the stained 5. Not effective for removal of conservators cannot accurately assess surface through a wand. The pressures subsurface staining. the building’s condition. Restoration generated by the jet vary from 0.7 to Water Soaking cleaning may expose deteriorating 3.4 bars (10 to 80 pounds per square metal anchors or flashings, subsurface inch) depending on the equipment staining, cracks, missing mortar employed. The combined action of joints and other serious problems. the heat and moisture causes some Restoration cleaning is usually the surface staining to swell and loosen first step in analyzing and repairing enabling them to be rinsed away. the deterioration – the first step in a diagnostic process. Advantages of Steam Cleaning 1. Use of low-pressure makes possible SELECTING A CLEANING the cleaning of deteriorated, ornate PROCEDURE stone, which would not withstand When selecting a cleaning procedure, it conventional pressure or abrasive must be recognized that the removal of techniques. surface soiling and subsurface staining may alter the physical condition and 2. Allows use of the mildest possible appearance of the substrate. The task is cleaning agents and rinsing to select the process that provides the pressures for removal of carbon Water soaking – A custom-designed sprinkler system keeps the water running over the desired degree of cleaning resulting in the encrustations on calcareous or other marble masonry of St. Patrick’s Cathedral, least damage to the masonry substrate. masonry surfaces. New York City. A RESOURCE FROM THE SEALANT, WATERPROOFING & RESTORATION INSTITUTE Soaker hoses, or specially designed spraying devices, are directed at all portions of the building façade. A slow, steady stream of water or water vapor causes the dirt deposits to swell, loosening their grip on the underlying masonry. Accumulated water cascades over the face of the masonry, washing the loosened dirt away. Advantages of Water Soaking 1. The use of low-pressure water mists allows the cleaning of precariously deteriorated stone which would not withstand conventional water pressure or abrasive techniques. 2. Allows use of mild cleaning agents and techniques for effective removal of carbon deposits. Pressure Washing – A technician uses a pressure washer to flush spent chemical cleaner and dissolved soiling from the limestone masonry of Denver’s Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. Pre-wetting is 3. Using only water allows for the an important first step in the cleaning building with a combination of pressure-washing and chemicals. run-off to be directed to most public drainage systems instead of masonries. During the past 30 years, requiring reclamation (check local 3. Use of appropriate rinsing pressures the design and manufacture of pressure requirements). and water volume can substantially washing equipment has grown by leaps reduce the amount of scraping and/ Limitations of Water Soaking and bounds. When considering the or scrubbing required to achieve the 1. Prolonged exposure to water use of pressure washing equipment in desired degree of cleaning. may result in oxidation of natural any cleaning program, it is important 4. The process is effective for removal components of the masonry or to consider the amount of pressure of light to moderate atmospheric underlying structure causing staining (measured in pounds per square and organic soiling. or structural decay (i.e. metal inch, or psi) and the amount of water fasteners). discharged (measured in gallons per 5. Using only water allows for the 2. Prolonged exposure to water may minute, or gpm). In restoration cleaning, run-off to be directed to most transport harmful salts deep into the pressure rates of 400 to 1200 psi, and public drainage systems instead of masonry. flow rates of 6 to 8 gpm are usually requiring reclamation (check local 3. Thoroughly saturated masonries effective. Determining the correct and requirements). may take several months to dry. most efficient psi and gpm depends on Limitations of Pressure Washing the condition of the masonry and the 1. When used without chemical 4. Water soaking procedures must be severity of the staining. scheduled when there is no threat cleaners or abrasives, high-pressure of freezing temperatures throughout The size and type of spray tip used with water rinsing is generally not the cleaning and drying process. the equipment must also be considered. effective for the removal of heavy Generally, a fan-type nozzle providing soiling or subsurface staining. 5. Continuously cascading waters may a 15 to 40 degree fan is best. Laser result in surface erosion. 2. Excessively high water pressures tips or fan spray tips with less than a and flow rates have an abrasive 6. Scaffolding and rigging requirements 15 degree opening should not be used effect, which may result in removal for water-soaking operations because of the possible damage caused of the surface of the masonry and are usually more elaborate than by such a concentrated stream of water. those required for other cleaning accelerate decay. Advantages of Pressure Washing processes. 3. Prolonged exposure to water 1. Pressure washing equipment may result in oxidation of natural 7. Water runoff must be controlled enables the operator to quickly components of the masonry or the to prevent intrusion into basement remove superficial surface soiling underlying structure causing staining areas and surrounding properties. and loose surface debris. or structural decay. 8. Water soaking is a very slow method 2. Used in conjunction with chemical 4. Water-saturated masonry may take – can take several hours or days. cleansing agents or abrasive several weeks to thoroughly dry. Pressure Washing materials, high-pressure washers When used properly, pressure washing may help minimize the harmful 5. Pressure water cleaning procedures equipment can be extremely effective effects of any one of the cleaning must be scheduled when there is no for the restorative cleaning of older systems applied independently. threat of freezing temperatures. TECHNICAL BULLETIN 15 RESTORATION CLEANING OF MASONRY FAÇADES 6. Interior surfaces, furnishings and C. CHEMICAL CLEANING equipment may be damaged by Employed with one of the water washing prolonged exposure to water or techniques already described, chemical water entering through voids in the cleaners dissolve and mobilize surface wall system. soiling and subsurface staining matters, 7. Water runoff must be controlled allowing them to be rinsed away. to prevent intrusion into basement Though commercially available areas and surrounding properties. proprietary cleaning compounds 8. Damage to the façade components may consist of a number of blended, can result from using the pressure- complementary cleansing agents, washer too close to the material the great majority fall into one of four being cleaned. Workers must broad types of chemistry: be cautious to maintain the a) Acidic cleaners prescribed distance from the wall as Sandblasted – this close-up of masonry subjected established in test cleanings. to an ill-conceived abrasive cleaning process b) Alkaline cleaners shows damaged mortar joints and exposure to B. ABRASIVE CLEANING weather of the soft inner body of the brick. c) Neutral cleaners The object of abrasive cleaning is to d) Organic solvent cleaners remove the outer portion of the masonry 3. The process is effective in removing Though water-thin liquid or gelled on which the soiling has deposited, not a variety of surface soiling and other cleaners are commonly used, the product to dissolve and wash away the soiling. contaminants. consistency may be
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