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Name Class Teacher Co-op Academy Leeds Science homework booklet. C14 – Crude oil and fuels Help and support: BBC bitesize for help with this booklet. Or type in the address below: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zshvw6f/revision/1 Free GCSE Science lessons: Videos 1 – 5 only: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CX2IYWggEBc&list=PL9IouNCPbCxVDcgWiviYYWj0xKMPX Td8s&index=1 Oakwood Academy: https://classroom.thenational.academy/units/organic-chemistry-7c58 Revision guides pages 146 - 148 Spec Summary of the specification content Learning outcomes ref. What most candidates should be able to do 4.7.1. ● Crude oil is a finite resource found in rocks. Crude oil is ● Be able to recognise substances as alkanes 1 the remains of an ancient biomass consisting mainly of given their formulae in these forms. plankton that was buried in mud. ● Students do not need to know the names of ​ ​ ● Crude oil is a mixture of a very large number of specific alkanes other than methane, ethane, compounds. Most of the compounds in crude oil are propane and butane. hydrocarbons, which are molecules made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only. ● Most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are hydrocarbons called alkanes. The general formula for the homologous series of alkanes is CnH2n+2 ● The first four members of the alkanes are methane, ethane, propane and butane. ● Alkane molecules can be represented in the following forms: ● C2H6 or 4.7.1. ● The many hydrocarbons in crude oil may be separated ● Explain how fractional distillation works in 2 into fractions, each of which contains molecules with a terms of evaporation and condensation. similar number of carbon atoms, by fractional ● Knowledge of the names of other specific distillation. fractions or fuels is not required. ​ ​ ● The fractions can be processed to produce fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry. ● Many of the fuels on which we depend for our modern lifestyle such as petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gases, are produced from crude oil. ● Many useful materials on which modern life depends are produced by the petrochemical industry, such as solvents, lubricants, polymers, detergents. ● The vast array of natural and synthetic carbon compounds occur due to the ability of carbon atoms to form families of similar compounds. 4.7.1. ● Some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of ● Recall how boiling point, viscosity and 3 their molecules, including boiling point, viscosity and flammability change with increasing flammability. These properties influence how molecular size. hydrocarbons are used as fuels. ● Write balanced equations for the complete ● The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases energy. combustion of hydrocarbons with a given During combustion, the carbon and hydrogen in the formula. fuels are oxidised. The complete combustion of a ● Knowledge of trends in properties of ​ ​ hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide and water. hydrocarbons is limited to: o boiling points o viscosity o flammability. 4.7.1. ● Hydrocarbons can be broken down (cracked) to ● Describe in general terms the conditions 4 produce smaller, more useful molecules. used for catalytic cracking and steam ● Cracking can be done by various methods including cracking. catalytic cracking and steam cracking. ● Recall the colour change when bromine ● The products of cracking include alkanes and another water reacts with an alkene. type of hydrocarbon called alkenes. ● Balance chemical equations as examples of ● Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes and react with cracking given the formulae of the reactants bromine water, which is used as a test for alkenes. and products. ● There is a high demand for fuels with small molecules ● Give examples to illustrate the usefulness of and so some of the products of cracking are useful as cracking. fuels. ● Be able to explain how modern life depends ● Alkenes are used to produce polymers and as starting on the uses of hydrocarbons. materials for the production of many other chemicals. ● For Combined Science: Trilogy and Synergy students do not need to know the formulae or names of individual alkenes. Crude oil and hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms only. Crude oil Crude oil is a finite resource that is found in the Earth’s crust. It is the remains of organisms that lived and died millions of years ago - mainly plankton which was buried in mud. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. The carbon atoms in these molecules are joined together in chains and rings. In the ball and stick models below, carbon atoms are black and hydrogen atoms are white. Crude oil is an important source of: fuels such as petrol, diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gases feedstock for the petrochemical industry A feedstock is a raw material used to provide reactants for an industrial reaction. A petrochemical is a substance made from crude oil using chemical reactions. For example, ethene is produced from crude oil. It is used as feedstock to make poly(ethene), a polymer. Other useful substances made from compounds found in crude oil include: ● solvents ● lubricants ● detergents Alkanes The alkanes form a homologous series. Like all homologous series, the alkanes: ● have the same general formula ● differ by CH2 in molecular formulae from neighbouring compounds ● show a gradual variation in physical properties, such as their boiling points ● have similar chemical properties General formula The general formula for the alkanes is CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Example Decane is an alkane. Its molecules contain 10 carbon atoms. Predict the molecular formula of decane and explain your answer. The formula will be C10H22. This is because n = 10. So, 2n + 2 = (2 × 10) + 2 = 20 + 2 = 22. The ball and stick models on the right show that the covalent bonds are not really at angles of 90°, as shown in the structures. The alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons: ● hydrocarbons, because they are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only ● saturated, because their carbon atoms are joined by C-C single bonds Fractional distillation Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures. This method can be used because different hydrocarbons have different boiling points. Fractional distillation During the fractional distillation of crude oil: ● heated crude oil enters a tall fractionating column, which is hot at the bottom and gets cooler towards the top ● vapours from the oil rise through the column ● vapours condense when they become cool enough ● liquids are led out of the column at different heights Small hydrocarbon molecules have weak intermolecular forces, so they have low boiling points. They do not condense, but leave the column as gases. Long hydrocarbon molecules have stronger intermolecular forces, so they have high boiling points. They leave the column as hot liquid bitumen. Crude oil fractions The different, useful mixtures are called fractions. This is because they are only part of the original crude oil Properties of fractions Each crude oil fraction contains a mixture of hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons in a fraction are mostly hydrocarbons called alkanes. They have similar (but not identical): ● numbers of hydrogen and carbon atoms in their molecules ● boiling points ● ease of ignition ● viscosity For example, the gases fraction contains hydrocarbons with one to four carbon atoms. These have: ● boiling points below room temperature ● they are very flammable ● have a low viscosity The hydrocarbons in different fractions differ in these properties. For example, the bitumen fraction contains hydrocarbons with more than 35 carbon atoms. These have: ● boiling points well above room temperature ● are very difficult to ignite ● have a high viscosity Hydrocarbon fuels can undergo complete combustion or incomplete combustion, depending on the amount of oxygen available. Complete combustion Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel happens when there is a good supply of air. Carbon and hydrogen atoms in the fuel react with oxygen in an exothermic reaction: ● carbon dioxide and water are produced ● the maximum amount of energy is given out Self-Quizzing: This is a revision strategy which you can use in science and other ​ subjects to help test your knowledge and identify any gaps in your knowledge. Read the following definitions, then cover, write and check. When you check your answers add any missing information in a different colour pen to show where there are gaps in your knowledge. Keyword Definition Look, cover, write check Look, cover, write Saturated hydrocarbon. A compound of hydrogen and carbon only, with no Alkane C=C bonds. Alkene Unsaturated hydrocarbon with a double bond between the carbon atoms. Boiling point The temperature at which a substance rapidly changes from a liquid to a gas. Carbon dioxide A gaseous compound of carbon and oxygen, which is a by-product of respiration, and which is needed by plants for photosynthesis. Carbon monoxide Poisonous gas produced during incomplete combustion. Cracking The breaking down of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules by vaporising them and passing them over a hot catalyst. Crude oil Mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes, formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient dead marine organisms. Flammable Able to ignite and burn. Fraction In fractional distillation, such as that of crude oil, the different parts of the original mixture are called fractions. Fractional distillation In fractional distillation a mixture of several substances, such as crude oil, is distilled and the evaporated components are collected as they condense at different temperatures. Fractionating column Piece of apparatus in which mixtures separate during fractional distillation. Hydrocarbon A compound that contains hydrogen and carbon only. Ignite Set on fire. Polymer A large molecule formed from many identical smaller molecules known as monomers. Saturated A saturated hydrocarbon contains no carbon-to-carbon double bonds, only single bonds. Unsaturated An unsaturated compound contains at least one double or triple bond.
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  • Section 2. Hazards Identification OSHA/HCS Status : This Material Is Considered Hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)

    Section 2. Hazards Identification OSHA/HCS Status : This Material Is Considered Hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)

    SAFETY DATA SHEET Flammable Liquefied Gas Mixture: 2-Methylpentane / 2,2-Dimethylbutane / 2, 3-Dimethylbutane / 3-Methylpentane / Benzene / Carbon Dioxide / Decane / Dodecane / Ethane / Ethyl Benzene / Heptane / Hexane / Isobutane / Isooctane / Isopentane / M- Xylene / Methane / N-Butane / N-Pentane / Neopentane / Nitrogen / Nonane / O- Xylene / Octane / P-Xylene / Pentadecane / Propane / Tetradecane / Toluene / Tridecane / Undecane Section 1. Identification GHS product identifier : Flammable Liquefied Gas Mixture: 2-Methylpentane / 2,2-Dimethylbutane / 2, 3-Dimethylbutane / 3-Methylpentane / Benzene / Carbon Dioxide / Decane / Dodecane / Ethane / Ethyl Benzene / Heptane / Hexane / Isobutane / Isooctane / Isopentane / M- Xylene / Methane / N-Butane / N-Pentane / Neopentane / Nitrogen / Nonane / O-Xylene / Octane / P-Xylene / Pentadecane / Propane / Tetradecane / Toluene / Tridecane / Undecane Other means of : Not available. identification Product type : Liquefied gas Product use : Synthetic/Analytical chemistry. SDS # : 018818 Supplier's details : Airgas USA, LLC and its affiliates 259 North Radnor-Chester Road Suite 100 Radnor, PA 19087-5283 1-610-687-5253 24-hour telephone : 1-866-734-3438 Section 2. Hazards identification OSHA/HCS status : This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Classification of the : FLAMMABLE GASES - Category 1 substance or mixture GASES UNDER PRESSURE - Liquefied gas SKIN IRRITATION - Category 2 GERM CELL MUTAGENICITY - Category 1 CARCINOGENICITY - Category 1 TOXIC TO REPRODUCTION (Fertility) - Category 2 TOXIC TO REPRODUCTION (Unborn child) - Category 2 SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY (SINGLE EXPOSURE) (Narcotic effects) - Category 3 SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY (REPEATED EXPOSURE) - Category 2 AQUATIC HAZARD (ACUTE) - Category 2 AQUATIC HAZARD (LONG-TERM) - Category 1 GHS label elements Hazard pictograms : Signal word : Danger Hazard statements : Extremely flammable gas. May form explosive mixtures with air.