Political Economy II --Economics 709 Spring 2014 TT 11:15-12:30, Thompson 919; alternate meeting room Machmer 413
Nancy Folbre, Thompson 1021, [email protected] Office hours: Tuesdays12:30-1:30 or by appointment.
Overview:
This course explores recent research in radical political economy in an effort develop a better understanding of the relationships among forms of inequality based on class, race, gender, citizenship and other dimensions of collective identity. It emphasizes complementarities among approaches based on Marxian political economy, feminist theory, critical race theory, institutional and behavioral economics. It also explores economic alternatives ranging from workplace democracy to care policy.
Assignments and Evaluation:
Active class participation is a key aspect of this course. Depending on the size of the class, we may use go-rounds and small group exercises as well as informal discussion. Given the importance of participation, regular attendance is important. If you have a compelling reason to miss class, please let the instructor know in advance.
Students may be asked to take turns preparing a brief commentary on the assigned readings to be circulated in advance to help structure discussion. The number of turns will depend on the number of students in the class.
Students may also be asked to volunteer for regular presentations on the optional readings. Again, the number of presentations will be negotiated, depending on the class size.
Two written requirements for the class:
A short paper, of 8-10 pages addressing one of the core questions that we will develop during the semester (questions from last year are listed at the end of the syllabus as a sample) OR an alternative question that has been approved by the instructor. This paper should address both the assigned and the supplemental readings relevant to the question, and should include professional quality endnotes and/or references. It will be due by midnight Sunday, March 30. Students will also be expected to provide a brief summary of this paper in class. The grade on this paper counts as 30% of the final grade.
The second requirement for the course is a 15-20 page paper that includes a critical review of the literature on an issue relevant to the course. This paper can build on your short paper, but should not simply incorporate it. If you see the opportunity to move beyond a critical review of the literature in a way that will advance your intellectual agenda, you should take it. This paper will 1 be due on Thursday, May 8 and will count as 70% of the final grade.
Syllabus, Scheduling, and Books
Required readings are starred. Some of the other readings will be covered in lectures but they primarily represent suggestions for exploration either in a short comment or in a longer research paper.
Most of the starred readings are available via explicit links on the Udrive or via JSTOR. Others will be distributed via photocopy in class. Suggestions for additional readings are always welcome.
Note that Tuesday, February 18th follows a Monday schedule—no class that day. The class scheduled for Thursday April 24 needs to be rescheduled because the instructor has a prior commitment on that date.
SYLLABUS
Starred readings are required.
I. Week of January 21: To Understand the World and to Change It
* Thomas Weisskopf, “Reflections on Fifty Years of Radical Political Economy,” David Gordon Memorial Lecture, Union for Radical Political Economics, Allied Social Science Meetings, Philadelphia, PA, Jan. 3, 2014. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Weisskopf_Reflections%20on%20Fifty%20Years.docx
II. Week of January 28: Structure and Agency
* Erik Olin Wright, “Taking the Social in Socialism Seriously,” (summary of Envisioning Real Utopias),” available at http:/www.ssc.wisc.edu/~wright/Published writing/Taking the social.pdf
* Ben Aston, “What is Structure and Agency?” manuscript, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Aston_What%20is%20Structure%20and%20Agency.doc
* Nancy Folbre, “The Rise and Decline of Patriarchal Capitalism,” in Robert Pollin and Jeannette Lim, editors, Essays in Honor of Thomas Weisskopf, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2012, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Folbre_The%20Rise%20and%20Decline%20of%20Patri archal%20Capitalism.docx
Jon Elster, Making Sense of Marx. London: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Alan Carling. Social Division. London: Verso, 1991.
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III. Week of February 4: Institutions
* Bruce E. Kaufman, “The Institutional Economics of John R. Commons: Complement and Substitute for Neoclassical Economic Theory,” Socioeconomic Review (January 2007) 5 (1): 3- 45. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Kaufman_Institutional%20Economics%20John%20Com mons.pdf
* Herbert Simon, “Organizations and Markets,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 5:22 (Spring 1991), pp. 25-44. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Simon%20Organizations%20and%20Markets.pdf
*Yoram Ben-Porath, “The F-connection: Families, Friends and Firms and the Organization of Exchange,” Population and Development Review 6:1 (1980), 1-30. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Ben%20Porath_F%20Connection.pdf
Elaine McCrate, “Trade, Merger and Employment: Economic Theory on Marriage,” Review of Radical Political Economics 19:1 (1987), 73-89.
Geoffrey Hodgson, Economics and Institutions: A Manifesto for a Modern Institutional Economics . Cambridge, Polity Press, 1988.
Oliver Williamson, “The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead,” Journal of Economic Literature XXXVIII (September 2000, 595-613. www.kysq.org/docs/Williamson2000.pdf
Douglas North, “Institutions and the Performance of Economies over Time” (available online through UMass catalog in Ebook entitled Handbook of New Institutional Economics, ed. Claude Menard and Mary M. Shirley)
Nancy Folbre, “Engendering Economics: New Perspectives on Women, Work, and Demographic Change,” Annual World Bank Conference on Development
Jack Knight.1992. Institutions and Social Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
IV. Week of February 11. Contracts and Principal-Agent Problems
* Armen A. Alchian and Harold Demsetz, “Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization,” American Economic Review 62:5 (1972), 777-795. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Alchian%20and%20Demsetz_Production%2C%20Infor mation%20Costs.pdf
* Samuel Bowles, “The Production Process in a Competitive Economy: Walrasian, Neo- 3 Hobbesian, and Marxian Models, American Economic Review 75:1 (1985), 16-36, Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Bowles_Production%20Process%20in%20a%20Compet itive%20Economy.pdf
* Elissa Braunstein and Nancy Folbre, "To Honor and Obey: Efficiency, Inequality, and Patriarchal Property Rights," Feminist Economics, 7:1 (2001), 25-54, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Braunstein%20and%20Folbre_To%20Honor%20and%2 0Obey.pdf
* Shelly Lundberg and Robert A. Pollak, “Separate Spheres Bargaining and the Marriage Market,” Journal of Political Economy 101:6 (1993), 988-1010. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Lundberg%20and%20Pollak_Separate%20Spheres%20 Bargaining.pdf
Paula England and Nancy Folbre, “Contracting for Care” in Feminist Economics Today: Beyond Economic Man, ed. Marianne Ferber and Julie Nelson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Donald E. Campbell. Incentives and the Economics of Information. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Stephen Cheung, S., “The Enforcement of Property Rights in Children, and the Marriage Contract,” Economic Journal, 82:326 (1972): 641-57.
V. Week of February 18: Force, Violence, and Group Selection (only one session this week)
* Karl Marx, Capital, “The Secret of Primitive Accumulation” Available at http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=965&chapter=953 3&layout=html&Itemid=27
* Jack Hirshleifer, Introduction, The Dark Side of the Force. Economic Foundations of Conflict Theory (New York: Cambridge, 2001) available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Hirshleifer_Dark%20Side%20of%20the%20Force.pdf
* Herbert A. Simon, “A Mechanism for Social Selection and Successful Altruism,” Science, Vol. 250, No. 4988 (Dec. 21, 1990), pp. 1665-1668, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Simon__Mechanism%20for%20Social%20Selection.pdf
* E. O. Wilson, “Evolution and Our Inner Conflict,” New York Times, June 24, 2012, available at http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/24/evolution-and-our-inner-conflict/
*Nancy Folbre, “Chicks, Hawks, and Patriarchal Institutions,” in Handbook of Contemporary Behavioral Economics, ed. Morris Altman. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2006.
4 https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Folbre_Chicks%20Hawks%20and%20Patriarchal%20In stitutions.rtf
Jung-Kyoo Choi and Samuel Bowles, “The Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War,” Science 318: 5850 (October 26, 2007, 636-640 (available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/10_Coevolution_Parochial_Altruism.pdf
Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel. The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997.
Malcolm Potts and Thomas Hayden. Sex and War. Dallas: Benbella Books, 2008.
Michelle Garfinkel and Stergios Skarperdas. 2000. “Contract or War?” American Economist. 441 (1):2000, 5-16.
Michelle R. Grossman and Minseong Kim 1995. “Swords or Ploughshares?” Journal of Political Economy 103(6):1275-1288.
VI. Week of February 25: Exploitation and Inequality
* John Roemer, “Property Relations vs. Surplus Value in Marxian Exploitation,” available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Roemer_Property%20Relations%20Exploitation.pdf
* Erik Wright, “Class Analysis of Poverty, “Ch. 2 of Interrogating Inequality. London: Verso,1994. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Wright_Class%20Analysis%20Of%20Poverty.pdf
* W.A. Darity. "Forty Acres and a Mule in the 21st Century." Social Science Quarterly 89.3 (September, 2008): 656-664, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Darity_%20Forty%20Acres%20and%20Mule.pdf
* Daniel D. Moran, Manfred Lenzen, Keiichiro Kanemoto, Ame Geschke, “Does Ecologically Unequal Exchange Occur? Ecological Economics 89 (2013), 177-186, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Moran%20et%20al_Ecologically%20Unequal%20Excha nge.pdf
Gil Skillman, “Appropriation, Domination, and Exploitation,” manuscript, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Skillman_Appropriation.pdf
Roberto Veneziani and Naoki Yoshihara, “Unequal Exchange, Assets, and Power: Recent Developments in Exploitation Theory,” manuscript, September 2013, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Veneziani_Unequal%20Exchange.pdf
Nancy Folbre, “Exploitation Comes Home: A Critique of the Marxian Theory of Family Labor,”
5 Cambridge Journal of Economics 6:4, 317-29, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Folbre_%20exploitation%20comes%20home.pdf
Nancy Folbre and Erik Olin Wright, “Theorizing Care,” Chapter 1 of For Love and Money: Care Provision in the U.S. New York: Russell Sage, 2012.
VII. Week of March 4: Collective Identity and Action
* L. Udehn, “Twenty-Five Years with the Logic of Collective Action,” Acta Sociologica 36: 239- 261 (1993), available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Udehn_Twenty- five%20Years%20Logic%20of%20Collective%20Action.pdf
* William A. Darity Jr., Patrick L. Mason, and James B. Stewart, “ The Economics of Identity: The Origin and Persistence of Racial Identity Norms,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 60 (2006) 283–305, avai l abl e at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Darity%20et%20al_Economics%20of%20Identity
* Alberto Alesina, Reza Baqir, and William Easterly, “Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics (1999) 114 (4): 1243-1284, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Alesina_Public%20Goods%20and%20Ethnic%20Divisi ons.pdf
* Brent Simpson, Robb Willer and Cecilia L. Ridgeway, “Status Hierarchies and the Organization of Collective Action,” Sociological Theory 30 (2012), 149-166. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Simpson%20et%20al_Status%20Hierarchies%20and%2 0Collective%20Action.pdf
George A. Akerlof and Rachel E. Kranton. “Economics and Identity,” Quarterly Journal of Economics CXV:3, August 2000, available at econ.duke.edu/~rek8/economicsandidentity.pdf
Elaine McCrate, “Gender Differences: The Role of Endogenous Preferences and Collective Action,” American Economic Review 78:2(1988), 235-39.
Glenn Loury, "Why Should We Care About Group Inequality," from Equal Opportunity, edited by Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller, Jr., Jeffrey Paul, John Ahrens (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987).
Anne Krueger, "The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society," American Economic Review 64:3 (1974):291-303 (available via JSTOR).
Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971.
VIII. Week of March 11: Intersectionality
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* Leslie McCall, "The Complexity of Intersectionality." Signs: Journal of Women, Culture and Society 30, no. 3 (2005): 1771-1800. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/McCall_Complexity%20of%20Intersectionality.pdf
* Leda Cosmides, John Tooby, and Robert Kurzban, “Perceptions of Race,” Trends in Cognitive Science, 7:4 (2003), Trends in Cognitive Science, 173-180. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Cosmides%20et%20al_Perceptions%20of%20Race.pdf
* Edna Bonacich, "A Theory of Ethnic Antagonism: The Split Labor Market," American Sociological Review 37 (1972), 547-59, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Bonacich_Theory%20of%20Ethnic%20Antagonism.pdf
Anna Carastathis, “Identity Categories as Potential Coalitions,” Signs, 38:4 (2013), 941-965, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Carasathis_Identity%20Categories.pdf
Gerald Mackie, “Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account," American Sociological Review 61:6 (December 1996), available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Mackie_Ending%20Footbinding%20and%20Infibulation .pdf
Francine D. Blau, Mary C. Brinton, and David B. Grusky, “The Declining Significance of Gender,” in Francine D. Blau, Mary C. Brinton, and David B. Grusky, The Declining Significance of Gender? New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006.
William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions, Third Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.
Stephani e A . Shi el ds, “ Gender: A n I ntersecti onal i ty Perspecti ve,” Sex Rol es (2008) 59:301–311, avai l abl e at www.ncsu.edu/odi/advance/documents/Shields.pdf
Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Power, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge, 1991.
Pranab Bardhan, “Ethnic Conflicts: Method in the Madness? Pp. 169-200 in Scarcity, Conflicts, and Cooperation. Cambridge, MIT Press, 2005.
Alan Carling, "Ethnic Formation," pp. 315-345 in Social Division (New York: Verso, 1991).
IX. Week of March 25: Production, Reproduction, Social Reproduction
* Tithi Bhattacharya, “What is Social Reproduction Theory?” Socialist Worker 9/10/2013, available at http://socialistworker.org/2013/09/10/what-is-social-reproduction-theory 7
* Barbara Laslett and Johanna Brenner, “Gender and Social Reproduction: Historical Perspectives,” Annual Review of Sociology 15, (1989), 381-404., available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Laslett%20and%20Brenner_Social%20Reproduction.pdf
*Nancy Folbre, “The Reproduction of People by Means of People: An Accounting Framework,” Paper prepared for U.N. Women. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Folbre_The%20Production%20of%20People3.docx
Nancy Folbre, “Global Capitalism and the Crisis of Care,” paper prepared for Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Folbre_Global%20Capitalism%20and%20the%20Crisis %20of%20Care.docx
X. Week of April 1: Human Capital
* Nancy Folbre, “The Political Economy of Human Capital,” Review of Radical Political Economics, 44:3, 281-292, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Folbre_The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Human %20Capital2.docx
* W.A. Darity Jr., Jason Dietrich, and David K. Guilkey, "Persistent Advantage or Disadvantage?: Evidence in Support of the Intergenerational Drag Hypothesis"." The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60.2 (April, 2001): 435-470. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Darity%20et%20al%20_Persistent%20Advantage%20an d%20Disadvantage.pdf
* Richard Rothstein, “The Urban Poor Shall Inherit Poverty,” American Prospect, Jan/Feb. 2014, available at http://prospect.org/article/urban-poor-shall-inherit-poverty
* George Borjas, “Ethnicity, Neighborhoods, and Human-Capital Externalities,” American Economic Review 85 (1995): 365-390. Available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Borjas_Ethnicity%20Neighborhoods.pdf
Shelly J. Lundberg and Richard Startz, “Inequality and Race: Models and Policy,” in Meritocracy and Economic Inequality, ed. Kenneth Arrow, Samuel Bowles, Steven Durlauf. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2000.
Nancy Folbre, “The Once (But No Longer) Golden Age of Human Capital,” Invited Lecture, University of Western Michigan and the Upjohn Institute.
XI. Week of April 8: Norms, Preferences, Perceptions, and False Consciousness
8 * Claudia Dalbert. “Belief in a Just World,” In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior (pp. 288-297). New York: Guilford Publications, 2009, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Dalbert_Belief%20in%20a%20Just%20World.pdf
* John Jost, “Negative Illusions: Conceptual Clarification and Psychological Evidence Concerning False Consciousness,” Political Psychology 16:2 (1995), 397-424, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Jost_Negative%20Illusions.pdf
* Muriel Niederle and Lise Vesterlund, “Do Women Shy Away from Competition? Do Men Compete Too Much?” Quarterly Journal of Economics, available at http://www.stanford.edu/~niederle/Women.Competition.pdf
Karla Hoff and Priyanka Pandey, “Belief Systems and Durable Inequalities,” World Bank Working Paper, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/40_Belief_Systems_Durable_Inequalities.pdf
Irene Browne and Paula England. "Oppression from Within and Without in Sociological Theories: An Application to Gender," Current Perspectives in Sociological Theory 17 (1997),77-104, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Browne%20and%20England_Oppression%20from%20 Within.pdf
Roland Benabou and Jean Tirole, “Belief in a Just World and Redistributive Politics,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 2006, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Benabou%20and%20Tirole_Belief%20in%20a%20Just %20World.pdf
Timur Kuran, “Social Mechanisms of Dissonance Reduction,” available at http://econ.duke.edu/~tk43/abstracts/articles/ar_34.pdf
Ted O’ Donaghue and Matthew Rabin, “Addiction and Present-Biased Preferences,” University of California at Berkeley, Working Paper http://129.3.20.41/eps/game/papers/0303/0303005.pdf
Melvin Lerner, Belief in a Just World. A Fundamental Illusion. New York: Plenum, 1980.
Jon Elster, “Belief, Bias, and Ideology,” 141-166 in Sour Grapes. Studies in the Subversion of Rationality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
XII. Week of April 15: Economic Alternatives: Socialisms
* John Roemer, “Morality and Efficiency of Market Socialism,” and “A Future for Socialism,” 287-332 in Egalitarian Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. (to be distributed via photocopy).
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* Michael Albert and Robin Hahnel, The Political Economy of Participatory Economics, passim. http://www.zcommunications.org/zparecon/pepe.htm
Nancy Folbre, “Roemer’s Market Socialism: A Feminist Critique,” Politics and Society 22:4, 595-606, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Folbre_Roemer%27s%20market%20socialism.pdf
Alec Nove, The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited. New York: Harper Collins, 1991.
XIII. Week of April 22: Worker-Owned Enterprises and Participatory Democracy
* Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, “A Political and Economic Case for the Democratic Enterprise,” Economics and Philosophy, 9 (1993), 75-100, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Bowles%20and%20Gintis_Democratic%20Enterprise.pd f
*Henry Hanssman, “When Does Worker Ownership Work?” The Yale Law Journal Volume 99, Number 8, June 1990, 1749-1815, available at https://udrive.oit.umass.edu/folbre/PEII/Hansmann_When%20Does%20Worker%20Ownership %20Work.pdf
Gregory Dow, Governing the Firm: Workers’ Control in Theory and Practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. (Available as Ebook through UMass library).
Philip Mellizo, “An Experimental Investigation of Performance Under Hierarchical and Participatory Decision-Making Procedures,” University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Economics, November 2009.
XIV Week of April 29: Real Utopias
* Erik Olin Wright, Envisioning Real Utopias. New York: Verso, 2010. Passim. Most of the chapters are available on Wright’s personal website.
* Yorchai Benkler, “Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the Emergence of Sharing as a Modality of Economic Production,” Yale Law Journal, 114:273 (2005), available at http://www.benkler.org/SharingNicely.html
David Hess, Localist Movements in a Global Economy. Sustainability, Justice, and Urban Development in the United States. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press, 2009.
10 Core Questions for PE 2 Spring 2013 (I expect questions for Spring 2014 to be quite different! We will compile a list as we go along.
1. Why does the intellectual history of institutional and behavioral approaches to economic theory matter? Or not?
2. Institutional and behavioral approaches to economic theory often fall somewhere in between conventional neoclassical theory and Marxian political economy. Describe and discuss three important examples.
3. Compare and contrast the views of collective action developed in Hirschleifer’s Dark Side of the Force and Choi and Bowles “Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War.”
4. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of “intersectionality” as an approach to group conflict.
5. How do norms and preferences possibly shape what Marxian theorists have referred to as “false consciousness?”
6. How does Roemer’s theory of exploitation differ from that developed in traditional Marxian theory. Can this theory accommodate an analysis of exploitation based on race and gender?
7. What does behavioral economics contribute to analysis of inequalities based on race and gender?
8. Discuss the most important differences between theories of racial/ethnic inequality developed by Roemer and Bonacich. Which do you find most persuasive?
9. Briefly summarize models of human capital externalities and their implications for both racial/ethnic and class inequalities.
10. What do we know (and what more do we need to know) about the relationship between ethnic diversity and economic performance?
11. Outline a “historical materialist” account of the emergence and expansion of patriarchal systems.
12. Some economists argue that the development of capitalism undermined patriarchal systems by giving men incentives to support the expansion of women’s rights to “self-ownership.” Discuss the most important strengths and weaknesses of these arguments.
13. Critically analyze the tensions between advocates of market socialism, such as Roemer, and advocates of participatory economic democracy, such as Albert and Hahnel. Which model do you find most compelling?
11 14. What are the most serious obstacles to the expansion of worker-owned businesses? Your response should draw from the arguments presented by both Dow and Hanssman.
15. Erik Olin Wright makes a case for “envisioning real utopias.” Outline and critically assess his arguments, then focus on the specific policy proposal that you find most compelling.
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