Initial Environmental Examination
October 2011
NEP: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project- Karaiya-Makrahar Town Project
Prepared by Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Ministry of Urban Development for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 November 2011)
Currency unit – nepali rupees (NPR) NPR1.00 = $0.1200 $1.00 = NPR83.312
ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank amsl – above mean sea level CMA – Community Medical Auxiliary DI – ductile iron Dia. – diameter DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant DWSS – Department of Water supply and Sewerage EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environment Protection Act EPR – Environment Protection Rule GI – galvanized iron GoN – Government of Nepal HDPE – high density polyethylene pipe HHs – households IEE – Initial Environmental Examination lpcd – liter per capita per day lps – liters per second MOUD – Ministry of Urban Development NDWQS – National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA – Nepal Electricity Authority NGO – Non Government Organization Nrs. – Nepali Rupees O&M – operation & maintenance OD – outer diameter PMC – Project Management Consultant PMO – Project Management Office TDF – Town Development Fund VAT – Value Added Tax VDC – Village Development Committee WHO – World Health Organization WSSDO – Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC – Water User’s and Sanitation Committee
NOTES
(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Nepal and its agencies ends on 15 July. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2011 ends on 15 July 2011.
(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated.
This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Government of Nepal Ministry of Physical Planning and Works Singhdurbar, Nepal
Final Report on Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Of Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project Rupandehi District Batch I (Package II) (ADB Grant-0157 (NEP)
October, 2011
Submitted by: Proponent: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Project Management Office Panipokhari, Kathmandu
SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
;f/f+z !!! Gf]kfn ;/sf/n] Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] cfly{s ;xof]udf cfjf; tyf ef}lts of]hgf dGqfno, vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu cGtu{t bf]>f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf, cfof]hgf Joa:yfkg sfof{no dfkm{t klxnf] r/0fdf !@ j6f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] l8hfO{g sfo{x? eO{/x]sf]] 5 . bf]>f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ Má
• Yfk cyjf gofF d'xfg klxrfg u/L vfg]kfgL pknAw u/fpg] . • kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ x]/L Vffg]kfgL k|zf]wg k|0ffnL / kfgL kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ . • Vffg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] 6ífG;ld;g -d"n_ kfOk nfO{g / lat/0f kfO{k nfO{gx?sf] lj:tf/ tyf cfjZos ;+/rgfxó lgdf0f ug]{ . • ;/;kmfO{sf sfo{qmdx? h:t} ;fj{hlgs zf}rfno, ;txL 9n, kmf]xf]/ d}nf Aoa:yfkg cflb sfo{xósf] lgdf{0f Plss[t ?kdf ;+rfng ug]{ .
k|:t't k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f (IEE) bf]>f] ;fgfzx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf cGt/ut ;+rfng x'g] s/lxofdqmx/ zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . k/fdz{bftf sf]O{d]Gsf]ág]kfn -k|f=_ ln=n] s/lxofdqmx/ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ zx/L cfof]hgfsf]] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|lta]bg tof/ ug]{ lhDdf ;lxt OlGhlgol/ö l8hfO{g sfo{ ug{ nufOPsf] xf] . k|:t't k|lta]bgdf k|:tfljt cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ jftfj/0fLo ?kdf >f]t If]q / ;]jf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;+:s[tLdf kg{ ;Sg] c;/ af/]df d'Nofúg u/L k|lta]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:t't k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f (IEE) k|ltj]bgsf] d'Vo p2]:o cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog / cfof]hgf ;+rfngsf] r/0fdf b]vf kg{ ;Sg] ljlaw jftfj/0fLo ;d:of / c;/xóaf6 cfof]hgfnfO{ d'Qm kf/L cfof]hgfsf] ;]jfnfO{ lbuf] kfg'{ xf] .
k|k|k|:t'tk|:t't k|f/lDes jftfj/0fjftfj/0fLLLLoo k/o k/Lk/LLLIf0fIf0f k|lta]bgsf] cGo pw]Zoxpw]Zoxóó lgDgfg';f/ 5glgDgfg';f/ 5g\5g\\MM\MMáááá
• cfof]hgf If]q leq /x]sf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;+f:s[tLs kl/l:ytLsf] klxrfg u/L ;+u|xL ug]{ . • cfof]hgfsf] ;sf/fTds tyf gs/fTds ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;+f:s[lts c;/nfO{ klxrfg ug]{, eljZojf0fL / d'Nof¶ësg ug]{¶¶ . • pknAw ljleGg a}slNks pkfoxósf] klxrfg / cWoog ug]{ . • ;d'bfosf] cfof]hgf ;DaGwL d'Vo ;/f]sf/nfO{ plrt ;Daf]wg ug]{ . • Gfs/fTds c;/x?sf] k|efjsf/L d'Nofë\sg u/L ltgLxósf] ;+k"0f{ ;dfwfg lbg] . • Jfftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ ug]{ . • Jfftfj/0fLo cg'udg / k/LIf0f of]hgf tof/ ug]{ . • lg0f{o ug]{ tx ;Dd cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ kg{ ;Sg] jftfj/0Lfo k|efj af/] hfgfsf/L u/fpg] .
k|:tfljt s/lxofdqmx/ zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf klZrdfGrn ljsf; If]q, n'lDagL c~rn, ?kGb]xL lhNnf, s/lxof / dqmx/ uf=la=;= cGt/ut kb{5 .
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. i SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] xfnsf] l:yl:ylllltttt k|:tfljt s/lxofdqmx/ zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/kmfO{ cfof]hgf If]q cGtu{t s'g} klg vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgf ;r+fngdf /x]sf] 5}g . o; If]qsf afl;Gbfx? !* lkm6 b]lv @^ lkm6 ;Dd ulx/fO{ ePsf] 6\o"aj]nsf] dfWodaf6 e"ldut kfgLsf] k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . oL 6\o"aj]nx? sd ulx/fO{df ePsf sf/0fn] ubf{ b'lift tyf k|b'lift x'g] ;Defjgf Hofb} /x]sf] 5 .
s/lxof uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g= * df /x]sf] k|fo ;a} 6\o"aj]nx? aif{sf] & b]lv * dlxgf ;Dd dfq ;r+fngdf /xG5 . af+sL ;dodf o; If]qsf afl;Gbfx? 6}s+/sf] kfgL v/Lb u/L kfgLsf] cfjZostf k'/f ug]{ ub{5g\ . 6}s+/sf] kfgL vl/b ug{ o; If]qsf afl;Gbfx?sf] dfl;s ?= !,@)) b]lv ?= @,%)) ;Dd vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
cfof]hgf If]qsf] ;/kmfOsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf] ()% 3/x?df zf}rfno /x]sf] 5 eg] cfof]hgf If]qsf 3/x?aff6 lg:sg] 7f]; kmf]x/ d}nf ;fgf] kl/0ffddf x'g] ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ AolQmut ?kdf g} Joa:yfkg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
cfof]hgf If]qsf ahf/ If]qdf ;txL 9nsf] (Surface Drain) Joa:yf /x]sf] 5 . k|:tfljt cfof]hgf t/fO{ If]qdf cjl:yt /x]sf] ePtf klg aiff{tsf] ;dodf klg kfgL hDg] ;d:of /x+b}g .
k|:tfljt cfof]hgfcfof]hgfdfdf ;dfa];df ;dfa]; /x]sf] If]qx? / ;+/rgfx?
k|tfljt s/lxofdqmx/ zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/kmfO{ cfof]hgf s/lxof uf=la=;= / dqmx/ uf=la=;= cGt/ut kb{5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] dqmx/ uf=la=;=sf] j8f g+= @ -pQ/ a]x'/L, j8f g+= # -blIf0f a]x/L_ j8f g+= $ -b]jbx dfu{, ejfgLk"/, dx'af/L rf}s, hd'gfxL, k|x/Lrf}sL_ j8f g+= % -a'waf/] ufpF_ / j8f g+= & -rf}sL 8f+8f, sF'jf/L ufpF_ tyf s/lxof uf=lj=;=sf] j8f g= ^ -x/}of ufpF, au{bjf, ;v'jfO{_ j8f g+= & -;]d/f ahf/, bz{g 6f]n_ / j8f g+ * -hfu|[tL gu/, lbk gu/, k|lbk gu/8Ff8f, lzjk"/ rf}s, ;'o{k"/f_nfO{ ;d]6b5 .
k|:tfljt cfof]hgf If]qsf] xfnsf] nfeflGjt hg;+Vof !),*#% -!),!$% :yfoL a;f]af; ug]{ / ^*! c:yfO{ a;f]af; ug]{_ / hDdf 3/w'/L !,&^* /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf] l8hfO{g jif{ -;g\ @)@&_ nfeflGjt hg;+Vof @),$#^ x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf] jflif{s hg;+Vof a[l4b/ $=@§ /x]sf] 5 . k|:tfljt cfof]hgfn] e"ldut kfgLsf] >f]tsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/L cfof]hgf l8hfO{g ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfn] b}lgs ?kdf Pp6f l8k 6o"aj]naf6 !%=#% ln=k|=;] kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ / @),$#^ hg;+Vof -hg;+Vof %),))) eGbfsd_nfO{ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ ePsf] x'gfn] k|:tfljt cfof]hgf jftfj/0fLo ;+/rgf lgPdfjnL @)$% n] k|:tfljt cfof]hgf sfo{fGjog / To;sf] kl/dflh{t ;g\ @))& nfO{ ;d]t lnO{ k"j{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f ug]{ k|fjwfg cg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:tfljt cfof]hgf ;dfj]; /x]sf] ;+/rgfx?M ;+/rgfx?;+/rgfx?;+/rgfx? sfdsfdsfd laj/0flaj/0flaj/0f :yfg:yfg:yfg l8k 6\o"aj]n e"ldut kfgLsf] k|of]u ug{ ulx/fO{M !@% dL= / ;fO{hM s/lxof uf=lj=;=, #))/@)) dL= dL= Aof; j8f g= * h]g]/]6//uf8{ 3/ h]g]/]6/ /fVg / uf8{ s/lxof uf=lj=;= -rf}lsbf/_ sf] nfuL j8f g= * 6ífG;ld;g d]g l8k 6\o"aj]nsf] kfgL kfgL l8= cfO{= kfO{k !%) dL dL s/lxof uf=lj=;=, nfO{g ^@* dL= kf]v/Ldf k7fO{ ;s+ng ug{ Aof;sf]M $*) dL= / j8f g= * / ds/x/ lh= cfO{= kfO{k !)) dL dL uf=lj=;=, j8f g= $
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. ii SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
;+/rgfx?;+/rgfx?;+/rgfx? sfdsfdsfd laj/0flaj/0flaj/0f :yfg:yfg:yfg Aof;sf]M (^dL= lat/0f nfO{g kfgL kf]v/Laf6 3/ 3/df l8= cfO{= kfO{k !%) -@%) dL s/lxof uf=lj=;=, -%^*^! dL=_ kfgL ljt/0f ug{ dL Aof;sf]M %#% dL=, j8f g= ^, &, * / lh= cfO{= kfO{k $)-!)) dL ds/x/ uf=lj=;=, dL Aof;sf]M @^) dL= / j8f g= @, #, $, % Pr=l8=kL= kfO{k %)-!^)dL & dL Aof;sf]M %^)() dL= kfgLkf]v/L kfgL ;s+ng u/L ljt/0f ug{ IfdtfM $)) 3=dL= sf] ! j6f s/lxof uf=lj=;= (Circular RCC j8f g= * Ground water storage tank)
cf/=l;=l;= cf]e/x]8 kfgL ;s+ng u/L ljt/0f ug{ IfdtfM @%) 3=dL= sf] ! j6f s/lxof uf=lj=;= kfgL kf]v/L j8f g= * eNe RofDa//kfO{k lat/0f nfO{gdf kfgLsf] s/lxof uf=lj=;=, eNe aS; dfqf ldnfpg j8f g= ^, &, * / ds/x/ uf=lj=;=, j8f g= @, #, $, % &
k|ff/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf jftfj/0fLo k|efj ;+DalGw hfgsf/L k|bfg ubf{ ;dfrf/ kq /fli6ío b}lgsaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfl;t u/LPsf], :yflgo lgsfo uf=lj=;=, :s"nx?df ;"rgf 6f+; ug]{ sfo{ u/L ;DalGwt 7fpFsf] d'r'Nsf tof/ ul/of] . o; cltl/Qm k|ZgfjnL eg]{, cfof]hgf If]qsf] cWoog e|d0f, :yflgo ;d'bfo;+u 5nkmn, k"j{ k|ltj]bgx?sf] cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
;D;D;Defljt;Defljt jftfj/0fefljt jftfj/0fLjftfj/0fLLLoo k|efj tyf ltgsf lg/fs/0fsf pkfo / cg'udg
Kf|:tfljt k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k|ltj]bgdf >f]t If]q / ;]jf If]qdf lgDgfg';f/ kg]{ k|efjnfO{ d'Nofësg ul/Psf]5 .
!= k"j{ lgdf{0fsf] r/0f @= lgdf{0fsf] r/0f #= ;+rfngsf] r/0f
Dffly pNn]lvt r/0fx?df kg]{ ;Sg] ljleGg jftfj/0fLo c;/x?nfO{ lgDg If]qut ?kdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
!= ef}tLs jftfj/0f @= h}ljs jftfj/0f #= ;fdflhs jftfj/0f $= ;f+:s[[lts jftfj/0f
k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfn] jftfj/0fdf kfg{ ;Sg] k|efj / ltgsf lg/fs/0fsf pkfox? lgDg cg';f/ x'g] 5g Má
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. iii SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
• cTolws dfqfdf e"ldut kfgLsf] k|of]u ugf{n] hldgsf] ;tx efl;g] ;Eefjgf / e"ldut kfgLsf] >f]t b'lift x'g] ;Sg] ;+Eefjgf /xG5 .
lg/fs/0fsf pkfoM e"ldut kflgsf] k|of]u ubf{ To; If]qsf] kfgLsf] l/rfh{ x'g] Ifdftf eGbf sd b/n] kfgLsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
• vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df hldgsf] :j?kdf s]xL kl/jt{g x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgf b]vLG5 .
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgfx? ;fj{hlgs hldgdf / vfg]kfgLsf] pkef]tmf ;ldltsf] hldgdf lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 . o:tf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ubf{ jftfj/0fdf gs/fTds c;/ gkg]{ x'G5 .
• lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljleGg ;+/rgfsf] tyf kfO{k lj5\ofpg] sfo{sf] nflu df6f] vGg] tyf k"g]{ sfo{ ubf{ e"Ifosf] ;+Eefjgf jfo" b'lift x'g] ;+Eefjgf x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf, WjgL k|b'if0f x'g] ;+Eefjgf /xG5 .
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu df6f] vGg] tyf k'g]{ sfo{ ubf{ k"j{ ;fjwfgL ckgfOg] 5 . df6f] vGbf lg:s]sf] df6f]nfO{ k"g k|of]u ul/g] 5 eg] af+sL /x]sf] df6f]nfO{ plrt ?kdf Joj:yfkg ul/g] 5 . jfo" k|b'ifgsf] dfqf gfkg ul/g'sf ;fy} ;8sdf kfgL 5s{g] sfo{ ul/g] 5 . cfof]hgfdf k|of]u x'g] ;jf/L ;fwgsf ;fy} cGo d]l;g/L pks/0fx?sf] plrt / lgoldt dd{t tyf ;Def/ ul/g] 5 .
• k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cfof]hgf :yndf /x]sf] emf/kftx? gfl;g] tyf dfl;g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf s'g} klg ?vx?sf] s6fg x'g] 5}g . ;fdfGo dfqfdf emf/kftx? gfl;g] tyf dfl;g] ;Defjgf /x]sf]n] jftfj/0fdf vf;} gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ b]lvb}g . lgdf0f{ sfo{df ;+nUg sfdbf/x?nfO{ jg hön k|j]zdf /f]s nufOg] 5 / ltgLx?sf] vfgf ksfpg OGwgsf] nflu bfp/fsf] ;êf dlêt]nsf] k|of]u u/fOg] 5 . lgdf{0f:ynsf] vfnL :yfgdf a[Iff/f]k0f ul/g] 5 .
• k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cfof]hgf If]qdf /x]sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?df Iflt kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
lg/fslg/fslg/fs/lg/fs///0fsf0fsf pkfo0fsf pkfoMpkfoMMM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{x? ug]{ l;nl;nfdf k"j{ ;fjwfgL ckgfOg] 5, tfkgL s]xL u/L Iflt k'Ug uPdf To:tf ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t sfo{ ul/g] 5 .
• k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df aflx/af6 sfdbf/x? cfpg ;Sg] x'gfn] o;af6 To; If]qsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts If]qdf c;/ kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df aflx/af6 cfPsf sfdbf/x?nfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbOg] 5 ;fy} h'jf v]Ng tyf dlb/f ;]jgdf k|ltaGw nufOg] 5 .
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. iv SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
• k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df ;n+Ug sfdbf/x?sf] :jf:Yodf k|lts'n c;/ kg{ ;Sg] tyf b'3{6gfsf ;Defjgf /xG5 .
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{df ;n+Ug sfdbf/x?sf] :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffdf ;d'lrt Wofg lbOg] 5 . sfdbf/x?nfO{ :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iff ;DalGw cfjZos tflnd lbOg] 5 .
• k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg kZrft kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{df kfgL k|b'if0f x'g] ;Defjgf / Snf]l/gsf] cJoal:yt k|of]un] pkef]Qmfsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts'n c;/ kg]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 .
lg/fs0fsf pkfoM k|:tfljt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ cfof]hgfsf] lat/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljleGg :yfgdf lgoldt ?kdf kfgLsf] u'0f:t/sf] k/LIf0f ul/g] 5 . vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ Snf]l/gsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u ug]{ tyf e08f/0f ug]{ ;DalGw tflnd lbOg] 5 .
jftfj/l0fo Aoj:yfkg of]hgf (EMP) tyf nfutMnfutMnfutM
jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf (EMP)nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 . k|:tfljt of]hgf lgdf{0f r/0fdf lgdf{0f Aoj;foLaf6 ul/g] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] cg'udg ul/g] 5 . o;af6 jftfj/0fLo Go"lgs/0fsf tyf lg/fs0fsf pkfox?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf nfu' ul/g'sf ;fy} of]hgf ;+rfng cjlwdf ePsf] jf:tljs jftfj/0fnfO{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] jftfj/0fLo k|efj;+u cg'udg tyf t'ngf ul/g] 5 .
jftfj/0fLo k|efj Go"lgs/0fsf tyf lg/fs0f tyf cg'udg cflb sfo{sf] nflu cg'dflgt /sd ?M !,#$),)))=)) nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf 5 .
lglglgZlgZZZssssif{if{if{if{ tyf ;'emfjx?tyf ;'emfjx?
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Executive Summary
Background
Government of Nepal (GoN) has implemented the Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) with financial assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) as a grant made available to the project as per the agreement between GoN and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The main aim of SSTWSSSP is to provide water supply services including augmentation of additional water sources, construction of water treatment facilities and storage tanks/ service reservoir, rehabilitation or expansion of transmission and distribution systems in required extent. Sanitation services include construction of public toilets, sludge drying bed for septic tank and sludge disposal in the agreed town through an integrated approach. Similarly, wastewater management systems need to be included in the agreed towns. The solid waste management activities, construction of drainage system in the town core area and provision of Output Based Aid (OBA) to the service receivers are also included in the town project. The project is based on demand driven and interactive procedure that ensures full participation of the local users’ community in the project formulation, implementation and operation and maintenance. This project will provide water supply and sanitation facilities to about 0.6 million people.
Based upon the framework of the National Urban Policy (2007), the 15-year Development Plan has been updated and small towns have been redefined. About 265 town (153 in Terai and 112 in hill) with a total population of 3.6 millions satisfy this criteria. These towns are developed haphazardly but play vital role in economic linkage between rural area and countries' urban economy and urgently need the improved facilities for better life. This lead in conceptualization and formulation of Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Projects (STWSSSP). The Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) is the executing agency and the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is the implementing agency for the project .
DWSS through the involvement of various consultants and NGOs has successfully completed first and second phase of the project. COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. Kathmandu was awarded a contract for conducting review of detailed engineering design and construction supervision including Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) studies of Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project. This document covers IEE report of Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project.
SSTWSSSP consists of many individual water supply town project covering small towns in different areas of Nepal. Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply Project is one of such under SSTWSSSP. The major structures of the proposed project consist of construction of deep tube well, transmission line, washout, air valve, overhead and ground storage reservoir, distribution system, control valve, house hold connection and community/private taps connection.
Objective of the IEE Study
The objective of carrying out of IEE study is to conduct an environment examination of the proposed project area and its surroundings to identify potential environmental impacts so that with suitable mitigation measures, the project can be implemented in an environmentally sound and socio-economically sustainable manner.
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The basic objective of IEE is as per the following: • to identify physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural baseline conditions of the project affected areas (surroundings of Karahiya Makrahar); • to investigate the major environmental impacts both adverse (negative) and positive resulting from construction and operation of the project on the ecology and socio- economic condition of project areas; • to identify the environmental benefits of the project as well as its economical and environmental acceptability to the community; • to identify and analyze the alternatives from the various relevant options available; • to address the major concern of the local community of the project area; • to propose mitigation measures for minimizing the adverse environmental impacts to improve overall performance of the project; • to prepare environmental monitoring and auditing plans; and • to inform decision-makers and interested parties about the environmental implication of the proposed project.
In brief, the main purpose of IEE is to help decision makers and implement the project to balance the pressure of immediate gain from exploitation of natural resources with the long term sustainable utilization of resources and the protection of human well being and the environment.
Nature of the Proposal
The proposed Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is classified as Environment Category B based on ADB’s Environmental Categorization thereby requiring only an IEE. The initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been done as per the checklist suggested by ADB and based on the provisions stated in GoN’s Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Regulations, 1997(and amendments).
The service area of Karahiya Makarahar Water Supply and Sanitation Project covers settlements of ward nos. 2 (North side of Behuri),3 (South side of Behuri), 4 (Debdaha Marga – Bhawanipur, Mahubari Chowk, Jamuhani, Police Chauki), 5 (Budhabare Gaun), and 7 (Chauki Danda, Kumari Gaun) of Makarahar VDC and ward nos. 6 (Haraiya Gaun, Bargduwa, Sakhuwai), 7 (Semara bazaar, Darshan Tole) and 8 (Jagriti Nagar, Deep Nagar, Pradeep Nagar Danda, Shivapur Chowk, Suryapura) of Karahiya VDC.
Baseline Information
The sub-project area is an emerging small town, and is growing very rapidly as a residential centre. The project area consists of core and densely populated bazaar area, rural and scattered settlement area. The project core area has 55% of total population and is the main trade and economic centre and the land is mostly used for residential purposes. The bazaar is surrounded by the rural settlements pre-dominant with agricultural fields scattered settlement.
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The present population in the proposed service area is 10, 835 (including 10,154 permanent and 681 rental) in 1,768 HHs. The projected permanent population at the end of design year 2027 from this survey year 2010 (1 year survey and design + 2 year construction + 15 years project life) has been calculated to be as 20,436 with average annual growth rate of 4.2%.
There is no improved drinking water supply system built within the project area. The only source of water supply for the population is ground water. The local people fetch water through shallow tube well of 18 to 26ft depth where the tapped aquifer is easily susceptible to pollution and contamination. No sanitary protection has been provided in these hand pumps. Most of these hand pumps are installed by villagers themselves and few by concerned VDC. These shallow tube wells remain functional hardly for seven to eight months in a year.
Components of the Subproject
The project will be using ground water sources. The treatment capacity of the unit for new sources is less than 25 lps. Only one tube well of 15.35 lps capacity is kept in project scope and another tube well of test boring will be used. The project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, and construction of river training works.
All the components of the project will be constructed on the public land. Transmission main and Distribution main passes through earthen road and pitch road crossing in some places. The major structures of the projects are given in the following table.
Table 1: Components of subprojects Infrastructure Function Description Location Deep tube well To extract ground Depth: 125m and Size: Karahiya W.No. - 8 water 300/200mm in diameter Generator/Guard For generator and Karahiya W.No. - 8 House guard Transmission Pipe Delivery of water DI Pipe 150mm dia- 480m Makarahar W.No. 4 Line (628 m) from deep well to and GI Pipe 100mmdia- and Karahiya W.No. storage tank 96m - 8 Distribution Pipe Line Delivery of water HDPE Pipe 50mm dia to Makarahar W.No.: (56861 m) from OHT to HH 160mm dia – 56090m, GI 2,3,4,5,7 and connection point at Pipe 40mm dia to 100mm Karahiya W.No.: distribution main dia – 260m and DI Pipe 6,7,8 150mm dia to 250mm dia – 535m Circular RCC Storage of water Capacity 400m3, Size Karahiya W.No. - 8 Ground water 11.85m dia and 4.0m height storage tank
RCC Overhead Storage of water Capacity 250m3, Tank Karahiya W.No. - 8 water storage tank height; 20m (250 cum) Control valve Control the flow in the Makarahar W.No.: chamber (10 nos.) distribution pipe line 2,3,4,5,7 and Karahiya W.No.: 6,7,8 Pipe valve box Control the flow in the Makarahar W.No.: (87nos.) distribution pipe line 2,3,4,5,7 and Karahiya W.No.: 6,7,8
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Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The proposed water supply and sanitation project will have minimal negative impacts on environment which can be easily mitigated through adequate mitigation measures. Some of the environmental issues of concern and their mitigation measures are:
• Erosion especially during project construction period due to digging and excavation during laying of pipes. Unorganized disposal of excavated earth can disturb the area and could pollute the surface water sources. In order to mitigate such impacts the excavated soil should be placed safely against erosion and should be reused during backfilling of the pipe trenches.
• Impact on natural vegetation and ecology. For the construction of major project structures and during laying of distribution pipes, existing vegetation might be cleared and species habitat might be destroyed. In order to reduce such impacts, vegetation clearance should be avoided as much as possible and whenever possible re-plantation should be carried out.
• Risk of pollution of ground and surface water from the sludge and effluents from treatment plants. To mitigate such impacts, the water qualities should be monitored periodically and proper sludge disposal site should be maintained. Based upon the water quality only disinfection is proposed for water treatment.
• Health and safety of construction workers. Workers should be trained on health and safety measures including proper storage and handling of chlorine used for water quality treatment. Safety gears are to be provided and first aid to be located at easily accessible areas.
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and cost
The EMP should be executed in such a way that the contractor is monitored during the construction period so that the mitigation measures specified in the report are implemented during project construction. Provisions should be made so that monitoring activities are conducted regularly and as prescribed. EMP should also ensure that the actual environmental impacts during the period of project operation over the years after the completion of the project are monitored and compared with the predicted impact.
The total cost of monitoring the potential environmental impacts for a period of 24 months is Nrs. 1,340,000.00
Conclusion
It is expected that the proposed Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will have minimal environment impacts which can be easily mitigated with careful planning and monitoring measures. The implementation of the project will bring significant improvement in water supply situation and on sanitation facilities of the community thereby improving the overall quality of life. Since, no significant adverse environmental impacts are expected, a full scale EIA is not required and the present IEE study is sufficient.
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Table of Contents Page Executive Summary ...... i Table of Contents ...... x Abbreviations & Acronyms ...... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1.1 NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT ...... 1 1.2 BASIS AND EXTENT OF THE IEE STUDY ...... 2 1.2.1 ADB Policy ...... 2 1.2.2 National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines ...... 2 1.2.3 Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study ...... 4 1.2.4 Relevancy of the Project Rational ...... 4 1.2.5 Approach and Methodology ...... 6 1.2.6 Impact Identification, Prediction, Evaluation and Prioritization ...... 7 CHAPTER II: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 9
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECTS ...... 9 2.1.1 Type of the Proposal ...... 9 2.1.2 Nature and Types of Goods Delivered ...... 9 2.1.3 Proposed Project ...... 9 2.1.4 Materials to be Used and Year of Accomplishment ...... 10 2.1.5 Emission Resulting from the Implementation of the Project ...... 10 2.1.6 Energy to be Used...... 11 2.1.7 Manpower Requirement/Employment Generation ...... 11 2.1.8 Resources Required ...... 12 2.2 DETAILED PARTICULAR OF THE AREA ...... 12 2.2.1 Location and Accessibility ...... 12 2.2.2 Geology and Soils ...... 13 2.2.3 Climate and Air Quality ...... 13 2.2.4 Population and communities ...... 13 2.2.5 Health Facilities ...... 14 2.2.6 Educational Facilities ...... 14 2.2.7 Socio-economic Conditions (community structure, family structure, social well-being) ...... 15 2.2.8 Employment Status ...... 16 2.2.9 Resettlement Issues ...... 17 2.3 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 18 2.3.1 Water Supply ...... 18 2.3.2 Sanitation ...... 18 2.3.3 Drainage ...... 18 2.4 SERVICE AREA ...... 18 2.5 COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT ...... 19 2.6 SOURCE OF WATER ...... 20 2.7 WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES ...... 20 2.8 SERVICE RESERVOIRS ...... 20 2.9 PIPE LINES ...... 20 2.10 OTHERS APPURTENANCE ...... 20 2.10.1 Generator/Pump House ...... 20 2.10.2 Operator/ Chaukidar Quarter ...... 20 2.10.3 Laboratory Building cum WUSC Office Building ...... 20 2.10.4 Electrical Facilities ...... 20 2.10.5 Chambers ...... 21 2.10.6 House Connection and Community Tap ...... 21 2.11 TYPE, CATEGORY AND NEED OF THE SUBPROJECTS ...... 21
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2.12 SALIENT FEATURES THE PROJECT ...... 21 2.13 PROPOSED SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION ...... 24 2.14 PROJECT ACTIVITIES...... 24 2.15 PATH FOR MOVEMENT IN THE PROJECT AREA WHERE PROJECT IS TO BE IMPLEMENTED ...... 24 2.16 MANUFACTURING PROCESS ...... 25 2.16.1 Land Acquisition ...... 25 2.16.2 Construction of Deep Tubewell...... 25 2.16.3 Installation of Pumps and Electrical Facilities ...... 25 2.16.4 Construction of Service Reservoir ...... 25 2.16.5 Pipe Laying and Jointing Including Earthwork ...... 26 2.16.6 Construction of House Connections ...... 26 2.16.7 Raw Materials to be Used ...... 26 CHAPTER III: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 28
3.1 WATER RESOURCES ...... 28 3.2 ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...... 28 3.2.1 National Parks and Protected Areas ...... 28 3.2.2 Flora ...... 28 3.2.3 Fauna ...... 28 3.2.4 Physical or Cultural Heritage ...... 28 3.2.5 Slums and Squatter Settlements ...... 29 3.3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH ...... 29 3.3.1 Land Use ...... 29 3.3.2 Infrastructure ...... 29 3.3.3 Economic Characteristics ...... 30 CHAPTER IV: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 32
4.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 32 4.1.1 Environmental Impacts Due to Project Design ...... 32 4.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 32 4.2.1 Environmental Impacts Due to Project Construction ...... 33 4.3 OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE PHASE IMPACTS ...... 39 4.4 MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 40 4.5 MITIGATION COST ...... 43 CHAPTER V: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 44
5.1 PROJECT LOCATION ALTERNATIVE ...... 44 5.2 PROJECT DESIGN ALTERNATIVE ...... 44 5.3 TECHNOLOGY CHOICE & CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ALTERNATIVE ...... 44 5.4 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ...... 44 5.5 NO ACTION OPTION ...... 45 CHAPTER VI: INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 46
6.1 PUBLIC NOTIFICATION ...... 46 6.2 INDIVIDUAL/ INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED ...... 46 6.3 COMMENTS/ SUGGESTIONS/ISSUES RAISED ...... 47 CHAPTER VII: GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 48 CHAPTER VIII: MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT ...... 49
8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 49 8.1.1 Objectives of the EMP ...... 49 8.2. MITIGATION AND MONITORING ...... 49 8.2.1 Monitoring Indicators ...... 49 8.2.2 Types of Monitoring ...... 50 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 50
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8.3.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 50 8.3.2 Mechanism for Monitoring ...... 54 8.3.3 Monitoring Cost ...... 54 8.3.4 Modality of Operation ...... 54 8.3.5 Environmental Procedures and Institutions ...... 55 8.3.6 Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures ...... 56 8.3.7 Documentation and Reporting ...... 56 8.3.8 Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates ...... 57 CHAPTER IX: CONCLUSION ...... 61 REFERENCES ...... 62
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List of Tables Table 1.1: Threshold limit for conducting IEE and status of the project Table 2.1: Components of Projects Table 2.2: Capacities of Pumps used Table 2.3: Annual cost for Operation and Maintenance Table 2.4: Components of Subprojects Table 2.5: Total Population at delineated Project Area Table 2.6: Age Group of the Population Table 2.7: Distribution Population by Educational Status by wards (6 years and above) Table 2.8: Ward-wise distribution of Educational Institutions Table 2.9: Distribution of Population by Sex and Family Size Table 2.10: Distribution of Households by Migration Table 2.11: Resettlement Plan Table 2.12: Service Area/Population Coverage Table 4.1: Physical Environmental issues and Impacts Table 4.2: Biological Environmental issues and Impacts Table 4.3: Socio-economic and Cultural Environmental issues and Impacts Table 4.4: Types of impacts, mitigation measures, responsibilities and cost Table 4.5: Mitigation Cost Table 6.1: Stakeholders contacted during public consultation/ FGD Table 8.1: Types of mitigation measures, monitoring parameters, responsibilities and cost Table 8.2: Environmental monitoring cost Table 8.3: Environmental Management Roles and Responsibilities of different parties Table 8.4: Summary of Cost Table 8.5: Cost of water supply component Table 8.6: Cost of sanitation component
List of Figures: Fig-2.1: Age Group Population ...... 13 Fig-2.2: Literacy Status ...... 14 Fig-3.1: Work Schedule ...... 23 Fig-7.1: GrievanceRedressMechanism ...... 47
ANNEXES:
Annex-I: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist of Water Supply Annex-II: General Layout of Reservoir Bore hole, Pump House/Generator House Annex-III: Project Location Map Annex-IV: Public Notice, Muchulka, Recommendation Letter and Focus Group Discussion Annex-V: TOR Approval letter and IEE Terms of Reference Annex-VI: Water Quality Report Annex-VII: Comments and Responses
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Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB : Asian Development Bank amsl : Above Mean Seal Level DI : Ductile Iron Dia. : Diameter DWSS : Department of Water Supply and Sewerage DSC : Design and Supervision Consultant EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EPA : Environmental Protection Act EPR : Environmental Protection Rule GI : Galvanised Iron GoN : Government of Nepal HDPE : High Density Polyethylene Pipe HHs : Households IEE : Initial Environmental Examination lpcd : Litre per capita per day lps : Litre per second MPPW : Ministry of Physical Planning and Works NDWQS : National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA : Nepal Electricity Authority NGO : Non-government Organization Nrs. : Nepalese Rupees O&M : Operation and Maintenance OD : Outer diameter PMC : Project Management Consultant PMO : Project Management Office SSTWSSSP : Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project TDF : Town Development Fund VAT : Value Added Tax VDC : Village Development Committee WHO : World Health Organisation WSSDO : Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC : Water User’s and Sanitation Committee
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Chapter I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT
1. The project proponent, Project Management Office (PMO) of Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP) under Department of Water Supply and Sewerage of GoN is responsible for conducting present IEE study of the project. COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. has been contracted to work on the behalf of PMO to conduct the IEE studies and prepare an IEE report by using all prevalent guidelines, acts, policies and rules.
2. The name and address of the institutions responsible for conducting and preparing IEE report are:
• Name of the proposal: Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project
• Name of the Proponent:
Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Physical Planning and Works Government of Nepal
• Address of the Proponent:
Panipokhari, Kathmandu Tel: 977 1 442388, 977 1 4412348 Fax: 977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwsssp.gov.np
• Consultant preparing the report:
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. Ksitiz Marga, Shankhamul Post Box No. 19961, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel/Fax: 977-1-4784558 E-mail: [email protected]
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1.2 BASIS AND EXTENT OF THE IEE STUDY
1.2.1 ADB Policy
3. As per ADB guidelines on Environment Assessment requirements, this project is classified as Environment Category B and an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required as per the checklist suggested by ADB. Similarly based on rules pertaining to GoN’s Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Rules, 1997, an IEE is necessary for the proposed project.
1.2.2 National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines
4. Following Acts, Policies, Laws, Rules, Directives and Guidelines have been reviewed and evaluated during the preparation of IEE report of Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project.
Law
i) The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 B.S. (2007 A.D.)
The Constitution requires the state to give priority to the protection of environment and prevention of further damage to the environment due to development activities and to take special measures for protection of wildlife, vegetation and forests. In response to the emerging situation of environmental problems and realization of benefits, adoption of IEE/ EIA as a planning and management tool to be applied in development planning and administration was made mandatory to prevent further damage.
Policies
ii) National Conservation Strategy (NCS) for Nepal, 2044 B.S. (1988 A.D.)
The National Conservation Strategy (NCS) was endorsed by GoN in 1988. It emphasizes the need for sustainable development and stressed on interdependence of conservation and development.
iii) National Environmental Policy and Action Plan, 2052 B.S. (1996 A.D.)
The National Environmental Policy and Action Plan were endorsed by the Government in August. 1993. It is a plan of the government's endeavour to incorporate environmental concerns into the country's development process. This identifies alteration of ecology from riverine to take destruction of forests and wildlife, threats to migratory aquatic species and climatic change.
Acts and Regulation
iv) Water Resources Act, 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.)
This act has been enacted to make arrangements for the national utilization, conservation, management and development of water resources in Nepal. As per the section 8. sub-section 1 of the Act, "a person of corporate body desiring to conduct survey or utilizing water resources will
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be required to submit an application to the prescribed officer or authority along with the economic, technical and environmental study report and with other prescribed particulars."
Section 18, 19 and 20 at the Act deal with water quality standards, water pollution and adverse effect on the environment. Section 20 of the Act states that "while utilizing water resources, it will be done so in such a manner that no substantial adverse effects be made on the environment by way of soil erosion, flood, landslides or similar other cause".
v) Land Acquisition Act, 2034 B.S. (1977 A.D.)
The Land Acquisition Act authorizes the government to acquire land for public purposes. While requiring compensation for the private landowner, the Act, however, does not specify that the compensation must be at market value. The Land Acquisition Guidelines, 1993 was prepared under the Act and has categorized the affected people as Project Affected Families (PAF). The compensation should be based on market value for building materials, labour cost and plinth area of the house.
vi) Forest Act, 2049 B.S. (1993 A.D.) and Forest Regulation, 2050 B.S. (1995 A.D.)
Forest clearance should follow the regular provision as contained in the Forest Act, 1993 and Forest Regulation, 1995. Article 20 of the Forest Act, 1993 empowers GoN to prepare and implement a work plan for the management of national forest while its article 21 prohibits operating any functions in the government managed forest other than prescribed in the work plan.
Article 68 states that the Act empowers GoN in case of no alternatives, to provide parts of any forest- government, community or private for the implementation of national priority actions with the assurance that it does not adversely affect the environment. In accordance with the provision contained in Rules 12 and 13 of the Forest Rules, 1995, GoN has banned the transportation, export and felling of Chanp, Khayarand Sal.
vii) Industrial Enterprise Act, 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.)
Industrial Enterprise Act, 1992 under its schedule 4 has defined water supply project as national priority project.
viii) Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 2053 B.S. (1996 A.D.) and Environmental Protection Regulation (EPR), 2054 B.S. (1997 A.D.) and amendments, 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.)
The Ministry of Population and Environment enacted Environmental Protection Act. This legislation enforced since January 1997 contains provision for carrying out IEE and EIA for development projects in different sector. Consequently, for the elaboration of the articles in the Act, Environmental Protection Regulation 1997 was also enforced. The EPR, 1997 along with its First Amendment in 1999 obliged the proponent to make public on the contents of the proposal in order to ensure the participation of different stakeholders. The proponent should issue a public notice providing a time of 15 days to seek comments and suggestions on the proposals. The EPR, 1999 also obliged the proponent to include all relevant environmental issues in the scoping report for EIA and in the Terms of Reference (ToR) of IEE before submission for approval.
Ministry of Environment is responsible for EIA reports whereas in the case of IEE, concerned ministry is responsible.
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Standards and Guidelines
ix) National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.)
The National EIA Guidelines were endorsed by GoN in September 1992 and gazetted in June 1993. As per this guideline, only IEE is sufficient for water supply and sanitation projects like Karahiya Makrahar.
x) Water Resources Sector EIA Guidelines, 2054 B.S. (1996 A.D.)
Based on the National EIA guidelines, EIA guidelines for the water resources sector has been developed by the Ministry of Water Resources.
1.2.3 Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study
5. The main objective of IEE study of the project is to follow Rule 7 and Annex 5 of EPR, 2054 (1997) including its amendment, 2055. The norms for this study will be guided by the National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 1993 and the spirit of EPA, 2054.
Some of the specific objectives of the IEE are as the following: • to identify physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural baseline conditions of the project affected areas (surroundings of Karahiya Makarahar); • to investigate the major environmental impacts both adverse (negative) and positive resulting from construction and operation of the project on the ecology and socio- economic condition of project areas; • to identify the environmental benefits of the project as well as its economical and environmental acceptability to the community; • to identify and analyze the alternatives from the various relevant options available; • to address the major concern of the local community of the project area; • to propose mitigation measures for minimizing the adverse environmental impacts to improve overall performance of the project; • to prepare environmental monitoring and auditing plans; and • to inform decision-makers and interested parties about the environmental implication of the proposed project.
6. In brief, the objective of carrying out of IEE study is to investigate the environmental implication of the proposed project so that the project can be implemented in an environmentally and socio- economically sustainable manner.
1.2.4 Relevancy of the Project Rational
7. The proposed Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project is classified as environment Category B project as per Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Project Impacts of Asian Development Bank (ADB). Hence in accordance with ADB's Environmental Assessment Requirements and Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Development Projects, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has to be carried out.
8. According to the provisions stated in the Environmental Protection Act 1996 and Environmental protection Regulations 1997 (including amendments 1999 and 2007) for the water supply
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schemes, the proposed project needs to undertake and IEE study based on Rule 3, Annex 1 and 2 of the EPA and EPR. The revised environmental rule published on 20 Sept, 2007 has also been used to determine the criteria for the IEE of the project. The screening criteria (Table 1.1) for the application of IEE or EIA are clearly mentioned in the schedule 1 and schedule 2 of EPR. The points of the schedule determined wheather the project should undergo IEE or EIA.
9. One the basis of the desk study of the various related literature and field study data, the structure components of the project including deep well lie in the semi urban area and most of the pipe line of the proposed system passaess along the existing road tracks. Since the proposed Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project supplies water to a population range of 5000 to 50,000 through a ground water source that has a discharge of less than 25 lps, the project falls within IEE threshold limit. Moreover, the water quality complies with the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS), thereby not requiring treatment plant. The project does fall under any restricted area, wild life national parks and any other place where the law of the land prohibits any construction activities and also the project not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households is not involved, and construction of river training works is not required.
10. In this way, all the criteria lie within the range of schedule 1 of EPR. As per the ADB's Environmental Assessment Requirement and Environment Guidelines for selected infrastructure development project and GoN’s EPR 2054, only Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is sufficient for proposed Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project. The following Table 1.1 compares the status of the project against criteria defined by EPA and EPR for which a drinking water project would require an IEE or EIA.
11. As per EPR, in order to conduct the IEE, the proponent has to prepare the Terms of Reference (TOR) and submit to Ministry of Physical Planning and Works for approval through Department of Water Supply and Sewerage. The purpose of preparation of TOR is to define the studies that will be conducted to prepare IEE report and identify the environmental issues to be looked in the IEE report. The TOR for this IEE work was approved by MPPW on Magh 27, 2067
12. The following Table 1.1 compares the status of the project against criteria defined by EPA and EPR for which a drinking water project would require an IEE or EIA.
Threshold limit for conducting IEE Report
13. According to Environmental protection Guidelines, 2054 BS, First Revised (2055 BS) schedule-3, Work–Schedule of Initial Environmental Examination of Drinking water are:
Table 1.1: Threshold limit for conducting IEE and status of the project For Proposed water Description supply project 1) Collection of rain- water not more than 200 hectares, and use of Not applicable water sources (springs and wetlands) located within the same area. 2) Surface water sources with not more than 1 cubic ft. Safe yield and Not applicable supply of not more than 50 percent of the water during the dry season Within the limits (capacity of 3) Processing of water at the rate of 10 to 25 liters per second. processing system is 15.35 lps) 4) Recharging up to 50 percent of the total aquifer for the development Not applicable
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of underground water source. 5) Construction of not more than one kilometer long tunnels for Not applicable carrying water 6) Displacement of not more than 100 persons for operating a water Not applicable supply scheme. 7) Settlement of not more than 500 persons on the upper reaches of Not applicable water sources Within the limits 8) Supply of drinking water to population ranging between 5000 and (Design Popilation is 50000 20,436) 9) Supply of drinking water to a population ranging between 10000 and Not applicable 100000 and connection of new sources 10) Installation of more than 20 kilometers long electricity transmission lines for pumping or processing water and consumption of more than Not applicable one mw of electricity. 11) River training and diversion activities over an area of more than Not applicable one kilometer.
Considering this, it is required to conduct IEE study as per the GoN/ EPR.
14. The proposed Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project is classified as environment “Category B” project as per Environment Policy of Asian Development Bank (ADB). Hence in accordance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) for Selected Infrastructure Development Projects, an Initial Environmental Examination Study has to be carried out.
1.2.5 Approach and Methodology
15. The present Initial Environmental Examination report has been prepared based on the approved Terms of Reference (TOR) by the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, of the Government of Nepal The procedures followed for current IEE study are in accordance with the provisions stated in ADB’s environmental guidelines and the GoN’s Environmental Protection Act, 1996 and Environmental Protection Rules, 1997.
16. ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist was completed for the proposed project and Environmental Categorization of the project was decided. Based on checklist and environmental categorization, the proposed project has been classified under category B of ADB’s environmental classification, which depicts that the project has insignificant environmental impacts and requires only an IEE.
17. The study team visited the site to identify the potential impacts, both positive and negative, of the project. During the visit, the team met local people of different sectors and conducted meetings, brainstorming sessions, field examinations, and data gathering and processing for the purpose. The team also made walk through and meandering survey of project area to identify the environment structure and potential areas which needs to be taken in to account.
18. The specific methods used for collecting the required information and conducting the IEE study are as follows: • Literature Review: The published and unpublished relevant information and literatures were extensively reviewed. The potential sources of information include, but not limited to; topographical maps, publications of DDC, District Forest Office, District Soil Conservation Office, District Agriculture Office, District Irrigation Office, District Water Supply Office, District Livestock Services Office, and NGOs. The reports related to the
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water supply and sanitation scheme (e.g. Feasibility, detailed design Study Report, consultation report and any other relevant report) were thoroughly reviewed in preparing IEE report.
• Delineation of geographical boundary of the influence area on the topo-map It is necessary to specify area that shall be covered for assessment of environmental impacts so as to avoid future confusion. Depending upon nature and extent of expected impact area the geographical area is categories into Direct Impact Area (DIA) and Indirect Impact Area (IIA).
Direct Impact Area (DIA) The service area of the proposed project covers ward nos. 2 (North side of Behuri),3 (South side of Behuri), 4 (Debdaha Marga – Bhawanipur, Mahubari Chowk, Jamuhani, Police Chauki), 5 (Budhabare Gaun), and 7 (Chauki Danda, Kumari Gaun) of Makarahar VDC and ward nos. 6 (Haraiya Gaun, Bargduwa, Sakhuwai), 7 (Semara bazaar, Darshan Tole) and 8 (Jagriti Nagar, Deep Nagar, Pradeep Nagar Danda, Shivapur Chowk, Suryapura) of Karahiya VDC. This area is delineation as Direct Impact Area (DIA)
Indirect Impact Area (IIA) The area around the DIA which may be indirectly affected due to the Project implementation activities such as mobility of people, equipment, vehicles, noise, vibrations, dust etc. is categorized as the indirect impact area. Karahiya VDC ward no.- 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5, 9 Makarahar VDC ward no 1, 6, 8 and 9 are the delineation as Indirect Impact Area (IIA).
• Walk-through Survey: A walk-through survey of the service area was done to inspect and understand the project components and the environmental features of the surrounding areas. Necessary measurements were noted and discussed with the local stakeholders. • Questionnaire & Checklist: As a part of desk study. A check list was used to gather the information on physical and biological parameters. (Annex-I) • Focus Group Discussion (FGD): The discussions have been held during field visit regarding environmental aspects. The relevant stakeholders and the members of the local communities were consulted and a FGD was organized in order to understand their views and opinions. The discussion made during FGD is kept in Annex-IV.
1.2.5.1 Impact Identification, Prediction, Evaluation and Prioritization
19. The information collected from different sources was processed and analyzed according to the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment within the zone of influence. The collected secondary data were the major sources for verification and cross checking of primary data during the field survey. The generated information from primary source was analyzed, tabulated and prioritized.
20. Based on the identification of the impacts, their prediction was done to forecast the changes in local environment. The methods adopted in impact predictions were done by using various
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methods, such as matrix, trend analysis, cause and effect relationship, expert judgment etc. The assessment of environmental impact was derived exclusively in terms of magnitude, duration and extent. The significance of positive and negative impacts associated with construction and subsequent operation of the proposed Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project were identified, predicted and prioritizations of the seriousness of environmental impacts were evaluated.
21. The consultant has addressed environmental aspects by furnishing information on Physical, Biological, Socio-economic and Cultural Environments. The methods followed for each are given under the respective headings below.
Physical Environmental Assessment 22. Existing environmental constraints and potential impacts in the project area were studied through field surveys, complemented by secondary information from reports and interviews with some of government officials, schools and representatives of the local bodies.
Biological Environmental Assessment 23. The information on biological environment was gathered by reconnaissance survey of the project site and surrounding area. Due attention were paid on vegetation, wild life, and aquatic life of the project area and surroundings. The methods used for the collection of biological information are as follows. • Collection of ethno-botanical information on socio-economically important plant species through consultation with local informants. • Ethno zoological data have been obtained by conducting interviews and discussion with local informants. • Information on local uses of aquatic biota, fish spawning site, migration pattern, and weedy aquatic plants were obtained holding interview with local informants.
Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Assessment 24. Social assessment has been attempted to determine the social implication in terms of assumed positive and negative impacts. The primary data for the initial social assessment, which is an integral part of the initial environmental examination (IEE), were obtained through focus group discussion with communities. Additional data were collected from general documents on the districts and households survey questionnaires.
Evaluation of the Impacts of the Project on the Environment 25. The impacts of the project on environment were conducted by grading in the checklists. The checklist used is given in the Annex I of this report.
1.2.5.2 Overview of IEE Study 26. Following steps were taken by the consultants before preparation of this IEE report • Preparation of ToR and its approval. • Public notification. • Field survey and analysis. • Meetings and gatherings with locals of the project area. • Report Preparation
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Chapter II: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECTS
2.1.1 Type of the Proposal
27. The Project has been classified as service delivery typed project. The Project is to improve health and quality of life of people living in the project towns by facilitating drinking water supply facility
28. The project area of Karahiya Makarahar town is located between Karahiya VDC and Makarahar VDC of Rupendehi district in Lumbini Zone in Western Development Region. The service area of Karahiya Makarahar Water Supply and Sanitation Project covers settlements of ward nos. 2 (North side of Behuri),3 (South side of Behuri), 4 (Debdaha Marga – Bhawanipur, Mahubari Chowk, Jamuhani, Police Chauki), 5 (Budhabare Gaun), and 7 (Chauki Danda, Kumari Gaun) of Makarahar VDC and ward nos. 6 (Haraiya Gaun, Bargduwa, Sakhuwai), 7 (Semara bazaar, Darshan Tole) and 8 (Jagriti Nagar, Deep Nagar, Pradeep Nagar Danda, Shivapur Chowk, Suryapura) of Karahiya VDC.
29. The present population in the proposed service area is 10, 835 (including 10,154 permanent and 681 rental) in 1,768 HHs. The projected permanent population at the end of design year 2027 from this survey year 2010 (1 year survey and design + 2 year construction + 15 years project life) has been calculated to be as 20,436 with average annual growth rate of 4.2%.
2.1.2 Nature and Types of Goods Delivered
30. The project has been conceptualized as a community based approach. Almost half of the project cost has to be mobilized and shared by the community who will also be responsible for operation and management of the system after its completion. The active involvement of the community in the decision making as well as in project implementation and operation has been ensured. After the completion of the project, the local people of the service area will benefit from regular supply clean drinking water and proper sanitation services.
31. Safe drinking water is distributed the local people of the service area in the proposed service area by distribution system. The project will provide 24-hours supply of water of potable water of NDWQS standard within the project area.
2.1.3 Proposed Project
Installed Capacity
32. The proposed project will meet the water supply requirement demand of the year 2027. The total design water demand for the system at the end of design year (2027) is calculated as 2,452,278 lpd. The adopted per capita water demand is 100 LPCD.
Operation Time
33. The proposed water supply & sanitation project has been designed to provide 24-hours of reliable and continuous safe drinking water in adequate quantity to the people of service areas.
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2.1.4 Materials to be Used and Year of Accomplishment
34. The proposed system has been designed using Ductile Iron (DI), High Density Polythene (HDP) and Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes. The details of project components are given in table 2.1
Table 2.1: Components of Projects Infrastructure Function Description Location Deep Well To extract ground Depth: 125m and Size: Karahiya Ward-8 water 300/200mm in diameter Generator/Guard For generator and Kept as per design Karahiya Ward-8 House guard
Transmission Delivery of water from DI Pipe 150mm dia- 480m Makarahar W.No. 4 and Pipe Line deep well to storage and GI Pipe 100mmdia- Karahiya Wards-8 tank 96m Distribution Pipe Delivery of water from HDPE Pipe 50mm dia to Makarahar Wards- Line (56861 m) OHT to HH 160mm dia – 56090m, GI 2,3,4,5,7 and Karahiya connection point Pipe 40mm dia to 100mm Wards-6,7,8 dia – 260m and DI Pipe 150mm dia to 250mm dia – 535m Circular RCC Storage of water Capacity 400m3, Size Karahiya Ward-8 Ground water 11.85m dia and 4.0m height storage tank
RCC Overhead Storage of water Capacity 250m3, Tank Karahiya Ward-8 water tank height; 20m
Control valve Control the flow in the Makarahar Wards- chamber distribution pipe line 2,3,4,5,7 and Karahiya Wards- 6, 7, 8 Pipe valve Control the flow in - Makarahar Wards- distribution pipeline 2,3,4,5,7 and Karahiya Wards- 6, 7, 8 HH connection Supply water to - Makarahar Wards- individual house for 2,3,4,5,7 and Karahiya distribution Wards- 6, 7, 8
35. The project is designed for design period of 15 years and 3 year have been set for preparation and costruction period (1 year for preparation and 2 year for construction), therby setting the accomplishment year as 2027.
36. Brick, Sand, gravel and river pebbles shall be used as raw materials. This required sand and gravel will used from the Tinahu River. Other materials include cement, reinforcement bars, pipe and fitting will be purchased from the market
2.1.5 Emission Resulting from the Implementation of the Project
Solid Waste
37. Excavation in earth in the pipe line trenches, foundation trenches of major structure are the major sources of solid waste. The most of excavated soil will be used in backfilling work of pipe line
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trenches. Remaining quantity of soil after backfilling will bw managed safely around the proposed service with better landscape
Air Quality
38. The project area is connected by the access road and the construction materials and equipments need to be transported to the construction site. The vehicle emission will cause air pollution. The excavation and other construction activity will release dust and particulate matters and the vehicle emission will increase in dust constructions that cause air pollution. However, all these effects will be temporary and will last during construction period only, which will be mitigated by sprinkling water on gravel road.
Noise and Vibration
39. Noise induced from vehicular movement for construction purposes and use of mechanical equipment may have some impact to the workers but not significant affect to the local community. Therefore, the noise and vibration levels generated during the construction period are negligible.
2.1.6 Energy to be Used
40. Distribution system of the proposed system is operated on gravity, whereas electrical power will be used for the pumping of ground water to the service reservoir (ground and overhead)
41. The existing 11 KV transmission line through an 160 kVA, 11kV/415V, 3-phase, 50 Hz step down transformer have been designed for the system and will supply electrical power to requisite pumping stations. A 160 KVA generator has been proposed with generator house for the emergency time period when there is no electricity supply from NEA. The control panel for generator and pumps will be installed in generator house.
Table 2.2: Capacities of Pumps used 11 KV line Electrical Systems Generator Pumps and Remarks Panels transformer Karahiya 60 kVA, -25 HP 70m Pump 160 kVA, 1 of each spare Makarahar 400V – 1 head:submersible Control 11kV/415V, Pump of 25 HP nos pump – 3 nos Panel 3-phase, 50 70m head and 15 -15 HP 35m head: (MCP) – 2 Hz – 1 nos HP 35m head Submersible pump set HT - proposed – 4 nos Line 700 m
2.1.7 Manpower Requirement/Employment Generation
42. Numerious skilled, semi skilled and unskilled manpower are required for the construction work which is expected to last for 2 years. These are the figures which areaccounted as directly employed and indirect employment oppurtunuties for the collection and delivery of local materials are also be generated in significant numbers.
43. Manpowe and annual expenditure required for smooth operation and maintenance for water supply and sanitation system is shown in Table 2.3 and Table 2.4.
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Table 2.3: Annual Personnel Expenditure for Operation SN Description of Items Nos Rate/Month (Nrs.) Months Total (NRs) 1 Civil Overseer 1 15,200.00 13 197,600.00 2 Administrative Clerk 1 11,300.00 13 146,900.00 3 Accountant 1 10,000.00 13 130,000.00 4 Pump Operator/ system operator 2 8,500.00 13 221,000.00 5 Meter Reader 2 8,500.00 13 221,000.00 6 Maintenance Worker/ Plumber 2 8,500.00 13 221,000.00 7 Watchman 2 8,200.00 13 213,200.00 8 Peon 1 8,200.00 13 106,600.00 Total (Nrs.) 1,457,300.00
Table 2.4: Annual Cost for Operation and Maintenance SN Unit Amount (NRs) 1 Chemical, Fuel and Electricity 2,022,997.67 2 System maintenance 693,249.42 Total (Nrs.) 2,716,247.09
44. The total annual (Base Year 2013) cost for operation and maintenance for the water supply system is Rs. 4,173,547.00. It is assumed that the cost will be increased @ 3% per year.
2.1.8 Resources Required
Total capital of the project 131,867,172.35
Cost breakdown: GoN (50%) 5,933,586.17 TDF loan (45%) 59,340,227.56 Community up front cash contribution (5%): 6,593,358.62
Per capita cost (Nrs.): Base year: 11,960.74 Design year: 6,452.69
Land area for Storage tank, building etc.: 6 Kattha (1 Kattha = 338.755 sqm) Building and there types: WUSC office/lab building, Guard house Machinery and tools: - RCC components will be constructed by using concrete mixture machine, concrete vibrator, - Deep boring will be constructed with the help of Deep boring machine mounted on truck - Other hand tools like hammers, saw,speed cutter will be used
2.2 DETAILED PARTICULAR OF THE AREA
2.2.1 Location and Accessibility
45. The project area of Karahiya Makarahar town is situated between Karahiya VDC and Makarahar VDC of Rupendehi district in Lumbini Zone which lies in Western Development Region. It is surrounded by Devdaha VDC to the North, Madhabaliya, Gangoliya and Siktaban VDC in the south, Kerabani to the east and Anandaban and Tikuligadha in the west. The project area is at a distance of 20 km from the district headquarter Bhairahwa and 12km from Butwal.
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46. The proposed service area is located in the southern part of the Terai along the foothill of the Siwalik Range. Geographically, the project area lies at 27°- 35’36” to 27°- 40’0” N latitude and 83°- 29’23” to 83°- 33’5” E longitude and is locate d at an elevation of 133m to 119m above mean
2.2.2 Geology and Soils
47. The geology of the project area is such that it has boulders, hard formation, shallow water level and alluvial/ loam, soft soil and calcareous beds together with colluvial deposit. The thin soil layer mixed with gravel is predominant in the area. Acidic soil is usually found in the forest area. There are four orders of soil available in this district mainly entisols, inceptisols, mollisols, and alfisols. The area around the sources and the proposed reservoir site are stable without any apparent landslides.
2.2.3 Climate and Air Quality
48. The climate of the project area is tropical. The average minimum and maximum temperatures during summer fluctuates between 34° C & 41° C and in winter season it is in the range of 8° C to 22° C. The relative humidity is about 96- 58%. The average annual rainfall is estimated as 1269- 1822 mm, which is slightly higher than 1,400 mm an average precipitation of Nepal. The maximum rain fall within 24 hours is 80- 96 mm as recorded in the nearest rain gauge station at Bhairahawa Airport.
49. The air pollution sources in the project area includes vehicular emission, smoke emitted from biomass burning/cooking, and agricultural farming practices. There are no significant industrial activities in the area and the dust from agricultural activities is only seasonal and neutralizes naturally after some time. Therefore fugitive dust pollution due to various man-made activities is the major contributor in deteriorating air quality in the town.
2.2.4 Population and communities
50. The Karahiya Makarahar town water supply and sanitation project area comprises of eight wards of two VDCs of Rupandehi district. The actual beneficiary households and population of the delineated project service area is estimated to be 10,154 (permanent population) and or 681 temporary/floating population). The rental population is concentrated mainly in ward number 8 of Karahiya VDC, which represents the 53.79 percent of the total population. The ward number 4 of Makarahar VDC occupies 11.62 percent of the total population. Table 2.5 shows the demographic information in the proposed service area.
Table 2.5: Total Population at delineated Project Area Total Projected Total Total Ward Total Average VDC Female Male permanent Rental Empty population permanent population no. HH n HH size Pop for empty & rental Inc. Rental Makarahar 2 44 110 115 225 21 5.2 1 6 231 252 Makarahar 3 34 129 90 219 0 6.4 0 219 219 Makarahar 4 206 597 566 1163 37 5.7 3 17 1180 1217 Makarahar 5 5 23 23 46 0 9.2 0 46 46 Makarahar 7 112 327 337 664 82 6.4 8 46 710 792 Karahiya 6 172 471 479 950 84 5.6 2 11 961 1045 Karahiya 7 227 608 623 1231 46 5.6 9 52 1283 1329 Karahiya 8 968 2594 2643 5237 411 5.7 50 287 5524 5935 Total 1768 4859 4876 9735 681 5.7 73 419 10154 10835 Source: Households survey, 2010
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51. The population of the service area is estimated to be increasing at the annual growth rate of 4.2 percent, which is significantly higher than the national average growth rate (2.6), average growth rate of Terai (2.62%), average growth rate of Mid-western Terai (2.8%) and average growth rate of Rupandehi district (3.06%). Out of the total population 49.9 percent are female. The average family size in the project area is 5.74. The age-wise population is kept in Table 2.6.
Table 2.6: Age Group of the Population VDC/ Less than 5 years 6- 15 years 16 - 60 years 61 Years and above Total Wards Makarahar 2 5 (2.2) 36 (16.0) 164 (72.9) 20 (8.9) 225 (100.0) 3 3 (1.4) 21 (9.6) 177 (80.8) 18 (8.2) 219 (100.0) 4 83 (7.1) 216 (18.6) 776 (66.7) 88 (7.6) 1163 (100.0) 5 2 (4.4) 42 (91.3) 2 (4.4) 46 (100.0) 7 36 (5.4) 140 (21.1) 449 (67.6) 39 (5.9) 664 (100.0) Karahiya 6 61 (6.4) 180 (19.0) 625 (65.8) 84 (8.8) 950 (100.0) 7 93 (7.6) 230 (18.7) 800 (65.0) 108 (8.8) 1231 (100.0) 8 405 (7.7) 972 (18.6) 3420 (65.3) 440 (8.4) 5237 (100.0) Total 686 (7.1) 1797 (18.5) 6453 (66.3) 799 (8.2) 9735 (100.0) Source: Households survey 2010.
Figure 2.1: Age wise population
Age wise population
66.20% 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 18.50% 0.20 7.10% 8.20% 0.10 0.00 S1 rs ea rs rs e Y ea a ov 5 Y Ye b n 5 0 A ha - 1 6 nd t 6 - a ss 16 rs Le ea Y 61
2.2.5 Health Facilities
52. There is one Health Post, Sub-Health Post and an Ayurvedic Health Post within project area. For medical counselling most of the population go to Butwal where Zonal Hospital as well as private nursing homes/health care centres are available.
2.2.6 Educational Facilities
53. The literacy status of the project area is presented in the Table 2.7. The survey revealed that maximum numbers of the population (i.e. 82 percent) are literate and 18 percent illiterate. The level of education up to secondary level is higher (33.9 percent). The table shows that out of total population 22.1 percent are just literate, 21.8 percent have primary level education, 7.7 percent secondary level, 26.2 percent SLC pass followed by 13.4 percent IA or + 2 level, 6.6 percent population holds bachelor degree and only 2 percent population holds masters degree.
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Figure 2.2: Literacy status
Literacy Status 18 % Literate Illiterate
8 2 %
Table 2.7: Distribution population by educational status by wards (6 years and above) Just Secondary VDC/ Primary level SLC Passed IA/ + 2 Bachelors Masters Other Total Literate Literate level Wards No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Makarahar 2 60 33.7 30 16.9 25 14 11 6.18 40 22.5 7 3.93 3 1.69 2 1.12 178 100 3 82 46.9 20 11.4 13 7.43 25 14.3 25 14.3 7 4 3 1.71 0 0 175 100 4 293 32.7 175 19.5 44 4.91 187 20.9 112 12.5 67 7.47 18 2.01 1 0.11 897 100 5 5 13.5 0 0 0 0 16 43.2 12 32.4 2 5.41 2 5.41 0 0 37 100 7 120 22.3 117 21.8 17 3.16 193 35.9 79 14.7 7 1.3 3 0.56 2 0.37 538 100 Karahiya 6 222 32.9 144 21.4 83 12.3 122 18.1 65 9.64 31 4.6 7 1.04 0 0 674 100 7 222 26.8 212 25.5 28 3.37 258 31.1 68 8.19 35 4.22 7 0.84 0 0 830 100 8 637 15.6 918 22.4 364 8.89 1131 27.6 595 14.5 337 8.23 104 2.54 8 0.2 4094 100 Total 1641 22.1 1616 21.8 574 7.73 1943 26.2 996 13.4 493 6.64 147 1.98 13 0.18 7423 100 Source: Households survey 2010.
Table 2.8: Ward-wise distribution of Educational Institutions Student Teacher Other Staff Total Population Name VDC
Ward Ward Male Fem. Total Male Fem. Total Male Fem. Total Male Fem. Total Jyoti Lowar secondary Karahiya 8 99 100 199 5 6 11 1 0 1 105 106 211 Nawa Jyoti E.B .S Karahiya 8 210 490 700 14 14 28 1 5 6 225 509 734 Shree Shivapur Higher S Makarar 4 476 400 876 6 16 22 0 3 3 482 419 901 S Shree Semara Bazar Makarar 7 344 347 691 7 8 15 2 2 4 353 357 710 MA.VI Shree Jana vawana Karahiya 8 340 345 685 12 8 20 1 2 3 353 355 708 MA.Vi 1469 1682 3151 44 52 96 5 12 17 1518 1746 3264 Source: Households survey 2010.
2.2.7 Socio-economic Conditions (community structure, family structure, social well-being)
54. The following Table 2.9 shows the community structure of the project area in terms of size of individual household and its members.
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Table 2.9: Distribution of Population by Sex and Family Size Surveyed Total permanent Average VDC Wards Total HH Female Male HH popn HH size Makarahar 2 44 43 110 115 225 5.2 Makarahar 3 34 34 129 90 219 6.4 Makarahar 4 206 203 597 566 1163 5.7 Makarahar 5 5 5 23 23 46 9.2 Makarahar 7 112 104 327 337 664 6.4 Karahiya 6 172 170 471 479 950 5.6 Karahiya 7 227 218 608 623 1231 5.6 Karahiya 8 968 918 2594 2643 5237 5.7 Total 1768 1695 4859 4876 9735 5.74 Source: Households survey 2010.
55. A large number of households (66 percent) are living in project area since by birth and remaining 34 percent of total households has migrated from different districts with in last 1 to 20 year span of time. The Table 2.10 shows migration status of the households.
Table 2.10: Distribution of households by migration VDC/ Wards Local Resident Migrated Total Makarahar 2 41 (95.4) 2 (4.7) 43 (100.0) 3 19 (55.9) 15 (44.1) 34 (100.0) 4 143 (70.4) 60 (29.6) 203 (100.0) 5 5 (100.0) 5 (100.0) 7 78 (75.0) 26 (25.0) 104 (100.0) Karahiya 6 104 (61.2) 66 (38.8) 170 (100.0) 7 180 (82.6) 38 (17.4) 218 (100.0) 8 549 (59.8) 369 (40.2) 918 (100.0) Total 1119 (66.0) 576 (34.0) 1695 (100.0) Source: Households survey 2010.
2.2.8 Employment Status
56. According to the socio-economic study, about 63.4 percent population are employed and remaining 36.6 percent are unemployed and have no income generating activities. Among the employed population 27.7 percent are engaged in agriculture; 6.8 percent in business; 13 percent are service holders; 13.9 percent depend on remittance; 3.7 percent are daily wage earners and 35 percent are engaged in more than one occupation.
• Income and Expenditure
57. Among the total household 54.41 percent have monthly income above Rs. 10.000; 17.19 percent of household have monthly income below Rs. 3,000; 2.94 percent household have monthly income between Rs. 3,001- 4,500; 2.55 percent HHs have income between Rs. 4,501- 7,500; 16.06 percent between Rs. 7,501- 10,000 and 6.84 percent households did not report income range. The average income of households among the eight wards is above Rs 10,000 per month. Ward-8 of Karahiya VDC is significantly higher income than other wards.
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58. About 27.7 percent of households have monthly expenditure is less than Rs. 3,000; 25 percent HHs between Rs. 7,501- 10,000; 9.5 percent between Rs. 3,001- 7,500 and 29.69 percent households spend more than Rs. 10,000. Remaining 8.09 percent did not report their expenditure. More than 45 percent of households have surplus.
2.2.9 Resettlement Issues
59. The team has critically studied/ addressed the possibility of resettlement issues if some people are affected due to the project implementation. Most of the pipeline route passes through the road and public land. All required structures such as washout, collection chamber, etc. are located in public land. The proposed sites for deep tube well, reservoir, treatment plants, lab- building etc. are located in public land/ community forest. The Karahiya VDC has given letter to use the land for the development of water supply facilities. There are no houses to be displaced. Thus land acquisition and resettlement problem will not be the issue for Karahiya Makarahar town project.
60. The following Table 2.11 shows the details of properties, public or private, which are likely to be intercepted during the construction of pipe lines and other components of the project.
Table 2.11: Resettlement Plan Property Likely nature SN VDC Ward Stretch/ Location Length (m) Compensation intercept of damage 1 Karahiya 8 Borehole site -2 1 Kattha Public land Permanent WUSC has beside road managed 2 Karahiya 8 Structures: i. Bore Hole All major Public land , Permanent Not required, ii. 650 cum ground structures are Karahiya VDC reservoir, 250 Cum arranged In OHT And political OHT Compound parties have iii. Treatment Plants Required 5 been decided. ie aerator Kattha land iv. Other system components 3 Karahiya 8 Transmission Main DI Pipe 150mm From deep tube well dia- 480m and Public land Temporary Not required & to reservoir. The GI Pipe pipe line from 100mmdia- Makarahar 4 second tube well 96m comes from public Total length: land. 573.68m 4 Karahiya 5, 7, 8 Distribution System HDPE Pipe i. From OHT to all 50mm dia to Public land Temporary Not required & distribution system 160mm dia – and road 56090m, Makarahar 2,3,4,5,6 GI Pipe 40mm dia to 100mm dia – 260m and DI Pipe 150mm dia to 250mm dia – 535m Total length: 56,860.66m 5 Karahiya 5, 7, 8 Control valve chamber, Pipe valve Public land Permanent Not required & chamber & and road Household Makarahar 2,3,4,5,6 Connection
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2.3 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
2.3.1 Water Supply
61. There is no improved drinking water supply system built within the project area. The only source of water supply for the study area population is ground water. They fetch water through shallow tube well of 18 to 26ft depth which is susceptible to pollution and contamination. Most of these hand pumps are installed by villagers themselves and few by concerned VDC and no sanitary protection has been provided in these hand pumps.
62. Most of the shallow tube wells in Karahiya, ward-8, are not functioning due to unexpected draw down in ground water table. The tube wells remain functional not even for seven to eight months in a year. People have been purchasing water at the cost of Nrs. 2,200 to Nrs. 2,500 per tanker (around 8000 litres). In an average every household spends around Rs. 1200 to Rs. 2500 per month just for purchasing water. Out of the total shallow tube-wells installed in the area, more than 50% function partially.
63. The estimated consumption of water available in the project area is 12.22 lpcd in dry season and 13.02 lpcd in the wet season; which is lower than the basic service level standards of the GoN’s Water Supply and Sanitation standards.
2.3.2 Sanitation
64. The sanitary situation of project area is found reasonably satisfactory. More than 90% of households in this project area have their own private latrine facilities. Some of the latrines have septic tanks and most of them are ventilated improved pit latrines. However, these latrines built in the houses and in the schools are not properly maintained.
2.3.3 Drainage
65. There exists open surface drainage facility in the service area of Karahiya Makarahar. The project area lies in flat terrain with mild slope towards the south. No water logging is apparent in rainy season and there is ample space and sufficient outlet points to drain off the storm water naturally. The core area of project lies in east west direction along the main feeder road which has storm water drainage facility. This drain is working perfectly and does not need further surface drains facility. The outlets of the septic tanks are not connected to drain.
66. There is no any system to manage solid waste generated in the service area. Since, quantity of solid waste generated from the individual household is not so large, solid waste management is done by the community themselves. The wastes are usually used as fertilizer in the kitchen garden.
2.4 SERVICE AREA
67. The service area of the proposed is lies in Karahiya and Makarahar VDC, which are shown in the drawing. Following table 2.12 describes the area coverage of the proposed system.
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Table 2.12: Service area / population coverage Populati Base Design HHs, SN VDC Wards Village, Tole on, Year Year 2010 2010 2013 2027
1 Makarahar 2 North side of Behuri 44 231 261 465
2 Makarahar 3 South side of Behuri 34 219 248 441 Debdaha Marga- Bhawanipur,
3 Makarahar 4 Mahubari Chowk, Jamuhani, Police 206 1,180 1,335 2,375 Chauki
4 Makarahar 5 Budhabare Gaun 5 46 52 93
5 Makarahar 7 Chauki Danda, Kumari Gaun, 112 710 803 1,429
6 Karahiya 6 Haraiya Gaun, Bargduwa, Sakhuwai 172 961 1,087 1,934
7 Karahiya 7 Semara bazaar, Darshan Tole 227 1,283 1,452 2,582 Jagriti Nagar, Deep Nagar, Pradeep
8 Karahiya 8 Nagar Danda, Shivapur Chowk, 968 5,524 6,250 11,117 Suryapura-4, Jyoti Nagar Total 1,768 10,154 11,488 20,436
2.5 COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT
68. The Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply Project has been designed as a pumping system which will supply water from groundwater source. The water shall be pumped from deep tube well and goes to the ground storage reservoir after disinfection. The water shall be pumped again from ground reservoir to overhead reservoir. The water goes into the distribution system from overhead reservoir by gravity flow. One generator house, disinfection arrangement, ground water reservoir, overhead reservoir and WUSC/ laboratory office have been proposed in the compound WUSC premises ie boring site 1.
The major components of the town projects are:
• Deep tube well/ Intake • Borehole plate form • Transmission main • Wash out • Air valve • Pipe Valve Box • Ground water reservoir • Overhead reservoir • Distribution main • Control valve chamber • Generator house • Electrical & electromechanical works • Laboratory Building cum WUSC Building • Tap Connection • Boundary wall
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2.6 SOURCE OF WATER
69. Groundwater is only one source for the Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project. The ground water quality shows minimum treatment requirement as compare with surface water source. It is anticipated that the discharge from the ground water source should be enough to meet the design demand
2.7 WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
70. The water quality of the deep tube well has been recently tested after completion of test boring. It is found that the values of test results are within the range as compared with NDWQS standard. Hence, disinfection is proposed for water treatment facilities.
2.8 SERVICE RESERVOIRS
71. Proposed system consists of a 20m high 250 m3 overhead reservoir and 400 m3 capacity ground reservoirs.
2.9 PIPE LINES
72. Alignments of the proposed pipe line have been fixed. The entire pipe line network follows the tracks and roads.
2.10 OTHERS APPURTENANCE
2.10.1 Generator/Pump House
73. A Generator house/Pump house is designed at boring site 1, Juleni, Karahiya -8. A 160 KVA generator has been proposed with generator house for the emergency time period when there is no electricity supply from NEA. The control panel for generator and pumps will be installed in generator house.
2.10.2 Operator/ Chaukidar Quarter
74. A Operator/ Chaukidar quarter is designed at reservoir site.
2.10.3 Laboratory Building cum WUSC Office Building
75. A three room laboratory building cum WUSC office building has been designed and proposed to be built in Juleni site at Karahiya-8. The preliminary water quality test kits are arranged for regular water quality monitoring. It is included in the project components of the system
2.10.4 Electrical Facilities
76. The 11 kV transmission line through an 11/0.4 kV - 160 KVA step down transformer to the generator house to supply electrical power has been proposed. A three-phase power line will connect the control panel to the pump.
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2.10.5 Chambers
77. These will comprise of valve chamber and connection chamber to the house. The purpose of the control valve is to regulate the required flow in each distribution main from the junction/ node. A control valve is provided in the system where there are more than two branches from one junction or where it is necessary. In total, there are 87nos. pipe valve box and 10 control valve chambers are designed in the distribution system.
78. Similarly, the system is so designed that the total 3,548 connections can be made available from the system during design year 2027. The individual house connections will be tapped from these connection chambers provided at appropriate places, so that there is least number of road cuttings. The location of these chambers will be determined during the construction in consultation with WUSC.
2.10.6 House Connection and Community Tap
79. The system has been designed primarily for 1,678 private house connection with 81 community connwction and 9 institutional connections.
2.11 TYPE, CATEGORY AND NEED OF THE SUBPROJECTS
80. The proposed project comprises of two major components. The first component is water supply services which include development of new water supply project, construction of storage tanks/ service reservoir, construction of transmission and distribution systems in required extent. The feasibility study looked upon two possible options for the project design which involve making a choice between pumping and gravity systems of flow. Since the gravity system could not be considered feasible in the flat terrain, the project has adopted pumping system.
81. The second component is sanitation services, which include construction of a public toilet and an institutional toilet through an integrated approach. Similarly, wastewater management systems need to be included in the agreed towns.. There is also provision of Output Based Aid (OBA) to the service providers.
82. The project falls under category B of ADB’s Environmental Categorization as it has less significant environmental impacts and therefore only an Initial Environmental Examination is required.
2.12 SALIENT FEATURES THE PROJECT
83. The proposed project has been designed to serve a population of 20,436. Ground water will be extracted from a depth of 125m through 300/ 250 mm size deep boring (tube wells). The pumped water will be collected into a ground reservoir of size 400 cum. The disinfected water will then be distributed to the population through 20mhigh OHT of 250 cum to a distribution network of 56.89 km by gravity.
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84. The project details have been presented in Salient Features as below:
1. Project Name: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
2. Scheme Name: Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Rupandehi
3. Service Area: The service area lies in Karahiya and Makarahar VDC.
Makarahar VDC: ó Ward 2: North side of Behuri ó Ward 3: South side of Behuri ó Ward 4: Debdaha Marga – Bhawanipur, Mahubari Chowk, Jamuhani, Police Chauki ó Ward 5: Budhabare Gaun ó Ward 7: Chauki Danda, Kumari Gaun,
Karahiya VDC: ó Ward 6: Haraiya Gaun, Bargduwa, Sakhuwai ó Ward 7: Semara bazaar, Darshan Tole ó Ward 8: Jagriti Nagar, Deep Nagar, Pradeep Nagar Danda, Shivapur Chowk, Suryapura-4, Jyoti Nagar
4. Scheme Type: Pumping system
5. Designed Flow (lps): (22 hour pumping per day) 31.00 Designed flow for distribution system (lps) 28.38 Supplied from test tube well (lps): 15.50 Required from new groundwater pumping System (lps): 15.50
6. Source Discharge Measurement
Proposed Sources Measured Discharge Safe Yield Tapped Flow lps. lps. lps. From test tube well - - 15.50 From new tube well - - 15.50
7. Design Period: 15 Years (1 year preparation, 2 year construction and 15 years design period).
8. Household No. - Survey Year: 1,768
9. Growth Rate: 4.2% per annum.
10. Population: Survey Year 2010 Base Year 2013 Design Year 2027 10,154 11,488 20,436
11. Water Demand at design year (lpd) Domestic: 2,043,565 Non-domestic demand (adopt 8 % of domestic demand, which includes the demand for rental population, Institutional, Industrial/ Commercial, fire demand etc.) 163,485 Leakage and wastage (10% of total demand): 245,228 Total: 2,452,278
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12. Structures required Intake Type Deep Tube Well (1 test tube well, 1 newly proposed) 2 Borehole plate form 2 Generator house 1 Pipe length (m) Transmission main 576.00m Distribution main 56,885.00 m Pipe Size Transmission Main DI (M) (mm) 100-150 Distribution main: HDPE (mm) 50 – 160 GI(M) (mm) 40 -100 DI (M) (mm) 150 - 250 Ground storage (No/ cum cap. cum) 1no of 400 cum OH Reservoir (No/ cum capacity cum) 1no of 250cum Control Valve Chamber (No.) 10 Pipe valve box (No.) 87 HH fully plumb and yard connection 1,678 Community connection (No.) 81 (1 community connection for each 4HH) Institutional connection 9 WUSC / Lab building (No.) 1
13. Sanitation Component: Institutional/ School toilet (No.) 1 Public toilet (No.) 1
14. Estimated project cost for water supply component (Nrs.) as per district rate 2067-2068: Total (including 10% physical contingencies, 5% price contingencies and 13% VAT): 131,867,172.35
Cost breakdown GoN (50%) 65,933,586.17 TDF loan (45%) 59,340,227.56 Community up front cash contribution (5%): 6,593,358.62
Per capita cost (Nrs.) Base year: 11,960.74 Design year: 6,452.69
15. Estimated project cost for sanitation component (Nrs.) as per district rate 2067-2068: Total (including 10% physical contingencies, 5% price contingencies and 13% VAT): 1,870,914.36 Cost breakdown GoN (85%) 1,590,277.21 Contribution from Local bodies/ users (15%) 280,637.15
16. Overall Sanitation Component Cost after Conceptual Design (Both Sewer and Surface Drainage, but not in present scope) 692,977,693.16
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2.13 PROPOSED SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION
The scheduled of the project is shown in the following Fig. 2.3.
Fig. 2.3: Work Schedule Work Schedule for Detailed Engineering Design Review/ Update, Construction Supervision and Operation and Detailed Engg. Design Review/ Update Contra Construction Supervision and ct S.N. Description proces Operation and M aintenance M ay-10 Jun-10 Jul-10 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10 Jan-11 Feb-11 M ar-11 Apr-11 Aug-11 Rem I Detailed Engineering Design Review and Update Phase 5/11 1 Mobilisation 2 Collection and review of reports, documents etc. 3 Site visit, meeting with WUSC and community, service area confirmation, source confirmation etc. 6/10 4 Prepare and submit field study inception report Provide input to PM C to prepare various 5 documents 6 Water quality test, field verification/ carryout engineering survey and investigation, resettlement plan preparation 7 Review and update design works including population forecast, water demand determination, reservoir sizing, peak factor determination, intake design, pipeline design, treatment plant design, HH connection and auxillary works. 8 Cost estimate, economical and financial analysis, carryout Initial Environmental Examination and review and update social profile. 9/30 9 Prepare and submit updated detailed design draft report 10 Conduct workshop on draft report findings at Months Four Twenty Phase Supervision PM O and community level 11 Receive comments from clients/ community in updated draft design report 4/15 Contractural Procedure and Contract Award Four Months Four Award Contract and Procedure Contractural 12 Prepare and submit updated detailed design final report by incorporating all comments
II Construction Supervision Phase Construction during Administration Contract and Management Contract Operation and Maintenance during Defect Liability Phase twelve Months twelve Phase Liability Defect during Maintenance and Operation
III Operation and M aintenance Phase
2.14 PROJECT ACTIVITIES
85. The major project activities are as below: • Land acquisition • Construction of deep tubewell and its components • Installation of pumps and electrical facilities • Construction of service reservoir • Laying and jointing of pipes • Excavation along the municipal road, along foot paths etc for laying of pipe. • Construction of WUSC office/Lab building, Pump house/chaukidar house, Guard house etc. • Construction of Valve chambers, Pipe valve box and house connection
2.15 PATH FOR MOVEMENT IN THE PROJECT AREA WHERE PROJECT IS TO BE IMPLEMENTED
86. There is black top and gravel road available for the movement in the project area. At present, there is 7 km of black-topped road along the project area constructed on 50% cost sharing basis by the community. Apart from this there is approx. 22 km of gravel road and 5 km of earthen road.
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2.16 MANUFACTURING PROCESS
87. The project will be constructed using cement, brick, sand, reinforcement steels, DI Pipe, GI Pipes, HDPE Pipes etc.
2.16.1 Land Acquisition
88. Acquisition of land for the construction of borehole, service reservoir, ancillary building has been completed.
2.16.2 Construction of Deep Tubewell
89. The design of deep well is based upon the geo-hydrological study of the project area. Karahiya Makarahar is not a virgin area as information about shallow as well as deep aquifer to design the deep tube well is available. It is known that shallow to deep aquifers up to 130 m have been utilized by constructing Shallow Tube Well (STW) and Deep Tube Well (DTWs) by the private HHs in the service are communities and some of the institutions.
90. Based on the geophysical data/information so far obtained deep well can be feasible. Hence, the SSTWSSP has conducted test tube well. The depth of test tube well is 100m including 50m housing, 24m screen and 26m casing. Based upon the performance of test tube well, the water quality, screen position and treatment facilities have been ascertained.
91. The well size should be of 12’’ inch (300 mm) housing of 50 m depth and reducing it to 8" (200 mm) casing and screen. The total depth of the well should be about 125 m with maximum screened area and allowing maximum drawdown, the yield of the tube well can be increased to great extent. Johnson stainless steel of 30m has been kept in screen and minimum 15% opening is to be kept. The estimated location of screen has been kept. But, exact position of screen should be confirmed during drilling.
92. Recommended Drilling Machine: Percussion or percussion cum rotary method of drilling rig is recommended for drilling which will perform effectively and efficiently.
2.16.3 Installation of Pumps and Electrical Facilities
93. Two new boring pumps of each 25HP capacity and another three pumps of each 15HP are provided for lifting water from deep well to grond reservoir and from ground storage to overhead reservoir.
94. A stand by diesel generator for back up is provided to operate all pumps, assuming all pumps will be operated at a time during the failure of NEA supply. A transformer is proposed at this site, whose capacity is designed to provide adequate power required for all pump operation at a time, chlorination plant, external electrification of the site and other loads at DG room.
2.16.4 Construction of Service Reservoir
95. Service reservoir is designed for intermittent inflow and continuous supply from the tank for 12-22 hrs pumping depending on increasing water demand from each borehole at base year to design year respectively. A 20m high 250 m3 overhead reservoir has been proposed to meet the water demand during peak period and for remaining 400 m3 capacity storage. The reservoir shall be constructed in the premises first deep tube well site at Karahiya-8 Juleni
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2.16.5 Pipe Laying and Jointing Including Earthwork
96. Distribution system comprises a pipe net work, which is designed in loop network system by using SW-WSP software. SW-WSP software is used for the analysis of the water supply network. The base demand, elevation of each node, reservoir head and distance from node to node are the basic input data for the software. Socio economic survey data is used to determine the nodal/ base demand considering the demand for rapid settlement growth. The engineering survey data is used for the length of the pipe and elevation of the nodes.
97. The roughness coefficient used in Hazen-Williams formula for the use of GI, DI and HDPE pipes is 110, 120 and 130 respectively. The entire new distribution system has been designed by using GI, DI and HDPE pipe. The HDPE pipes of outer dia 50mm to 160mm, GI pipe 40mm to 100mm and DI pipe 150 to 250mm inner dia have been used in the design. The minimum pipe size used in the design is HDPE 50mm.
98. The pipeline is designed by adding 10% extra length of actual one. However, the estimated distribution pipeline length is 56,885.00m including about 7% extra length in actual one. Pipe laying work is to be carried out with the coordination with local people.
2.16.6 Construction of House Connections
99. The household shall connect the tap to their household by making a Tee in distribution main to avoid frequent hole in distribution main.
100. The average 18m length of 15mm dia. Medium class GI pipe has been estimated up to meter for each HH connection. The meter shall be kept near and adjoining the compound of the houses. After meter, each HH should extend the pipe them selves as they desire. The necessary fittings have been designed.
2.16.7 Raw Materials to be Used
101. Sand, Gravel, river pebbles and bricks will be used as raw materials. There is no quarry site for raw materials within the project area. Therefore, the required sand, gravel and river pebbles will be used from the quarry site located at Tinau River which is approximately 10 km west fromt the project area. Other materials include cement, reinforcement steel, GI Pipes, HDPE Pipes will be procured from Butwal and Bhairahawa market. DI Pipes will be procured in Kathmandu. All the raw materials and other material for construction are available in required quanitiy in above mentioned places. All the construction materials will be stored in the proposed reservoir and treatment plant site.
2.17 DETAILS OF TECHNOLOGY
102. The following design parameters have been considered for the design of the water supply system.
System: • 24 hours operational • Pumping system (pump will be used to lift water from deepwell to ground resrvoir and from ground servoir to overhead tanak) • Distribution system will be operated by gravity flow
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Water quality: The water quality of the deep tube well has been recently tested after completion of test boring. It is found that the values of test results are within the range as compared with NDWQS standard (Annex- VII). It is envisaged that the water quality of proposed new tube well will be similar with the quality of test tube well.
Consumption Pattern:
Hours Percentage of daily demand 05:00 – 07:00 20 07:00 – 12:00 35 12:00 – 17:00 15 17:00 – 19:00 20 19:00 – 05:00 10
Peak factor: 2.4
Design Period: 15 years
Water Demand: SN Type of Demand Recommended Demand 1. Fully plumbed connections 100 lpcd 2. Yard connections 65 lpcd 3. Community taps 45 lpcd 4. Non domestic demand consists of rental/ floating 8% of domestic demand population, institutional demand, commercial demand, fire fighting For the design purpose, 10% of total water demand has been considered for wastage, leakage or uncounted water use as specified in SSTWSSSP guidelines
Pressure and Velocity Minimum residual head of 8-10: at all service nodes Velocity: least 0.2 m/sec Pipe materials: DI, GI & HDPE
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Chapter III: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
3.1 WATER RESOURCES
3.1.1 Surface Water and Quality
103. There are no any potential surface water sources and any river within the project area. The main river near by the project area is Tinau, which is far from the service area and will not be feasible for the project. Hence, groundwater has been proposed for the proposed project.
3.1.2 Groundwater and Quality
104. The water quality of the deep tube well has been recently tested after completion of test boring. It is found that the values of test results are within the range as compared with NDWQS standard. It is envisaged that the water quality of proposed new tube well will be similar with the quality of test tube well and the water is potable. The water quality test of test boring water is kept in Annex-V.
3.2 ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES
3.2.1 National Parks and Protected Areas
105. There are no any national parks and protected area nearby the project area
3.2.2 Flora
106. The trees found in the Rupandehi District consist of Sal (Shorea robusta), Karma (Adina cordifolia), Sisau (Dalbergia sissoo), Khayer (Acacia catechu), Asna (Terminalia alata), Simal (Bombax ceiba), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Kusum (Schleichera oleosa), Satisal (Dalbergia latifolia), Bijaya Sal (Pterocarpus marsupium), Teak (Butea monosperma), Aap (Mangifera indica), Badahar (Artocarpus lakoocha), Katahar (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Tooni (Toona ciliate), Jalebi (Pithecellobium dulce), Gular (Ficus glomerta), Sisris (Albizzia mollis), Raj Briksha (Cassia fistula), Rohini (Mallotus phillippinensis) etc.
107. The commom trees found in the project area is Sal (Shorea robusta), Sisau (Dalbergia sissoo), Karma (Adina cordifolia), Aap (Mangifera indica) and Jhamun (Syzygium cumini).
3.2.3 Fauna
108. The district has 44 types of fishes, 21 mammals, 21 reptiles and 210 birds.
3.2.4 Physical or Cultural Heritage
109. The present project area features no physical or cultural heritage and archaeologically important monuments and object of art. However, some temples are situated in the project area and during important religious occasions, people visit these temples. The popular festivals of the service area are Dashain, Tihar and Chatth.
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3.2.5 Slums and Squatter Settlements
110. No slums and squatter settlements exist within project area.
3.3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH
3.3.1 Land Use
111. The project area consists of core and densely populated Bazaar area and the rural and scattered settlement area. The core area is densely populated where 55% of total population lives. Trade and economic activities are carried out in the core area and the land is mostly utilized for residential purposes. The Bazaar is surrounded by the rural settlements pre-dominant with agricultural fields and the settlement is scattered and situated at distant from each other. These settlements could turn into dense settlement after the project completion as the migration rate in this area is high and agricultural land is gradually converting into residential areas.
3.3.2 Infrastructure
3.3.2.1 Transportation
112. At present, there is 7 km of black-topped road along the project area constructed on 50% cost sharing basis by the community. Apart from this there is approx. 22 km of gravel road and 5 km of earthen road.
3.3.2.2 Drinking Water Supply
113. There is no piped water supply system in service area. All households have to depend on hand pump (tube-well). There were not much difference regarding the use of drinking water source during dry and monsoon season. Some households purchase water from tanker for their households use.
3.3.2.3 Surface Drainage, Sanitation and Sewerage
114. Majority of the households (i.e. 87.2%) have latrine facilities in their households. Remaining 12.8 percent households have no latrine. Among the latrine facilitated households, 2.5 percent HHs have pit latrine, 6.1 percent HHs have ventilated pit latrine and 91.4 percent households have water seal latrine in their houses.
115. There is 6 km long storm water drain mainly in main market area. Though located in flat terrain, there is no water logging due to sufficient cross section area of drain and out lets available. The project area lies in flat terrain with mild slope towards the south. No water logging is apparent in rainy season. There is ample space and are sufficient outlet points to drain off the storm water naturally. The core area of project lies in east west direction along the main feeder road which has storm drains facility. This drain is working perfectly and does not need further surface drains facility. The outlets of the septic tanks have not been connected to drain.
116. There is no separate sewerage system in the proposed service area. But almost all households in the urban areas as well as in rural area have their own latrine connected to the septic tanks and the outlets of these toilets are not connected to the drain. Such toilet with septic tank has been constructed in more than 90% HHs of this project area. People of the service area are much
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more aware in sanitation. There is no public toilet in the community. Hence, their desire is to construct one public toilet, at Simara bazaar. Similarly, one institutional latrine is designed for a school at Deepnagar
117. There is no any system to manage solid waste generated in the service area. Since quantity of solid waste from the individual household is not large and is managed by community themselves and the wastes are used as fertilizer in kitchen garden.
3.3.2.4 Electricity
118. Electrical facility is available in the project area and is connected with national grid system of Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA).
3.3.2.5 Communications
119. All kind of communication facilities such as telephone, internet services are available in the project area .
3.3.3 Economic Characteristics
3.3.3.1 Industries
120. There are no any major industries in the project area except two milk chilling centres and one small grill industry.
3.3.3.2 Agricultural development
121. The major occupation of the people of project area is agriculture. Ground water irrigation system is popular in this area since there is no any perennial river in the project area.
3.3.3.3 Mineral development
122. There is no mineral development activity prevalent in the project area.
3.3.3.4 Tourism development
123. There is no possibility of tourism development in the area.
3.3.3.4 Development Organisations
124. There are no development organizations currently working in the project area.
3.3.3.5 Major Environmental Problems
125. There is no enough drainage system to drain out the storm water from the service area. During rain the water spread over the area for a short period and change the existing environmental situation. The dust flow during wind and noise pollution occur during the procession and festival. The earthen road becomes muddy during rain and dusty during dry period.
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3.3.3.6 Health and Sanitation
126. As the local people are dependent on water supplied through shallow hand pumps which could be easily contaminated; water borne diseases are most common in the area. Although, majority of the households have private toilets in the project area, open defecation practice is still common along the roadside thereby increasing the chances of diseases.
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Chapter IV: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
127. Environmental impacts on physical, biological and socio–economic and cultural aspect are identified and predicted based on the existing environment condition with respect to the proposed project interventions in terms of their magnitude, duration and their extent during pre- construction, costruction and operation & maintenance phase.
128. The impacts are not necessarily always negative; some impacts could be positive and beneficial as well. The implementation of the project will have several beneficial impacts to the people of Karahiya and Makarahar VDC in Rupandehi district. The attempt is to augment the positive impact and remove or minimize the negative impacts by applying suitable mitigation measures.
129. The local people will benefit from safe and sufficient supply of drinking water and have improved sanitary situation. All this will significantly raise the living standard of the people in the Karahiya and Makarahar VDC.
130. The proposed Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project will have only minor negative impacts on the physical, biological and socio-cultural aspects of the area. The impacts are mostly local in nature and can be easily and cheaply mitigated with suitable mitigation measures and regular monitoring schedules. Some of these impacts are described below.
4.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
4.1.1 Environmental Impacts Due to Project Design
131. As the project has been designed as ground water system, the potential adverse impacts due to the project design have been found to be non-significant. Since ground water is being abstracted in the system, possibility of pollution of raw water supply is not possible and possibilities of water source conflict do not exist. Hence, environmental impacts due to project design are almost non- existent.
132. To avoid the risk of pollution of raw water supply and water distributed to the users; the system has to be designed in such a way that there is adequate protection of the deep tube well and storage tanks and the distribution pipe has to be located away from the drains to avoid the contamination of water being supplied.
133. There could be risk associated with excessive abstraction of ground water which could eventually cause land subsidence. The design will ensure that the abstraction rate doesn’t exceed the safe yield and only required amount of water is extracted from the existing and proposed deep tube well.
4.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE
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4.2.1 Environmental Impacts Due to Project Construction
4.2.1.1 Physical Environment
134. The project may have impacts on physical environment of the project site at all three stages. As the size of structures proposed for water supply system the impacts do not seem to be significant.
135. The major physical environmental issues identified are briefly presented below in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Physical Environmental issues and Impacts Issues Impacts Type Extent Duration Magnitude Phase Land use • Change in land use (water supply D Site Long L C & O structures) • Change in land use (pipelines) D Site Short L C
Erosion and • Erosion D Site Short L C Soil Stability • Water pollution D Site Short L C Ground Water • Depletion in water table D Local Long L & M O Water Quality • Leakage of pipes D & I Local Long M & H O • Disposal of wastewater D & I Local Long M & H C & O
Air Quality • Air pollution due to movement of D Local Short L C & O project vehicles • Air pollution due to dust particles • Air pollution due to operation of D Site Short L C & O Pumps & Diesel Generator D Local Medium L C & O Noise and • Noise & vibration due to project D Local Short L C Vibration vehicular movement • Noise pollution due to operation of Pumps & Diesel Generator D Site Medium L C & O Note: D Direct Impacts L Low Impacts C Construction Phase I Indirect Impacts M Moderate Impacts O Operation Phase H High Impacts
i) Change in Land use pattern
136. Land proposed for the construction of Borehole, OHT and Ancillary buildings are public land. Similarly, pipe lines are aligned along the public property like roads, footpath and will reinstated after the laying the same. Thus during the construction and operation phase no remarkable impact on land is expected. The change in land use pattern is temporary and expected insignificant.
ii) Erosion, Soil Stability and Geology
137. Since the project has been designed as ground water system and the project activities will be carried out in plain area, erosion and landslides are not expected to occur. Thus, there is no remarkable and inverse impact on geology is expected during the construction and operation phase of proposed project. But the possibility of falling of children and cattle into trench during laying of pipelines has to be avoided.
138. Mitigation measures: Excavated soil placed safely against erosion and reuse of excavated soil.
iii) Ground water and Hydrology:
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139. The design of deep well is based upon the geo-hydrological study of the project area. The service area is located in the middle part of the terai about 8 Km south to the foothill of the Siwalik Range. It has boulder, hard formation consisting of shallow to deep water level. Drilling and installation of tube wells will not be very difficult.
140. As compared to other Districts, Rupandehi district is rich in ground water. Many DTWs have been constructed for water production point of view in Rupandehi district under Bhairhawa Lumbini Ground Water Project through Department of Irrigation.
141. There is clear distinction in ground strata between western and eastern part of the Terai region of Rupandehi district. The western part has higher transmissivity than the eastern part i.e the eastern part of the area is hydro-geologically less water retaining than the western. The areas closer to the Tinau River, the grain size of aquifer becomes larger and consequently have the higher transmissivity. The hydraulic conductivity ranges from 42-140 m2/day in the western part and in eastern part it is in the order of 28-45 m2/day.
142. Properly constructed tube well can produce sufficient yield, without disturbing groundwater in the proposed project area. From the above facts it is clear that there exist potential aquifer zones and for the effective exploitation of groundwater. Thus, there is no remarkable and inverse impact on hydrology is expected during the construction and operation phase of proposed project
iv) Water Quality
143. Leakage of pipes, intrusion of the waste water, leachate of the foreign materials into the pipes are the major sources of water pollution which make water unfit for the drinking purposes. Most of the impacts are expected to be emerged during the operation of the system.
144. Mitigation measures: Regular visual inspection and maintenance work will be carried out.
v) Air Quality
145. The project area is connected by the access road and the construction materials and equipments need to be transported to the construction site. The vehicle emission will cause air pollution. Similarly, the excavation and other construction activity will release dust and particulate matters and the crushers and other mechanical equipment will emit negligible quantity of dust and smokes. Increased concentration of suspended particulate matters, increase in fugitive dust particles during construction period and increase in vehicular movement for construction purposes may have negative impacts on air quality of the project area. However, all these effects will be temporary and will last during construction period only. Some gaseous pollutants will also be emitted in very limited quantity, which will not have any adverse impact in the project area.
146. Mitigation measures: Provisions of emission testing equipment, restriction on waste littering, use of masks, spraying of water to control dust, air quality monitoring etc.
vi) Noise and Vibration
147. Noise induced from vehicular movement for construction purposes and use of mechanical equipment may have some impact to the workers but not much to the local community. The proposed project does not involve blasting; 24-hours of works on shift and use of excessive
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heavy machineries and equipments are not involved. Therefore, the noise and vibration levels generated during the construction period are negligible.
148. Mitigation measures: Provisions of restriction on horns, maintenance of equipment, fitting of mufflers to noisy equipment, speed restriction etc.
vii) Waste Water Disposal and Management
149. During the project operation period waste water will be generated, this water can be utilized in water consumers farms and vegetable gardens themselves as the project area is located in agricultural built up area. Since there is not any sewerage system, each household have septic tanks for the management of human excreta. Therefore generation of waste water from the household will be insignificant and can be managed with using existing drain.
viii) Spoil Disposal and Quarry Site
150. Since the source is under ground and drilling will be carried out during construction of wells, no major excavation is required. The major excavation is required only during the construction of foundation for reservoir tanks, which is of low magnitude thus avoiding the problem of disposal. The excavation and transportation of soil has both physical and economical consequences. Since the location of well site is in well accessible site, there is no need of construction of access road and other structures for the transportation of excavated materials, thus giving lesser impacts to the economical consequences.
151. Mitigation measures: Excavated soil will be reused properly during backfilling with well compacted and surplus excavated soil will be safely disposed in designated place (Tinau River).
4.2.1.2 Biological Environment
152. The potential environmental impact of the project on local flora and fauna during construction and post construction phases will be low as the activities do not involve clearing of trees and vegetation, grazing land and fertile agricultural lands. Site clearance is required during laying of pipeline and construction of service reservoir sites and deep tube well site. However, those impacts are for short period only during the construction period.
153. Since this project has been designed as ground water system, the proposed project will have less and non-significants impacts on biodiversity and biological environmental issues. But some of issues in relevance with the baseline environment conditions are briefly dealt in the following Table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Biological Environmental issues and Impacts Issues Impacts Type Extent Duration Magnitude Phase • Vegetation Loss of vegetation for clearance of sites D Site Short L C for structures • Loss of vegetation due to laying of pipelines D Site Short L C & O Flora & fauna • Loss of flora & fauna due to project D Site Short L C sitting & related activities
Habitat • Loss of habitat due to project sitting & D Site Short L C related activities Aquatic life and • Effects to aquatic life due to wastewater D & I Site Short L C & O ecosystem discharge & project activities
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Note: D Direct Impacts L Low Impacts C Construction Phase I Indirect Impacts M Moderate Impacts O Operation Phase H High Impacts
i) Vegetation
154. The natural vegetation of project area will be disturbed due to construction of different project components. The clearance of vegetation/ bushes for the construction of Borehole, OHT and ground storage reservoir sites will be permanent whereas the damaged vegetation during pipe laying works can be recovered after a short period of time. There is no forest area surrounding the service area even in the areas of distribution system and transmission pipeline. So, the chances of cutting of forest trees are almost non-existent.
155. Mitigation Measures: Restricting use of fuel wood in labour camp, provision of minimization of vegetation clearance
ii) Flora, Fauna and Wildlife
156. The project area being located in sparse vegetated area features low level of bio-diversity. The impacts on flora and fauna are insignificant as the construction activity involves mimimal clearance of vegetation. The possible adverse impacts on local wildlife population will be minimal as the construction activity involves minimal clearance of vegetation
157. Mitigation Measures: Provisions of minimization of vegetation clearance by pegging, restriction of fuelwoods at the camps, etc.
iii) Habitat
158. Clearance of vegetation during construction may result loss of wildlife habitat but the chances are minimal as the area is sparsely vegetated and clearing of vegetation is not involved as much as possible.
159. Mitigation Measures: Provision of minimization of vegetation clearance, Environmental awareness program
iv) Aquatic life and ecosystem
160. Since the project has been designed as ground water system as there is no surface source of water in the project area, therefore impact on aquatic life is not exist.
v) Obstruction of fish migration and fish entrainment due to the construction work:
161. Water source of the proposed project is under ground water; hence such problems will not exist.
4.2.1.3 Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment
162. The major environmental factors associated with the human life are socio-economic, cultural, human health, land acquisition, compensation, resettlements, rehabilitation and occupational and
safety hazards. Assessment of the impacts on these factors is given in Table 4.3.
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Table 4.3: Socio-economic and Cultural Environmental issues and Impacts Issues Impacts Type Extent Duration Magnitude Phase Acquisition of land • Acquisition of agricultural land D Site Long H C & O and property • Acquisition of private properties D Site Long L C
Socio-economic • Impact on social structure & cultural D & I Local Long H C & O & cultural aspects practices • Impact on employment D & I Local Short M C & O • Migration D & I Local Long H C &O • Local economy D & I Local Long M C & O Quality of life • Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) D Local Short L C values • Socio-economic values I Local Long M C & O • Public health I Local Long H O • Aesthetic values I Local Short L C & O • Cultural values I Local Long L O Traffic Reinstatement of damaged community Management services an infrastructure such as irrigation canals, road, foot trails, water supply line etc. • Difficulties in traffic and pedestrian D Local Short M C movement • Visual & aesthetic impacts I Local Short L C
Note: D Direct Impacts L Low Impacts C Construction Phase I Indirect Impacts M Moderate Impacts O Operation Phase H High Impacts
163. The issues related to socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area are related to land acquisition, compensation, resettlements, rehabilitation and occupational and safety hazards.
i) Land Acquisition
164. The construction of permanent structures such as Boreholes, OHT and ground reservoir does not require land acquisition and will be constructed in government land. The WUSC will ensure that such lands will be appropriately arranged for the project. The Karahiya VDC office has given written permission to use the land.
165. As compared to the size and nature of the project land acquisition will not require for the execution of the project. The contractor will rent temporary land for his camp/ office through the negotiation with the owner in the approval of DSC. Therefore land acquisition, compensation, resettlements and rehabilitation will not be the issue in the proposed project.
ii) Impairment to Infrastructure
166. All the major structures of the proposed project like water storage and ancillary buildings will be constructed on public land. Similarly, most of the pipe lines are aligned along the public property. But some of the pipe line impairs the footpath and drain in bazzar area of Jagriti Nagar, Deep Nagar, Shivapur Chowk, Jyoti Nagar, Karahiya W. No. – 8. Approx. 300m footpath and 275m earthen drain will be impaired during ther laying of pipe line. There will be no need of relocation of existing public and private facilities.
167. Mitigation Measures: All the damaged infrastructures have to be repaired. Pipe laying work is to be carried out with the coordination of local people.
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iii) Historical and Archaeological Treasures
168. There are no significant historical and archaeological treasures in the project area and such impacts are none.
iv) Law and Order Issue due to the Influx of outside workforce, money and unwanted activities
169. Currently the project area is not habituated but during project implementation, the influx of large number of seasonal workers can create some law and order issues. Involvement of outside workforce may initiate conflict with the locals due to cultural and other differences. Similarly, fights, disease transmission, pollution and competition for available resources with outsiders may arise in due course.
170. Mitigation Measures: The project should take protective measures to minimise impact, cultural awareness program will be conducted. Priority will be given to local people while employing labourers for the project works. Child labour should be prohibited
v) Human Health
171. Spread of the water borne diseases and deterioration in sanitary conditions due to construction activity (unsafe working condition, accidents, transmission of communicable diseases) is of major concern in the project area, especially to the construction workers.
172. Mitigation Measures: Health and hygiene of the workforce is to be given top priority. Provide proper sanitation and hygiene, health care and control of epidemic diseases to the workforce. Sanitation awareness program will be conducted.
vi) Gender Issue
173. The project will create job oppurtunity to considerable number of skilled and unskilled people. Large number local women will also have opportunity to get involve in the job. This will create a positive impact on the socio-economic environment of community and play a vital role towards gender empowerment.
vii) Occupational and Safety Hazards
174. Life, health and safety of workers particularly of those involved in concreting, trench cutting, formwork and rebar fixing in overhead tank and heavy duty construction work is of prime concern.
175. Mitigation Measures: To mitigate or minimize the hazards adequate safety instructions will be provided to the contactor and monitor from the project side.
viii) Health and safety
• Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
176. Problems related to workers health and safety can arise during construction work. The emission of dust particles and noise vibration during construction can affect the health of workers. Similarly, there could be incidence of accidents, spillage, fire that can have negative impact on the health of the workers.
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• Community Health and Safety
177. Spread of the water borne diseases and deterioration in sanitary conditions can affect the health and safety of the entire population.
178. Mitigation Measures: Sanitation awareness program will be conducted, provision of first aid medicine and safety equipments (hand gloves, hard cover helmets and boots etc). Health and accident insurance will be provided by the contractor to all workers.
ix) Traffic Management
179. The project area does not experience heavy traffic movement; as a result traffic management will not be a major problem during construction.
180. Mitigation Measures: Traffic management plan will be prepared and implement accordingly without interrupting the work and movement of traffic at working place.
x) Livelihood and impact on local economy
181. Since the project will create job oppurtunity to considerable number of skilled and unskilled people. Large number local women will also have opportunity to get involve in the job. This will create a positive impact on livelihood and economy of the community.
xi) Migration Problem:
182. After completion of the project, there will be increase in the population of the project area. The project is designed for 15 year with considering population growth rate. Hence problem of migration will be insignificant.
xii) Impact on Education:
183. Increase in the population of the project area will create pressure on education, but impact on education will be insignificant
4.3 OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE PHASE IMPACTS
184. Inadequate Operation and Maintenance of the project will create hazard in terms of safety of the personnel involved as well as in the overall output of the project. Timely monitoring and routine maintenance of the subsystem will ensure smooth running of the project and avoid unnecessary obstruction and delays. • Under sub-optimal operational condition, there will be risk of contamination of water in the distributed system which could lead to disease epidemics through out the community. Such risk should be minimized by regular monitoring of water in the distribution to ensure that it meets the minimum National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS)(Annex-VI). Training should be provided to the staff on water quality assessment and operational supervision should be ensured. • There is risk of health hazard, especially to the operating staff, due to unmanaged and improper use of chlorine. Guidelines for using chlorine should be developed and proper handling and storage of chlorine to be set up.
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• There is a risk of pollution of raw water supply (deep tube well) due to the improper sanitation condition. It could be mitigated by locating the deep tube well site comparatively higher place, sealing the casing, grouting the well casing, protecting the floor by concrete platform and chlorination of well according to the standards to disinfect the pipe and screen of the well
4.4 MITIGATION MEASURES
185. The following Table 4.4 provides the summary of project activities, potential environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measure.
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Table 4.4: Types of impacts, monitoring parameters, mitigation measures, responsibilities and cost Project Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Stage Review of None None DWSS/SSTWSSSP/PMC/D NA
design/Estimate SC sign) Pre- Project Activity (Project De Review of specification None None DWSS/SSTWSSSP/PMC/D NA of work SC
Prepar ation for constru ction Physical Environment Earthwork in excavation 1. Soil erosion and soil stability • Excavated soil placed safely against Contractor/WSSDO/ DSC Included in contractors for pipe laying and erosion bidding documents construction works • Reuse of excavated soil properly during backfilling the pipe line trench with proper compaction Earthwork in excavation 2. Air Quality (Dusty • Frequent sprinkling of water Contractor / DSC/ WSSDO Included in contractors for pipe laying and Environment) bidding documents construction works • Air pollution due to movement • Monitoring of air quantity of project vehicles • Air pollution due to dust • Use of masks particles . • Air pollution due to operation of Pumps & Diesel Generator Construction Phase: Construction Phase: Earthwork in excavation 3. Noise and Vibration due to: • Restriction on unnecessary honking of NA "" for pipe laying and • The project vehicular horn from the vehicles used for Contractor/ DSC construction works movement construction purpose • Noise pollution due to • Regularly maintenance of equipment operation of Pumps & Diesel • Mufflers fittings to noisy equipment Generator • Speed restriction Biological Environment Earthwork in excavation 4. Impact on natural vegetation • Restricting use of fuel wood in labour Contractor/ DSC NA for pipe laying and and ecology d ue to - camp. construction works • Construction of different • Provision of minimization of vegetation
n Phase n Phase component of system like pipe clearance Constructio laying, water tank, building etc
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Project Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility Cost (Rs) Stage 5. Loss of flora & fauna due to • Provision of minimization of vegetation Contractor/WSSDO/ DSC NA project sitting & related clearance activities • Environmental awareness program • Construction of different • Restricting use of fuel wood in labour component of system like pipe camp. Socio Economic Environment Earthwork in excavation 6. Impairment to infrastructure • Proper precaution to be taken at the time Contractor/WSSDO/ DSC Included in contractors for pipe laying and (Construction activities may of construction bidding documents construction works impair some of the existing • Any damaged to the existing infrastructure community infrastructure such to be repaired as footpath, drain) 7. Law and Order issue and • Instruction to all workers to act in a Contractor NA disturbance on social structure responsible manner & culture due to – • Prohibition of use of alcohol and gambling • Influx of outside workforce • Cultural awareness of local communities to • Cultural difference outside work force • Orientation to outside work force • Positive impact on the project and Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/W NA 8. Employment of local people community USC (Economic condition of local
people increases)
Construction Phase 9. Occupational Health and • Instruction to adopt safety measures Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/W NA safety (impact on health of • First aid to be easily accessible USC workers) 10. Pollution from outside work • Proper sanitary condition to be maintained Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/W NA force in the labour camp (Sanitation toilet & safe USC drinking water) • Collection of solid waste in fixed place • Periodic cleaning Operation of water 11. Risk of contaminated water in • Regular visual observation & carryout WUSC/ DWSS NA supply system the distribution system maintenance work • Regular water quality test at community tap and private connection 12. Health hazard due to • Proper handling and storage of chlorine to WUSC/ DWSS These costs are mentioned unmanaged use of chlorine be set up in the contractor • Guidelines for using chlorine to be documents bidding provided documents for DLP period Operational Phase
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4.5 MITIGATION COST
186. In order to address the issues and mitigate the impacts on environment during implementation and post implementation and maintenance phase, the following cost is estimated. The mitigation cost for construction phase has been included in the cost estimation of the project.
Table 4.5: Mitigation Cost SN Activities Estimated Cost (NRs) 1 Spoil management along and across the 150,000.00 road for frequent traffic and pedestrian movement 2 Provision of first aid medicine and safety 125,000.00 equipments (hand gloves, hard cover helmets and boots etc) 3 Provision of cost for reconstruction of 225,000.00 community infrastructure Total (NRs) 500,000.00
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Chapter V: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
187. The alternative analysis of the project has been done to minimize the possible negative environmental impacts. Alternative measures to the proposed project in terms of other alternatives such as project location, technology; technique and O&M are described below.
5.1 PROJECT LOCATION ALTERNATIVE
188. No significant environmental impact has been found with the present location of the project. The location of project components such boreholes, reservoir and treatment plants, etc. has been decided in consultation with local people and WUSC and the area is public land. Similarly the alignment of transmission line and distribution pipe has been fixed with minimum environmental impacts. The impacts associated with the location of project components are therefore minimal and insignificant.
5.2 PROJECT DESIGN ALTERNATIVE
189. The project has been designed to abstract ground water from deep aquifer. Since the area doesn’t have any source of surface water that could be utilized for drinking purposes, there is no option other than using ground water for supply drinking water to the population. The ground water will be extracted by digging deep borehole which will be collected in groundwater reservoir then goes to overhead tanks and subsequently distributed after basic treatment. Two options for distribution involved either pumping or gravity system of flow. Since the area is a flat terrain, gravity system could not be considered feasible and hence pumping system has been adopted. Therefore, the proposed design of the project has no other alternatives. The pumping is done to draw water from tubewell to OHT and gravity from OHT to distribution system.
5.3 TECHNOLOGY CHOICE & CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES ALTERNATIVE
190. Most of the technology proposed for the project are simple and labour intensive with minimal use of heavy machinery. There is no use of explosives and other danger chemicals. Appropriate technology and equipment to suit the local condition will be used. There could be some noise and disturbance in the land system during drilling of the boreholes, but those are temporary and can be minimized with careful handling and protective measures. The construction materials to be used are local as far as possible, so that there is minimal impact associated with transport and storage of the raw materials. The project structures will be made inaccessible by building compound wall. Local man power will be used as far as possible so that the local knowledge of the area is utilized and chances of conflicts are minimized. Hence, the proposed project has minimal impact against alternative technology and construction choice.
5.4 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
191. The cost requires for operation and maintenance has been kept in contract for the first year after completion of the project. Similarly, the cost required after completion of post construction of the project has been estimated and accordingly, the water tariff has been determined.
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5.5 NO ACTION OPTION
192. At present, the availability and accessibility of potable drinking water is very low in the project area. The demand of safe drinking water is growing where as the supply is limited. Implementation of the project will benefit the local people with clean drinking water and improved sanitary conditions thereby raising their overall prosperity. Since the project is a participatory one involving the beneficiaries right from project planning to the implementation level, the local people in the project are quite receptive and enthusiastic for successful implementation of the project.
193. The only advantage of "No Action" alternative is that the few adverse impacts as outlined be avoided and the entire project cost will be saved. However, because most of those impacts are not significantly harmful and are site specific or local, the advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.
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Chapter VI: INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
194. The proposed project has been designed in a participatory approach. The local people and concerned stakeholders have been and will be involved in every phases of the project including project design, construction and operation and maintenance. Public participation provided an opportunity to interact with the beneficiaries and understand their opinion regarding the project.
6.1 PUBLIC NOTIFICATION
195. A public notice was published in the Samachar Patra, a National Daily newspaper on 2067-11-19 B.S. (3rd March 2011) informing the general public about the inception of the project and requesting their comments and suggestions. A copy of this public notice is included in Annex-III. The notice was also posted in the school, health post, V.D.C. and other local areas of the project area and the deed of public inquiry (Muchulka) was collected.
6.2 INDIVIDUAL/ INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED
196. All the concerned authorities such as VDCs were contacted and their consensus regarding project implementation was obtained. Apart from the concerned authorities, water users and sanitation committee (WUSC) and water usere were approached to and their suggestions and opinions were collected. Though the several meetings have been held at the site regarding project activities, a focus group discussion (FGD) was held at project area (Annex IV) with key stakeholders and their concern regarding the project construction and implementation were listened and clarified. Also there view regarding environmental effects and remedial measures were discussed. The list of key people/ stakeholders contacted during public consultation held at WUSC's office are presented in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1: Stakeholders contacted during public consultation/FGD SN Name of Participants Designation Address 1. Satrughan Poudel WUSC Chairman Karahiya -8 2. Gopal Bhandary WUSC Vice-Chairman Karahiya -8 3. Rishiram Bhattarai WUSC Secretary Karahiya – 8 4. Ms. Sita Devi Chapagain WUSC Member Karahiya - 8 5. Mr. Khem Pd. Tiwari WUSC Member Makarahar - 4 6. Mr. Lila Mani Gyawali WUSC Member Karahiya - 8 7. Mr. Mukti Pd. Basyal WUSC Member Karahiya - 8 8. Mr. Krishna Poudel Water Users Makarahar -2 9. Ms. Krishna Kumari Pandey Water Users Makrahar - 7 10. Ms. Basundhara Pangeni Water Users Makarahar -4 11. Ms. Sumitra Dumre Water Users Makarahar -4 12. Mr. Durga Bahadur Srisha Secretary Makarahar VDC 13. Mr. Chudamani Pandey Secretary Karahiya VDC
197. During FGD, the people said that there will be positive impact on environment and vegetation growth due to extraction of water from deep boring. The local worker need to be involved during construction as far possible to preserve social cultural environmental. During excavation of pipe
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line trench, dust may deteriorate the existing environment for a short period, precaution need to be taken to reduce such impacts. The details of FGD are kept in Annex-III.
6.3 COMMENTS/ SUGGESTIONS/ISSUES RAISED
198. The notice has been pasted at various location of the service area. No comments and suggestion were received from the institutional, organisation within the given time frame. Also, no written comments and suggestion were received from public within the given time frame notified through National Daily Newspaper.
199. The summary of the focus group discussion (FGD) were as follows: 1. Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been design to use ground water and water distribution will be done from overhead tank. Therefore, the
project has positive impact on environment. 2. At the time of project implementation, the influx of large number of seasonal workers from outside may initiate conflict with locals due to cultural and other differences. Therefore,
local manpower is to be used as far as possible.
3. Pipe laying work is to be done with the coordination with local people
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Chapter VII: GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM
200. The Grievance and Redress Mechanism is necessary to address the grievances of the people in the project. The Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office (WSSDO) will be responsible to address the issues and problems raised by the local communities regarding the loss of assets, water and sanitation etc. during the implementation of the project. The Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office will ask the Environment Specialist of the DSC to assist in the handling of grievances and the community level stakeholders should be encouraged to help in the handling of grievances at the project sites.
201. The affected person / community will submit written grievances / complaints to the Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office (WSSDO) located at Jogi Kuti, Butwal, Rupanedhi. The WSSDO with the help from Environmental Specialist of the DSC will try to solve the grievance at the project level. WSSDO should respond the affected person/ institution within a week (or days) and clarify their concern. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, WSSDO will forward it to Project Director at SSTWSSSP, Kathmandu. The SSTWSSSP office at Kathmandu should clarify the grievance and inform WSSDO within 15 days. If the grievance cannot be resolved even by the SSTWSSSP, it should be finally forwarded to the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) will respond within 21 days.
Fig. 7.1: Grievance Redress Mechanism
DWSS (within 21 days)
SSTWSSSP (within 15 days)
Redress WSSDO Environmental (within 7 days) Specialist
(within 7 days)
Grievance
Affected Person
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Chapter VIII: MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT
8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
202. The SSTWSSSP will set out environmental management requirements to develop procedures that ensure all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements specified in this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report. The EMP will actually be carried out in subsequent stages of project development, operation and post operation phase of the proposed project.
8.1.1 Objectives of the EMP
203. The basic objectives of the EMP are to: • Formulate environmental management requirements to ensure that all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements specified in the approved IEE report will actually be carried out in different stages of project development and operation; • Define environmental management principles and guidelines for the pre-construction, construction, operation and post operation phases of project development; • Recommend a plan of action and a means of testing this plan to meet existing and projected environmental problems; • Establish the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in project environmental management; • Describe mitigation measures that will be implemented to avoid or mitigate adverse environmental impacts by maximizing the positive ones; • Establish a supervision, monitoring, auditing and reporting framework; • Ensure implementation of recommended corrective actions aimed for environmental management and its enhancement; and • Ensure that the environment of the project area and its surrounding areas is protected and developed to meet the needs of the local people, the stakeholders and safeguard the interest of common people.
8.2. MITIGATION AND MONITORING
204. Environmental monitoring is required to identify the changes in the environmental quality over the time. It is also an integral part of the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. Environmental monitoring generates real data and improves the quality of implementation of mitigation measures.
8.2.1 Monitoring Indicators
205. The project also includes performance indicators for:
Water Quantity
• Availability of at least 65 LPCD of drinking water during the summer months; • Trend in falling ground water table arrested/reversed
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Water quality
• Residual chlorine test at the service reservoir and public taps • Number of toilets using 'safe' sanitation technologies • Decline in the number of cases of parasites • Number of awareness programs organized, attendees and simple pre- and post evaluation to assess the efficiency of training
Lack of sanitation and environmental health
• Percentage/number of households with access to safe sanitation and environmental hygiene facilities • Cases of diarrhea in children under five years of age
8.2.2 Types of Monitoring
206. Monitoring is continuous measurement of proposed actions to examine what changes have been taken place, what has gone wrong and who to improve them. Usually, monitoring takes place in three aspects:
a) Baseline Monitoring: In this monitoring, pre-project information is compared with the information obtained during the project implementation. Any changes that have occurred during the period of time should be recorded. However, most of the major baseline information of this project has already been collected and there are very few chances will change till implementation phase. Therefore, baseline monitoring will not be conducted unless any striking new scenarios in terms of physical and socio-economic conditions emerge.
b) Impact Monitoring: It is carried out to examine the occurrence of impacts identified and predicted impacts. It is necessary to know the actual level of impact in the field during the construction and operation of the project as the environmental impacts are predicted based on value judgment with some valid assumptions.
c) Compliance Monitoring: It is carried out to examine whether the compliance of the condition prescribed in laws and regulations have been followed in implementation of the project. It is essential to encourage and promote the proponent to comply with the requirements as listed in the mitigation measures and any condition set forth during the project approval.
8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
8.3.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan
207. The environmental mitigation measures proposed will be implemented in different phases of the project implementation (design, pre-construction, construction, operation; post-operation phases).
208. Mitigation measures and monitoring indicators during both construction and operation stage of the water supply projects are listed below and shown in Table 8.1.
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Table 8.1: Types of mitigation measures, monitoring parameters, responsibilities and cost Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored Pre-Construction Phase Review of Design/Estimate Technical Design At respective After submission of DWSS/SSTWSSSP/PMC NA office design report Review of specification of Technical At respective After submission of DWSS/SSTWSSSP/PMC NA work specification office design report regarding materials and workmanship Physical Environment Construction Phase 1. Soil erosion and soil • Excavated soil placed • Stacking of soil At construction Twice a week Contractor/WSSDO/DSC Included in stability safely against erosion • Quantity of soil site contractors • Reuse of excavated soil remain bidding properly during backfilling documents the pipe line trench with well compacted
2. Air Quality (Dusty • Frequent sprinkling of • Dust in Air Wherever Every day Contractor/WSSDO/DSC Included in Environment) water earthwork is contractors • Monitoring of air quantity going on bidding • Use of masks documents 3. Noise and Vibration • Restriction on • Control on use of Wherever Daily during Contractor/WSSDO/DSC NA unnecessary honking of blowing horns earthwork is construction horn from the vehicles going on used for construction purpose • Periodic • Regularly maintenance of maintenance equipment record • Mufflers fittings to noisy • Do equipment Controlling speed • Speed restriction
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Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored Biological Environment Construction Phase 4. Impact on natural • Restricting use of fuel wood • Smoke, coal • Labour camp • Biannually WSSDO/WUSC Nil vegetation and ecology in labour camp. • Cleared area • Reservoir site (Disturbance and loss of • Provision of minimization of • Afforested area, natural vegetation and vegetation clearance ecology) 5. Loss of flora & fauna • Provision of minimization • Appearance of • Reservoir site • Bannually WSSDO/WUSC Nil due to project sitting & of vegetation clearance fauna related activities • Environmental awareness program • Restricting use of fuel wood in labour camp. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment Construction Phase 6. Impairment to • Proper precaution to be • Uninterrupted • Along pipeline • Daily Contractor/ WSSDO/DSC Included in infrastructure taken at the time of human movement route contractors (Construction activities construction bidding may impair some of the • Any damaged to the document. existing community existing infrastructure has to be repaired infrastructure such as road, foot trail etc.) 7. Law and Order issue • Instruction to all workers • Behaviours of local • Construction • Weekly Contractor/ WSSDO/DSC Nil and disturbance on to act in a responsible people workers camp social structure & culture manner • Alcohol bottle, • Prohibition of use of quarrels alcohol and gambling • Cultural awareness of local communities to outside work force • Orientation to outside work 8. Employment of local • Positive impact on the • Appearance of local • Construction • Weekly Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/WUSC Nil people (Economic project and community people in work site condition of local people force increases)
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Parameters to be Types of Impact Mitigation Measures Location Frequency Responsibilities Cost monitored 9. Occupational Health • Instruction to adopt safety • Use of safety • Construction • Biweekly Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/WUSC Included in and safety measures measures viz. site contractor’s • First aid to be easily Helmet, saferty belt bidding accessible etc. document. 10. Pollution from outside • Proper sanitary condition • Sick labours • Construction • Biweekly Contractor/WSSDO/DSC/WUSC Included in work force to be maintained in the • Waste and site and contractor’s labour camp (Sanitary cleanliness of area labour camp bidding toiler, safe drinking water) document. • Collection of solid waste in fixed place • Periodic cleaning • Operation Phase 11. Risk of contaminated • Regular visual observation • Water quality • At community • Monthly WUSC/DWSS Included in water in the distribution & carryout maintenance parameter for tap and contractor’s system work drinking water is to household bidding • Regular water quality be tested monthly connection document for the monitoring of water in the • Regularly • Pipe line route • Daily first year after distribution system inspection will be project • Training to the staff on done to detect any completion, then water quality assessment leakage from pipe after line responsibilities of WUSC 12. Health hazard due to • Proper handling and • Use of safety • Construction • Weekly WUSC Included in unmanaged use of storage of chlorine to be measures site contractor’s chlorine set up • Health of workers bidding • Guidelines for using document for the chlorine to be provided first year after project completion, then after responsibilities of WUSC
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8.3.2 Mechanism for Monitoring
209. The EIA/IEE Report Review Committee under MPPW have the overall responsibility and will monitor all activities from planning to construction and operational phases of the project, mainly for impact and compliance monitoring. The environmental monitoring and management plan will be so designed that the contractor is monitored during the construction phase to see that the work is done according to the contract document in which mitigation measures are specified. The EMP will also require regular monitoring of the actual environmental impacts during project operation over the years following project completion.
210. The SSTWSSSP/PMC under DWSS has a Project Managge Office in Kathmandu. For base line monitoring, a committee should be formed at local level consisting of representatives from DWSO, VDC, civil societies and local user community. District Engineer of DWSO should act as member secretary of the Monitoring Committee. This committee should be assigned following duties and responsibilities.
• The committee should meet at least twice a month; • The committee should collect all complaints from the local people concerning distribution, pipeline etc and should discuss in the meeting for the final decisions. • The monitoring committee should identify the mistakes and deficiency regarding the project and should discuss in the meeting for the purpose of correction; • Any negligence regarding the water quality should be considered and take necessary action. • The committee should also supervise and issue necessary instruction. • Examine monitoring reports periodically and take necessary actions if required etc
8.3.3 Monitoring Cost
211. The cost required for the environmental monitoring has been provided in Table 8.2.
Table 8.2: Environmental Monitoring Cost
SN Particulars Estimated Amount Remarks 1 Skill development training for periodic 100,000.00 maintenance and laboratory testing 2 Monitoring Cost (expenses for expert for 400,000.00 For 2 years observation and monitoring during construction and operation phases) 3 Public awareness program 100,000.00 4 Miscellaneous 100,000.00 Sub-total 700,000.00 Contingency @ 20% 140,000.00 Total 840,000.00
8.3.4 Modality of Operation
• Determination of potential impacts of the proposed project. • Analysis of alternatives of proposed project sites. • Development of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate adverse impacts and enhancement of beneficial impacts. • Identification of institutional needs to implement IEE recommended mitigation/ enhancement measures.
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• Development of monitoring plan. • Auditing plan. • Inter-agency coordination and public /NGO participation
8.3.5 Environmental Procedures and Institutions
212. The main institutions to be involved for environmental management of the proposed project are presented in the Table 8.3.
Table 8.3: Environmental Management Roles and Responsibilities of different parties SN Organization Roles and Responsibilities Time Schedule I MOPPW Monitoring of the project design, construction, and At least once in a year during operation and post operation activities against approved construction and operation and IEE and EMAP measures and National Environmental once in two years in post Standards. operation phase.
Auditing of project general performance during operation Every two years in operation and and post operation phase. post operation phase 2 DWSS Monitoring of project design, construction and operation At least three times a year during activities against approved IEE and EMAP measures and construction and operation and National Environmental Standards. once in a year during post operation phase. 3 PMO, Ensure that the IEE and EMAP measures are incorporated Prior to contract award SSTWSSSP in the final project design.
Acquire necessary permits and approval for project Before construction construction and operation
Ensure that the project construction, operation and post During construction, operation operation activities are in accordance with EMAP and other and post operation phase GON legislative requirements.
Monitoring and record keeping regarding environmental During construction, operation measures and impacts, and post operation phase.
Ensure public participation and involvement in all phases During construction, operation on project implementation and post operation of the project. and post operation phase.
Ensure implementation of environmental enhancement programs with involvement of local bodies and communities During construction and operation phase. 4 Relevant VDC Follow and ensure day-to-day activities of the project Daily during operation phase. operation that best fits to meet environmental standards.
Ensure air quality, noise and vibration level within Once in from month during acceptable standards. operation phase.
5 Consultant Incorporate environmental mitigation measures as per IEE During final design in the final design. 6 Construction Supervision and compliance monitoring of construction Daily & Operation contractor’s activities and project operation activities with Phase regard to environmental mitigation measures as per IEE Supervisor report and EMAP.
Environmental audits of construction contractors and Once in a year operator’s activities and audit reports. During construction and operation Ensure public participation and involvement in project phase. construction. 7 Construction Implement mitigation measures as specified. Daily during construction phase Contractor Monitoring and record keeping of environmental mitigation Regularly during construction
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SN Organization Roles and Responsibilities Time Schedule measures implemented. phase. 8 Operator Implement mitigation measures as specified. Daily during operation phase
Monitoring and record keeping of environmental mitigation Daily during operation phase. measures adopted during project operation. 9 Other Monitor that the environmental mitigation measures and Project period. Stakeholders enhancement measures are implemented in all stages of (VDC, DDC) the project.
Ensure that the public participation and Project period. involvement in the project implementation and operation phase is maximized by the project proponent
8.3.6 Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures
213. The proposed water supply and sanitation project aims to provide water supply and sanitation facilities to the community of Karahiya and Makarahar VDC. The training and awareness program in health and sanitation activities should be launched in the community. The occupational, health and safety activities, usage of water and their importance should be explained in the training program. Technical trainings need to be provided to supervision staffs for the successful operation of the water supply and sanitation system. The sufficient staffs should be mobilised to monitor the system. The local people should be employed as local staff as much as possible. The degradation site will be restored by plantation and protection of sites. Hence, the project is expected to bring a significant improvement condition and enhance the quality of life.
8.3.7 Documentation and Reporting
214. The contractor has a crucial role in ensuring that the mitigation measures are implemented during project construction phase. The contractor should develop an Environmental Mitigation Execution Plan (EMEP) based on EMP. The contractor has to report weekly about the progress of its work together with day-to-day practical aspect of project implementation to the DSC. It is suggested that a team comprising of WUSC member and contract workers be established at the onset of the project to make periodic reporting to the DSC.
215. Six copies draft IEE report will be prepared and sent to the proponent (SSTWSSSP) for review, and after receiving and incorporating its comments, the report will be sent again SSTWSSSP. SSTWSSSP will send the report to ADB and MoPPW for their review. The six copies final report will be prepared and submitted to SSTWSSSP and also made available to any concerned individual or institution through website. The report also consists of summary in both English and Nepali language so that all kind of general people can understand the project. The summary and approved report will be available SSTWSSSP, WSSDO or in ADB’s website.
216. As a part of EMP, reports should be produced and submitted at regular time intervals depending upon type and size of project during construction and post construction period respectively. Since, the construction period is two years, four copies each monthly report and trimester reports will be prepared and submitted to the SSTWSSSP/PMC office, Kathmandu. After completion of the project, the Project Completion Report (PCR) four copies will be prepared and submitted. Each report will include physical progress of construction works, environmental monitoring activities etc.
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217. The Contractor will be needed to get the implementing agency’s approval for the worker’s arrangements and agreement for environmental protection, health and safety, waste management and other environment related actions identified during the IEE Study and these must be written into the Contract Document.
218. WSSDO will inform the SSTWSSSP/PMC office in case of non-compliance and of any other environmental issues that require immediate attention. The contract will detail the remedies for non compliance by the Contractor.
219. The monthly reports will be based on recurrent site inspections and will report on the effectiveness of the mitigation measures; the Contractor's compliance with the environmental specifications; measures recommended in the events of non-compliance and recommendations for any other remedial actions, etc.
220. This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) makes also provision for a set of monitoring activities that are designed to ensure the effectiveness of the proposed management. The monitoring activities also will help to improve/maintain an environmentally and socially sound and acceptable level once the water supply project has been completed and becomes fully operational.
8.3.7.1 Implementation of EMP
221. The SSTWSSSP (Proponent) will be responsible for the implementation of mitigation measures as given under EMAP during design, construction and post construction stage proposed in Chapter VIII. Various agencies including concerned governmental line agencies will support implementing agency for the implementation of mitigation measures. The detail action plan for activities to be carried out to augment beneficial impacts and control/mitigate adverse impact produced from the implementation of Proposal and responsible implementing and supporting agencies are provided in Chapter VIII (Table 8.1).
8.3.8 Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates
8.3.8.1 Cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities
222. The cost for the recommended mitigation measures and monitoring activities are described in the Table 4.5 and Table 8.2. Cost of mitigation measures directly linked to the construction activities (such as erosion control measures) are not included in the cost estimates as most of these are already included in the construction and operation and maintenance cost of the project.
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Table 8.4: Summary of Cost SN Item Cost 1 Cost for Environmental Mitigation Measures 500,000.00 2 Cost for Enhancement Measures Nill Cost Other Social Support Programes and Corporate Social 3 NIll Responsiblity (CRS) 4 850,000.00 Cost for Environmental Monitoring
Total Environmental Cost 1,350,000.00 Total Project Cost 131,867,172.35 Percentage of total Environmental Cost to the Total Project Cost 1.02%
8.3.8.2 Project Cost
223. The rate analysis of the Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been calculated using district rate of fiscal year 2067-2068 BS. Some items having no GoN norms, practical experience has been used. 15% contractors' overhead and profit has been included in rate analysis for all items of works used in the project design. The rates of materials not provided in the district rate are taken from the prevalent market price. The rates of pipes and fittings are taken from Rupandehi District, as far as possible. The quantity estimate of the structures and pipes has been calculated. Based upon the calculated rate obtained from rate analysis and estimated quantities, the cost of each component has been calculated in detail. The cost of each component has been added to obtain total cost of water supply system. The project cost includes 5% contingencies for price adjustment, 10% physical contingencies and 13% VAT. The detailed cost estimate of Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project is presented in Volume III of detailed engineering design report.
8.3.8.3 Capital Cost of Water Supply System
224. The total project cost for the development of new water supply system at Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation is Nrs. 131,867,172.35. The cost includes contractors' overhead and profit, two types of contingencies and VAT. The summary of cost of each component has been given in Table 8.5.
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Table 8.5 Cost of Water Supply Component SN Description of Works Qty. Unit Unit Rate Costs 1 Water Supply Component A General Items 1 Job 6,066,791.61 6,066,791.61 B Drilling and Installing 300/200mm diameter Deep 1 Job 2,411,416.98 2,411,416.98 Tubewell of depth 125m by RIG Machine C Civil Works 1 Bore Hole plate form 2 Nos. 63,817.99 132,019.34 2 Over Head Intz Water Tank-250 cum capacity and 20m 1 Nos. 7,346,797.43 7,346,797.43 height 3 400 m3 Circular RCC RVT (Size: 11.85m dia 4.0m 1 Nos. 3,569,967.50 3,569,967.50 Height) 4 Pipe Valve Box (87 Nos.) 1 Job 444,841.52 444,841.52 5 Valve Chamber- Type-II(Size 0.9m x 0.9m x 1.0m) 10 Nos. 22,066.17 220,661.70 6 Earthwork in excavation and back filling for Pipe laying 1 Job 13,186,716.65 13,186,716.65 and Jointings (87,495.43m) 7 Generator/Guard House 1 Job 728,844.95 728,844.95 8 Boundary Wall and Site Development(178.7+10)m 1 Nos. 1,282,432.84 1,282,432.84 9 Lab cum WUSc building 1 Nos. 1,853,825.62 1,853,825.62 10 Pipe Support Block 50 Nos. 3,011.28 150,564.00 11 Environmental Mitigation Work 1 Job 500,000.00 500,000.00 Sub-Total C: 29,416,671.55 D Pipes, Electrical Works 1 Transmission Main (DI 480m and GI Pipe 96m) 1 Job 1,834,650.24 1,834,650.24
2 Distribution Main ( HDPE 56,090m, GI 260m and DI 1 Job 31,763,815.80 31,763,815.80 535m with laying and joining) 3 Fittings Requirement for Transmission and Distribution 1 Job 5,176,391.33 5,176,391.33 Pipes 4 Household Connections (1768 Nos.) 1 Job 12,762,004.79 12,762,004.79 5 Electrical and electromechanical works including 1 Job 7,360,602.00 7,360,602.00 generator, transformer, pumps etc Sub-Total D: 58,897,464.16 E Tools & Equipment and Water Lab Instruments 1 Job 509,424.00 509,424.00 F Operation and Maintenance Cost for base year 1 Job 4,173,547.09 4,173,547.09
Sub total A, B, C, D, E & F ---- ( i ) 101,475,315.39 Physical contingencies 10% of i ---( ii = i x 0.10) 10,147,531.54 Price contingencies 5% of i ---( iii = i x 0..5) 5,073,765.77 Sub total including contingencies ----(iv=i+ii+iii) 116,696,612.70 VAT 13% of iii ----- (v=iv*0.13) 15,170,559.65 Total W/S cost including contingencies and VAT --- 131,867,172.35 ( vi = iv +v)
225. The cost estimate of sanitation component has been determined. Physical price contingencies and VAT are included in the cost estimate. The Table 8.5 shows the detailed cost of sanitation components and total project cost of water supply and sanitation component.
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Table 8.5: Cost of Sanitation Component SN Description of Works Qty. Unit Unit Rate Costs 1 Sanitation Component 2 Public latrine (1 No.) and Institutional Latrine (1 1 Job 1,439,718.63 1,439,718.63 No.) Sub-total i Physical contingencies 10% of i ---( ii = i x 0.10) 143,971.86 Price contingencies 5% of i ---( iii = i x 0.10) 71,985.93 Sub Total of Sanitation cost including 1,655,676.42 contingencies and VAT ---( iv =i+ii+iii) VAT 13% of iv ……… (v=iv x 0.13) 215,237.94 Total of Sanitation cost (Agreed by WUSC) including contingencies and VAT … (vi = iv 1,870,914.36 =v) 3 Other Sanitation Component (without contingencies and VAT)
i Provision of ODF (150HHs) 150 Job 1,000.00 150,000.00
ii Provision of OBA (217HHs) 217 Job 9,000.00 1,953,000.00 Total Sanitation Cost including contingencies and VAT 3,973,914.36 4 Total Cost of the Project (WS + 135,841,086.71 Sanitation(Agreed by WUSC) + Other Sanitation Component)
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Chapter IX: CONCLUSION
226. On reviewing the existing environmental conditions and the characteristics of the proposed project, it can be concluded that the proposed Karahiya Makarahar Water Supply and Sanitation Project has minimal impacts on the socio-economic, physical and biological aspects of the project area and the impacts can be easily mitigated through adequate mitigation measures. The proposed water supply and sanitation project aims at providing adequate and safe drinking water to the community of Karahiya and Makarahar VDC. If the project is properly implemented and environmental issues considered, there will be a significant improvement in the health of the people, household and community hygiene practice and environmental sanitation thereby increasing the quality of life and community health
227. There are no major objections from the local community except that the manpower (labours) should be employed locally and local resources should be used as far as practicable. Proposed mitigation measures should be implemented wherever applicable in the course of construction and operation of the proposed project.
228. From the study, it can be seen that no adverse or harmful impacts of any significance are expected, so a full scale EIA is not required. The project falls under category B of ADB Guidelines for which only IEE is required.
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REFERENCES
1. ‘’District Profile of Nepal 2007/08’’, Incentive Study & Research Centre
2. ‘’Environment Protection Act, 2054 and Environment Protection Regulation 2054’’ with amended, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, Singhdurbar, Kathmandu
3. ‘’Terms of References’’ of Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project, 2011, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, Kathmandu, Nepal
4. Detailed Project Report of Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project, 2011, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Annex I: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist of Water Supply
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Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist
Instructions:
(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.
(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists. (iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.
Karahiya-Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Country/Project Title:
SSTWSSSP, DWSS Sector Division:
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS A.PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA…
DENSELY POPULATED? The population density in the area is 6.71 person per hectare. The HHs are scattered in project area.
HEAVY WITH DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES? Only small development activities like building construction, gravelling of road are going on. ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY
ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS?
• CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE No any cultural heritage site within or adjacent and nearby the project area.
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SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS
• PROTECTED AREA No any protected area within or adjacent and nearby the project area.
• WETLAND No wetland area within or adjacent and nearby the project area.
• MANGROVE No mangrove area within or adjacent and nearby the project area. • ESTUARINE No Estuarine area within or adjacent and nearby the project area
• BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA No buffer zone of protected area within or adjacent and nearby the project area.
• SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING No special area for protecting biodiversity BIODIVERSITY within or adjacent and nearby the project
area.
• BAY No any bay within or adjacent and nearby the project area. B. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Will the Project cause… pollution of raw water supply from upstream wastewater discharge from communities, industries, agriculture, and soil Since the system is ground water system, erosion runoff? the possibility of pollution of raw water
supply in not here. Communities have their own latrine with septic tank and the outlets from the septic tank are not connected to the drain. There are no big industries within the project area. impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and loss/damage to these sites? All pipes will pass through road side hence
no any historical/cultural monuments are within the project area. hazard of land subsidence caused by excessive ground water Only required water will be pumped and pumping? collected in reservoir. social conflicts arising from displacement of communities ? The communities will not be displaced.
conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply with other beneficial water uses for surface and ground waters? Raw water is pumped from ground and the
possibility of conflict with other beneficiaries is not there. unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. excessive pathogens or Water quality from existing tube well is mineral constituents)? under NDWQS.
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SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS delivery of unsafe water to distribution system? Treatment plant facilities are provided.
inadequate protection of intake works or wells, leading to Boundary wall facility is provided. pollution of water supply?
over pumping of ground water, leading to salinization and Only required water will be pumped. ground subsidence?
excessive algal growth in storage reservoir? Only treated water will be collected and reservoir will be periodically cleaned. increase in production of sewage beyond capabilities of community facilities? Almost all the household in the project area have their own latrine with septic tank and the outlets from the septic tank are not connected to the drain. The conceptual design of structures for waste water management has been prepared. inadequate disposal of sludge from water treatment plants? Water quality from existing tube well is
under NDWQS. Very negligible sludge will be managed within plant compound. inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances and protect Treatment plant will not make noise and facilities? other nuisances.
impairments associated with transmission lines and access The length of transmission line will pass roads? through road.
health hazards arising from inadequate design Except Chlorine, other hazardous chemical of facilities for receiving, storing, and handling will not be used. Trained manpower will of chlorine and other hazardous chemicals. be used to received store and handling of
chlorine. Chlorine injection device is used. health and safety hazards to workers from handling and management of chlorine used for disinfection, other Chlorine will be used for disinfection at contaminants, and biological and physical hazards during the time of operation of the projects. project construction and operation? Appropriate training will be provided to
handle it properly and trained manpower will be deployed for this purposes, hence will not cause any health and safety hazard to the workers. dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? No resentment of people is provisioned
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups? All HHs will have their own private tap.
Besides this, poor, women and indigenous people or other vulnerable groups will get opportunities to work in the project construction work and earn money. noise and dust from construction activities? The excavation and backfilling of pipe
trench will create some and dust which will not cause any serious problem/ Appropriate construction practice will be adopted ti minimize their effects. increased road traffic due to interference of construction activities? During the excavation and backfilling of pipe trench traffic interference will be for few time. Traffic management will be there. continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from construction operations? Flat terrain and no big amount of earthwork in one place. delivery of unsafe water due to poor O&M treatment processes (especially mud accumulations in filters) and inadequate Regular monitoring of plant operation will chlorination due to lack of adequate monitoring of chlorine be carried out. Trained man power will be residuals in distribution systems? deployed from the users committee for the
operation and maintenance of the project. Beside this one well equipped water lab will be established at the treatment plant site to conduct water quality test on regular basis. Hence this type of problem will not arise. delivery of water to distribution system, which is corrosive due to inadequate attention to feeding of corrective chemicals? Regular monitoring of plant operation will
be carried out. Trained man power will be deployed from the users committee for the operation and maintenance of the project. Beside this one well equipped water lab will be established at the treatment plant site to conduct water quality test on regular basis. Hence this type of problem
will not arise. accidental leakage of chlorine gas? Chlorine gas is not used.
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS excessive abstraction of water affecting downstream water Only required water is pumped from users? ground water source, competing uses of water? No such possibility exists. All the users
will have their private tap and system is continuous. increased sewage flow due to increased water supply Most of them have their own toilet with
septic tank. The conceptual design of structures for wastewater management has been prepared. increased volume of sullage (wastewater from cooking and washing) and sludge from wastewater treatment plant Small quantity which will pass through storm drain. The conceptual design of structures for wastewater management has
been prepared large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure No need to hiring large number of people and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)? during construction period, local people
will be used as far used possible and skilled manpower not available in the project will be hired from outside. social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are hired? Since local workers are used as much as
possible, such conflict will not be expected. risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, No need to use explosive and other fuel and other chemicals during operation and construction? chemicals. Fuel will be properly stored.
community safety risks due to both accidental and natural hazards, especially where the structural elements or components Proper safety precaution will be adopted of the project are accessible to members of the affected during the construction period. The project community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and structures will be made inaccessible decommissioning? through provision of compound
wall/barbed wall fencing.
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP
Annex II: General Layout of Reservoir Borehole, Pump House/ Generator House
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Annex II: General Layout of Reservoir Borehole, Pump-house/ Generator House
6 1 5 00
Distribution(250mm DI)
1
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B H N o . 1 (Test Bore Hole) 6 4 0 0 0
B H N o . 2
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Annex III: Project Location Map
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Annex III-a: Project Location Map
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Annex III-b: Zone of Direct and Indirect Impact
+TINAU RIVER (Site for Quarry /spoil disposal)
KARAHIYA VDC * Highest Altitude (132.26)
KARAHIYA VDC WARD NO. 8
Camp Site Karahiya Ward no.- 8 *** W ARD NO. 7 Makarahar VDC MAKARAHAR VDC Bhatta Tole W ARD NO. 4 WARD NO. 7
MAKARAHAR VDC WARD NO. 5 MAKARAHAR VDC
Indirect Impact Area (Karahiya VDC ward no. -1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9 KARAHIYA VDC W ARD NO. 7 Makarahar VDC ward no. - 1, 6, 8, & 9) WARD NO. 2 Direct Impact Area ( Karahiya VDC ward no. - 6, 7, 8 Makarahar VDC ward no. - 2, 3, 4, 5 & 7) Lowest Altitude (119.40) ** + Site for Quarry and Spoil Disposal * Highest Altitude (132.26) KARAHIYA MAKARAHAR W.S. PROJECT * * Lowest Altitude (119.40)
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Annex IV: Public Notice, Muchulka, Recommendation Letter and Focus Group Discussion
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Annex IV: Public Notice
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Annex V: ToR Approval Letter and IEE Terms of Reference
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Annex VI: Water Quality Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Annex VII: Air Quality Standards, Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard for Gasoline & Diesel Operated Vehicles, 2056, National Drinking Water Quality Guidelines (As per Urban Environment Guidelines, 2068)
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Air Quality Standards
National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nepal
Concentration Parameters Units Averaging Time in ambient Air, maximum Annual - TSP µg/m3 24 - hours* 230
3 Annual - PM10 µg/m 24 - hours* 120 Annual 50 Sulfur Dioxide µg/m3 24-hours** 70 Annual 40 Nitrogen Dioxide µg/m3 24-hours** 80 8hours 10000 Carbon Monoxide µg/m3 15 minutes 100000 Annual 0.5 Lead µg/m3 24-hour - Annual 20 Benzene µg/m3 24-hours* -
Ref.: Environment Sector Program Support, Ministry of Population and Environment, Kathmandu: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Kathmandu Valley, Yearly Report for the year 2003, March 2004 Note: * : 24 hourly values shall be met 95% of the time in a year. 18days per calendar year the standard may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
**: 24 hourly standards for NO2 and SO2 are not to be controlled before MOPE has recommended appropriate test methodologies. This will be done before 2005.
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard for gasoline & Diesel operated Vehicles, 2056
Model HC, Fuel Vehicle Type CO% HSU, % Test Year ppm Up to 1980 4.5 Four wheeler 1000 - Idle After 1981 3.0 Petrol Three Up to 1991 4.5 7800 - Idle wheelers After 1992 3.0 Two wheelers All 4.5 7800 - Idle LPG/ All categories - 3.0 1000 - Idle CNG 75 Ka=3.22per Up to 1994 Free meter) Diesel Four wheelers - - 65 (K=2.44 per After 1995 Acceleration meter) K= Coefficient of light absorption, a measure of blackness of smoke. It is independent of the measurement length.
Ref.: Policies & Institutional Arrangements for managing emissions from motor vehicles (Ref.: Urban Transportation and the Environment in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Shobhakar Dahal, 2006)
Legal Framework for AQMS in Nepal
Actions Undertaken by Government1:
• Vehicle exhaust emission control standards: Nepal introduced vehicle exhaust emission tests in 1994 following the tail-pipe standards of 65 hartridge smoke units (HSU) for diesel operated vehicles and 3% CO for petrol - operated ones. A vehicular color rating system with respect to the exhaust emission standards was introduced. This system provides green stickers to vehicles meeting the emission standard and red stickers to vehicles failing test.
• Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard 2056BS (2000AD): Nepal vehicle mass standard is the government’s major step towards reducing emissions per kilometer of travel. This standard is similar to the EURO - 1 standard.
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
National Drinking Water Quality Guidelines Maximum Categories Parameters Concentration Remarks Limits, (MCLs) Turbidity, (NTU) 5(10) pH 6.5-8.5* Color, (TCU) 5(15) Physical Taste & Odor Total Dissolved Solid, (mg/l) 1000 Electrical Conductivity 1500 Iron, (mg/l) 0.3(3) Manganese, (mg/l) 0.2 Arsenic, (mg/l) 0.05 Cadmium, (mg/l) 0.003 Chromium, (mg/l) 0.05 Cyanide, (mg/l) 0.07 Fluoride, (mg/l) 0.5-1.5* Lead, (mg/l) 0.01 Ammonia, (mg/l) 1.5 Chloride, (mg/l) 250 Chemical Sulphate, (mg/l) 250 Nitrate, (mg/l) 50 Copper, (mg/l) 1 Total Hardness, (mg/l) 500 Calcium, (mg/l) 200 Zinc, (mg/l) 3 Mercury, (mg/l) 0.001 Aluminum, (mg/l) 0.2 Only for Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) 0.1-0.2* chlorinated systems E-Coli, (MPN Index / 100ml) 0 Micro-Biology Total Coliform, (MPN Index / 0(95)% ) 100ml)
Ref.: /fli6ío vfg]kfgL u'0f:t/ dfkb08 sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf, @)^@, g]kfn /fhkq, v08 %^ sf7df8f}+, efu #, ;+Vof (, g]kfn ;/sf/, ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno, @)^#
Note: 1. *: Represents the range values. 2. ( ): The indicated values inside the brackets represent for those water if other alternative options are unavailable.
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Annex VIII: Comments and Responses
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Project: Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Comments Response Matrix (from ADB) S. No. Comments Responses 1,4 The IEE report need to be approved by Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) Muchulka and Recommendation letters from the relevant VDCs based on the provision of Environment Protection Rule, 1997 (amended 2007) (EPR). In (Karahiya and Makarahar) are given in Annex - IV this regard and to avoid delays, the Project Management Office should annex following important documents: a) Recommendation letters from the directly relevant VDCs (Karahiya Makarahar) This is mandatory requirement; and b) Copy of deed of public enquiry (Muchulka) from relevant institutions (refer to Rule 7, Section 2 of EPR) confirming they have been informed of the project by pasting of public notice in their institutions (refer subsection 6.1 of the IEE report) 2 Please restructure Executive summary in English covering in brief the project, proposal, Executive summary in English is restructured and included in the proponent, base line information, potential major impacts, mitigation measures and report. environment management plan with cost, Objectives of IEE study and other information on consulting services, detail table of subproject components. 3 Please include an Executive Summary in Nepali Executive summary in Nepali included in the report Please attached a copy of approved Terms of Reference for IEE study (with official Terms of Reference for IEE study along with the approval letter from stamp) along with the approval letter from MPPW MPPW is attached in Annex - V 5 Subsection 1.2.5: Approach and Methodology of IEE is incomplete. The paragraph Subsection 1.2.5: Approach and Methodology of IEE is elaborated and discusses about the survey methodology, but the IEE process followed for the study is included. Please refer to Paragraph 15 to 26 missing. Please complete the subsection in brief. 6 Provide English and Scientific names of the tree species listed in subsection 3.2.2.1 and English and Scientific names of the tree species are provided in 4.2.1.2 subsection 3.2.2 , Please refer to Paragraph 106 -107 7 Subsection 4.2.1.2 (iii) mentions severe impact on wildlife and loss of forest habitat, There is no forest area in the surrounding service area. The conflicting whereas subsection 3.2.2 confirms that there is no trees to be cleared and no forest area information from the report has been removed from the report. nearby the subproject. Please check and remove conflicting information in the report. 8 Please check and ensure that subsection 4.3 presents potential impacts and non Clarified mitigation measures. 9 Subsection 4.4 Operational Phase: Please change the title of the section as “Mitigation Corrected Measures” and not “Operational Phase”.
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
S. No. Comments Responses 10 Mitigation measures presented in chapter IV requires clarity and elaboration. Clarified and elaborated. 11 Chapter VII of Terms of Reference (refers annex IV) guides to conduct alternative Clarified analysis covering project location, design technology, construction techniques and O&M and analyze their cost and benefits. Please amend the title of Chapter V as Analysis of Alternatives and cover all the areas of analysis as guided by the approved TOR. 12 Chapter VI Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation: Please provide a table The list of male and female participants and the issues raised by the with date, location of consultation, presence of male and female participants and the stakeholder has been included in the Chapter VI, Please refer to issues raised by the stakeholders in the meeting. Paragraph 196 to 199, (Date of FGD 2067/4/24) 13 Chapter VII - Grievance and Redress Mechanism: Please clearly mention time and Clarified allocated to redress grievances at each stage of grievance redress mechanism. Also elaborate the mechanism covering what will happen if the grievance cannot be resolved by the project director’s office. (refer resettlement framework) 14 Please check the Monitoring Indicator tables 8.1, 8.2 8.3. It is observed in the table that Clarified all activities are to be monitored by direct observation. What about other tools like counting of trees, formation of local consultative committee to discuss community issues in routine meetings, measurement of air noise and water quality, review records of labours, consultation meetings, photographs etc. 15 Subsection 8.15-Environmental Audit: Please clarify who will conduct the Audit after 2 Audit is not required for IEE. years of completion of the subproject, and how budget will be arranged for this. 16 Please ensure that information provided in Table 8.1, 8.2 8.3 and those in the Table 8.6 Clarified are uniform 17 Grievance Redress Mechanism is provided under chapter VII, and again repeated under Checked and removed table 8.6 in Chapter VIII. Please check and remove the duplicity. 18 Chapter IX-Conclusion and Recommendation: Reducing of pressure on forest and wild Chapter IX-Conclusion and Recommendation: Restructured and animals is recommended; whereas subsection 3.2.2 mentions that there are no trees to clarified. be cleared and no wild life in the area. Please check and remove conflicting remarks. 19 Documentation and Reporting part is missing. Add this as a subsection in Chapter VIII Documentation and Reporting part is included in Chapter VIII, subsection 8.3.7, Please refer to Paragraph 214 - 221
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
Project: Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project Comments Response Matrix (From MPPW) S. No. Comments Responses 1 The executive summary in Nepali is way different than the summary in English. As this Executive summary in Nepali is restructured included in the report report will be used by the local Nepalese, there should not be difference between Nepali (Page I to V) and English. Further the contents of the reports shall be grossly reflected in the executive summary. 2 Incorporate all the Issues in IEE report which are mentioned in approved Terms of All issues mentioned in approved TOR of IEE is incorporated in reference. paragraph 131 - 184 3 State why the proposal requires IEE study in sub chapter "Relevancy of the Project" by Paragraph 7 to 14 indicating threshold value and clause number according to EPR 1997, Schedule 1 and 2 in relevant sector (such as Road sector, forest sector, Historical, cultural and Archaeological area, National Park etc). Remove the threshold regarding project cost from the same chapter. 4 Clearly mention the zone of influence for direct impact zone and indirect impact zone Please refer to Annex III-b with logic of demarcation of the zone. 5 Project layout map shall be presented with affected Municipality/VDC boundaries clearly Please refer to Annex III-b demarcated. Give highest and lowest altitude of the proposal area along with camp site, quarry site waste/spoil disposal site etc. Also provide proper legend in the map. 6 Enlist the issues raised by the public in public consultation and incorporate them properly Paragraph 198 and 199, issues raised by the public consultation is in the Impact/Mitigation and monitoring chapter. incorporated in paragraph 160 and 170 7 Include all the materials needed like - Cement, aggregate, steel, reinforcement bars, Paragraph 101 pipe, fittings and others. Sources of materials and their adequacy have to be identified and discussed. 8 Relocation of existing public and private facility has not been stated, for example: power Please refer to Paragraph 166 lines for each voltage (no. of poles, total line length); for communication lines (no. of poles, total length, no. of telephone cabinet); water supply lines and sewerage pipeline (pipe size and length), canal, foot-trail etc. 9 Correct the scientific name of Plant/species and write in italic. Corrected, Paragraph 106 - 107 10 Construction planning shall briefly discuss (detail can come in Management action plan): Construction process is given in 2.16. Paragraph 87 to 101 • Pre-construction activities like - land acquisition and compensation; relocation of HH and families, business, shops etc.; relocation of power lines, communication lines, and water supply lines;. Please refer to Paragraph 59, 60 (Table 2.11) and Paragraph 88 • Quarry and storage facility management, construction material transport, storage facilities of other materials • Traffic management - Construction and provision of bypass to re-route existing
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
S. No. Comments Responses traffic during excavation of pipeline etc. Please refer to Paragraph 101 • Camp site management - for contractor, labour, engineers whichever is required. Please refer to Paragraph 179 and 180
Please refer to Paragraph 165 11 In case of stream source; mention downstream impact its mitigation and monitoring Source is ground water mechanism. 12 Rewrite chapter IX with conclusion and remove recommendation part. Restructured, Paragraph 226 to 228 13 Include deed of Enquiry as per Rule 7 and Recommendation letter of affected Included, Annex IV Municipality and VDC as per Rule 10 of EPR-2054. 14 The structures like Intake, Pipeline, storage tank, Treatment Plant etc may require land. Paragraph 59 and 60, Table 2.11 It shall give the following as per the chainage: • Existing land owned by the project • Additional land requirements for the different structures encompassing – agricultural (khet, bari), forest land (government, community, private, etc...), private land, public land etc • temporary and permanent land requirement 15 Language regarding mitigation measures shall reflect proponent's commitments. Corrected Mitigation measures shall be clear and specific. Please do not use the word like proper, safe, should be, may, may have, etc in mitigation measure 16 The cover page shall be corrected by writing the report is submitted by the proponent. Corrected
17 The Terms of Reference make a reference to a number of policies, legislations, standard and in the IEE. In addition there is no mention why the piece of policies, legal framework, and standards guidelines to be complied and reviewed during IEE, however, only a few have been discussed guideline attracts the project. 18 Review the Acts/Rules/Policies as mentioned in the ToR in chronological order Rearranged in chronological order, Please refer to Paragraph 4 (Constitution, Policy/Plan, Acts, Rules, Manual/Guideline/Standard, International Convention). And correct the date of Interim constitution of Nepal. Better write date in Bikram Sambat too. 19 One of the objectives of IEE, besides alternative analysis is to recommend whether the Paragraph 228 project requires EIA level study or not to the decision makers. 20 The baseline environmental discussions, particularly physical and biological environment Corrected are not adequate enough to evaluate the predicted impacts. The discussed environmental baseline is highly general and do not give site specific information to actually judge the impact even for the social and cultural environment. Include baseline
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
S. No. Comments Responses information of respective identified impacts. 21 Name the community and other forest influenced by the project activity. No community forest inside the project 22 The environmental impacts predicted should show site specific relationship between Corrected, Chapter IV, Paragraph 131 - 184 baseline and project activity logically. Such a site specific relationship is no where presented, rather a generalized approach has been taken as if the project implementation area is not known. But the fact is we are dealing with an area whose baseline is known to us for the impact prediction from the likely project activities. Few examples of the generalized approach taken is: • IEE Karahiya Makarahar Town, Section 4.2.1.1 — "OHT and treatment plant requires some land area which cause land use pattern • to be changed permanently" — then explain where such change is made, how much of land is changed? Further mitigation measure proposed has no relevance to land use change by "conservation of forested area or through afforestation" — going through the report it seems the project is not affecting the forested land ??. • IEE Karahiya Makarahar Town, Section 4.2.1.2 - "Water Supply schemes during construction and operation can adversely affect the existing biological species and ecosystem" This is highly general statement —so include site specific thing (there is no mention of vegetation in the baseline) • IEE Karahiya Makarahar Town, Section 4.2.1.3 ii) Impairment of Infrastructures — "May effect some of the community infrastructures" • Such instances are repeatedly made in IEE reports and so avoid generalized comments on impacts. 23 Mitigation measures have been provided in write up in some section for the impact Corrected Chapter IV, Refer to clause 4.2.1.3 ii (Paragraph 167), iv predicted while in some sections and topics impact is predicted but no mitigation is (Paragraph 170), v (Paragraph 172), vii (Paragraph 175), viii figured out (refer IEE Karahiya Makarahar Town section 4.2.1.3 ii), iv), v), vii), viii), ix), (Paragraph 178), ix (Paragraph 180), x), xi), xii) etc. 24 Table 4.1 in all of the IEE reports is confusing — Project activity column mention Corrected, Please refer to Table 4.4 construction works and operation works which are as good as construction phase and operation phase. 25 Impact prediction summary table as per EIA guideline is missing. Please refer to Paragraph 185 (Table 4.4) for Impact prediction summary 26 Table 8.1, • The types of impacts and mitigation measures in write up in Chapter IV and Table Corrected, Please refer to table 8.1 4.1 do not tally with types of impacts and mitigation measures of Table 8.1.
• Further monitoring indicators are very ill defined and the purpose of monitoring (baseline, impact and compliance) is not explicit.
COEMANCO-Nepal (P) Ltd. SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar WSSP IEE Report
S. No. Comments Responses • Some of the sites for monitoring locations are illogical such as water quality monitoring of the reservoir, the specified location for monitoring is at lab building. Further water quality monitoring at the reservoir only is inadequate it should at least cove the terminal end water taps of the system to ensure the water quality safety. • Monitoring methods are lacking
• Some of the topics lack responsible authorities for monitoring Cost Included in contractor’s bidding document for the first year after project • Costs — even operation phase costs are mentioned as kept in bidding document? completion, then after responsibilities of WUSC 27 For IEE level project an environmental audit is not required by the EPR-2054. Removed 28 Documentation and Reporting includes the IEE report documentation and reporting. In Please refer to Paragraph 214 - 221 fact this section should provide the record and reporting system for how the
environmental mitigation is implemented, how monitoring is conducted and the findings of monitoring and how corrective actions are implemented etc. 29 Summary Mitigation and Enhancement-Matrix and associated cost for each environment Included, Please refer to Paragraph 186, Table 4.5 and Paragraph 211, shall be prepared at the end of respective sections. Table 8.2 30 "Summary of Cost Benefit assessment" shall be given which shall include the followings: "Summary of Cost Benefit assessment" is given in paragraph 222, • cost for Environmental Mitigation Measures Table 8.4 • cost for Enhancement Measures, • cost for Other Social Support Programs & Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), • cost for Environmental Monitoring, • Total Project Cost; and • Percentage of total Environmental Cost to the Total Project Cost; and . 32 Include the impact regarding Waste water management of operation phase including Please refer to Paragraph 149, Please refer to Annex III-b for location mitigation measure and monitoring mechanism. Write the location of spoil disposal site. of spoil disposal & Please refer to Paragraph 151 33 Changes shall be made of the word "Resources" used in chapter headings of chapter 3 Corrected into "Environment" 34 Afforestation, restriction of fishing activities, reinstatement of damaged community Corrected, Please refer to Table 4.4 and Table 8.4 structures etc is mentioned in the mitigation measures however corresponding impacts is not identified in report. The content of chapters - impact, Mitigation measure and Monitoring mechanism shall be compatible to each other 35 Include Reference for cited documents. Page 62
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!=! cGt/jftf{ lbg]sf] gfd M !=@ 3/d'lnsf] gfd ======lnË M k'?if dlxnf !=# o; kl/jf/df ckfËtf ePsf] s'g} ;b:o x'g' x'G5< 5 5}g !=$ hfthfltdWo] s'g xf]< s_ cflbjf;L hghflt v_ blnt u_ cNk;+Vos 3_ cGo -cGtjf{tf lng]n] y/sf] cfwf/df pko'Qm ju{df lrGx nufpg] _ !=% cGt/jftf{ lbg] JolQmsf] gftfM ======!=^ o; kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] ljj/0f lbg';\ qm=;+= 3/d'lnl;tsf] gftf÷gfd pd]/ lnË lzIff :t/ k]zf ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) Gff]6M k]zf M != s[lif @= Jofkf/ #= gf]s/L $+= pBf]uwGbf %= /]ld6]G; -a}b]lzs /f]huf/_ ^= Hofnf &= cGo lzIff M != lg/If/ @= ;fIf/ #= k|fylds;Dd $= dfWolds;Dd %= P;=Pn=;L= plt0f{ ^= cfO{=P= &= lj=P= *= Pd= P= (= cGo !=& o; kl/jf/df a;f]af; ug]{ cGo ;b:ox?sf] ;xof]uL 8]/fjfn s'n ;+Vof
!=* o; gu/÷zx/df slxn] b]lv a:b} cfpg' ePsf] 5 < jif{
1 :jjf;L a;fO ;/]sf] a;fO{ ;/L cfPsf] eP s'g lhNnfaf6 ======< !=( a;fO{ ;g'{sf] sf/0fM k|fs[lts k|sf]k Jofkf/÷Joj;fo lzIff åGb lhljsf]kfh{g ;fdflhs ljnog !=!) slxn] b]lv o; 3/df a:b} cfpg' ePsf] xf] < ;fn÷aif{ !=!! of] 3/ cfk\mg} xf] < xf] xf]Og olb xf] eg] xfnsf] d'No slt xf]nf cg'dflgt ?= v_ ef8fdf a;]sf] xf] xf]Og xf] eg] dfl;s 3/ efF8f slt ltg'{x'G5 < ?= u_ ;'s'Daf;L xf] xf]Og !=!@ o; 3/df efG5f sf]7f afx]s cGo slt j6f sf]7fx? 5g\ < ! sf]7f @ sf]7f # sf]7f $ sf]7f jf ;f] eGbf jl9 !=!# 3/sf] cjnf]sg u/L 3/sf] lsl;d n]Vg] . kSsL cw{ kSsL sRrL -kSsL M 5t 9nfg, cw{ kSsL M 9'Ëf÷O§fsf] ufx|f], 6Lgsf] 5fgf÷9'Ëf÷:n]6,lemu6L÷6fon cflb, sRrL M df6f] ufx|f] / v/÷6fonn] 5fPsf]_ !=!$ o; kl/jf/;+u hUuf hdLg 5 < 5 5}g olb 5 eg] % /f]kgL -)=@% x]S6/_ eGbf jl9 jf % /f]kgL eGbf sd !=!% oxfFsf] hUufsf] lsl;dM s_ v]t jf af/L ÷cl;+lrt hUuf -======lj3f÷/f]kgL_ v_ v]t jf af/L ÷l;+lrt hUuf -======lj3f÷/f]kgL_ !=!^ oxfFn] ufO{÷e};L kfNg' ePsf]5 < 5 5}g , 5 eg] sltj6f < Pp6f b'O{j6f jf jl9 !=!& tkfO{sf] kl/jf/df tn pNn]lvt s'g s'g ;fdfg 5g\ < -ePsf] ;fdfgsf] ;+Vof n]Vg]_ qm=;+= ;DkQL ;+Vof s}lkmot ! ;fOsn÷l/S;f @ Dff]6/;fO{sn # a}nuf8f $ sf/÷lhk % ldgLa;÷a; ^ 6«ofS6/÷6«s & /]l8of]÷Sof;]6 * 6]lnlehg÷lel8of];]6 ( :6f]e÷Uof; r'nf] !) /]lk|mh]6/ !! jfl;Ë d]lzg !@ jf6/ lkmN6/ !# sDKo'6/ !$ Od]n÷OG6/g]6sf] kx'Fr !% cGo eP pNn]v ug]{ . !=!* olb d'n k]zf s[lif eP slt dlxgf vfg k'U5< # dlxgf ^ dlxgf !@ dlxgf olb gk'u ePdf s;/L wfGg' x'G5 < k;n÷3/ef8f tnj k]G;g cGo 2 !=!( tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] cf};t jflif{s vr{ slt 5 pNn]v ug'{xf]; . qm=;+= vr{sf] lzif{s / lsl;d dfl;s vr{ ?= s}lkmot ! -s_ s[lif tkm{ !=! /;folgs dn, ljp, ls6gfzs cfbL vl/b ug{ !=@ Dff6f]sf] t}of/L, /f]Kg], uf]8\g], afnL sf6\g], leqfpg], 9'jfgL / laqmL ubf{ x'g] vr{ !=# cGo eP -pNn]v ug'{;\_ -s_ sf] hDdf | @s -v_ u}x [lif tkm{ @=! vfBfGg -cGg / b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'_ @=@ sk8f @=# lzIff @=$ 3/ ef8f÷3/ dd{t @=% oftfoft÷;+rf/ @=^ ljB't @=& kfgL kf]t ÷dd{t ;Def/ @=* Cf}{iflw÷pkrf/ -kfgLaf6 x'g] /f]u_ ======jflif{s vr{ @=( Cf}iflw÷pkrf/ -cGo /f]u_ ======jflif{s vr{ @=!) cGoM rf8ka{ sd{sf08 ;+:sf/ cflb pNn]v ug]{ ======jflif{s vr{ -v_ sf] hDdf s±v sf] s'n hDdf
!=@) tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] cf};t dfl;s cfo slt 5 < pNn]v ug'{xf]; . ;+nUg kl/jf/ k|fKt x'g] cfo qm=;+= cfo;|f]t s}lkmot k'?if dlxnf -?= dfl;s_ ! -s_ s[lif tkm{ !=! s[lif pTkfbgsf] ljqmLaf6 cfo -ds}, ux'F, wfg, t/sf/L, kmnk"mn_ !=@ kz'hGo pTkfbg -b'w, bxL, £o", afv|f, s'v'/f cflb_ -s_ sf] hDdf @| s -v_ u}x [lif tkm{ @=! gf]s/L ÷ hflu/ @=@ Hofnf dhb'/L @=# k]G;g÷pkbfg cfbL @=$ j}b] zLs /f]huf/ -/]ld6]G;_ @=% k;n÷Jofkf/ @=^ pBf]u @=& k;n÷3/ ef8f @=* uf8L÷9'jfgL Joj;fo @=( cGo eP pNn]v ug]{ -v_ sf] hDdf s±v s'n hDdf !=@! oxfFsf] kl/jf/n] s'g} 7'nf] C0f af]Sg' k/]sf] 5 < 5 5}g
3 @= vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ Joj:yfkg @=! tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] nfuL vfg, vfgf ksfpg, g'xfpg, efF8fjt{g tyf n'uf w'gsf nfuL k|of]u ul/g] kfgLsf] >f]t Pp6} xf] < xf] xf]Og @=@ tkfO{sf] vfgkfgLsf] d'Vo >f]t sxFf 5 < 3/ sDkfp08 leq} ;fj{hlgs :yndf @=# tkfO{sf] kl/jf/n] lkpg, vfgf ksfpgsf] nfuL k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] >f]t s'g xf] < b}lgs slt ln6/ kfgL vr{g' x'G5 < s[kof tnsf] sf]7fdf-9_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ . ln6/÷ ln6/÷ qm=;+= jiff{ofddf ;'Vvf ofddf 9 b}lgs 9 b}lgs != O{gf/÷s'jf -v'Nnf_ O{gf/÷s'jf -v'Nnf_ @= O{gf/÷s'jf -9Ssg ePsf]_ Ogf/÷s'jf 9Ssg ePsf]_ #= 6\o"a]n÷x\of08kDk 6\o"a]n x\of08kDk $= l8k 6\o"a]n l8k 6\o"a]n %= O{gf/÷s'jf d];Lgn] tfGg] O{gf/÷s'jf d];Lgn] tfGg] ^= ;fj{hlgs wf/f ;fj{hlgs wf/f &= lghL wf/f lghL wf/f ] *= d"n, vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L d"n vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L (= laqm]tf;Fu kfgL lsg]/ laqm]tf;Fu kfgL lsg]/ !)= jiff{tsf] kfgL ;+sng u/]/ aiff{tsf] kfgL ;+sng u/]/ !!= cGo cGo !@= yfxf 5}g yfxf 5}g
@=$ b}lgs vfg]kfgL cfjZos k"lt{ kfgL ;+sngaf/] lgDg lj:t[t ljj/0f lbg'xf];\ . jiff{ ofddf ;'Vvf ofddf qm=;+= ljj/0f k'?if dlxnf aflnsf Affns k'?if dlxnf aflnsf afns != slt v]k÷k6s @= ln6/÷v]k #= s'n kl/df0f $= kfgL Nofpg nfUg] ;do - ldg]6_÷v]k • kfgLsf] d'xfg ;Dd k'Ug • d'xfgdf kv{g' kg]{ ;do • kms{bf nfUg] ;do %= k|lt v]k nfUg] ;do gf]6 M cGt/jftf{ lng] JolQmn] kfgLsf] efF8f] x]/L ;f]sf] Ifdtf olsg ul/ pNn]v ug]{ .
4 @=% efF8f dfem\g, g'xfpg / n'uf w'g tyf cGo sfdsf] nfuL s'g >f]ts]f kfgL k|of]u ug'{x'G5 < slt kfgL vkt ug'{x'G5< s[kof ; lrGx nufpg'xf];\ . qm= ln6/÷ ln6/÷ jiff{ofdddf ;'Vvf ofddf ;+= 9 b}lgs 9 b}lgs != O{gf/÷s'jf -v'Nnf_ O{gf/÷s'jf -v'Nnf_ @= O{gf/÷s'jf 9Ssg ;lxt O{gf/÷s'jf 9Ssg ;lxt #= 6\o"a]n x\of08kDk ;lxt 6\o"a]n x\of08kDk ;lxt $= l8k 6\o"a]n l8k 6\o"a]n %= O{gf/÷s'jf d];Lgaf6 tfGg] O{gf/÷s'jf d];Lgaf6 tfGg] ^= ;fj{hlgs wf/f ;fj{hlgs wf/f &= 3/s} lghL wf/f 3/s} lghL wf/f *= D"fn, vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L d"n vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L (= kfgL laqm]tf;Fu lsg]/ kfgL laqm]tf;Fu lsg]/ !)= cfsf;] kfgL ;+sng u/]/ cfsf;] kfgL ;+sng u/]/ !!= cGo cGo !@= Yfxf 5}g Yfxf 5}g
@=^ n'uf w'g / g'xfpg 3/af6 kfgLsf] d'xfg ;Dd hfg slt ;do nfUb5 . -olb >f]t÷d'xfg 5'§f5'§} ePdf ;do -ldg]6df_ pNn]v ug]{_
s_ n'uf w'g hfg] g'xfpg efF8f dfem\g v_ jiff{ofddf nfUg] ;do ldg]6 ;'Vvf ofddf nfUg] ;do ldg]6
@=& olb wf/fsf] kfgL oxfFsf] cfjZostf kl/k'lt{ug{ kof{Kt 5}g eg] s;/L cfk'lt{ ug'{ x'G5<
kfgLsf] >f]t kl/df0f vr{g' kg]{ ;do -306f_ b}lgs Yfk vr{ dfl;s ln6/ s' jf Ogf/ cfsf;] kfgL ;+sng lghL 6}+s/af6 kfgL lsGg] Xf086 \ kDk, \o'jj]n ldgn/ jf6/ hf/ cGo
@=* ufO{a:t'sf] nflu rflxg] kfgL s'g >f]taf6 slt dfqfdf pkef]u ug'{x'G5 . s_ k|of]u ePsf] ;|f]t======v_ kl/df0f -ln6/÷b}lgs_ ======u_ >f]t;Dd hfg cfpg nfUg] ;do -ldg]6_======
5 #= lghL wf/f h8fg
#=! s] tkfO{n] 3/df kfOk wf/f h8fg ug'{ ePsf] 5 < 5 5}g olb 5 eg] slt vr{ nfUof]< ?= #=@ s] tkfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/df wf/f hf]8\g rfxg' x'G5 < rfxG5 ' rfxGg rfxg' x'G5 eg] s:tf] k|sf/sf] wf/f h8fg ug{ OR5f /fVg' x'G5 < s_ 3/leq lghL wf/f v_ sDkfp08leq lghL wf/f u_ ;fd'bflos wf/f #=# olb tkfOsf] 3/df lghL wf/f h8fg ePsf] 5}g eg], lsg h8fg gu/]sf] < s_ vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf gePsf]n] v_ h8fg z'Ns w]/} kg]{ ePsf]n] u_ dfl;s kfgL lan w]/} cfpg] ePsf]n] 3_ kfgLsf] dfqf kof{Kt gePsf]n] ª_ kfgLsf] cfk"lt{ lgoldt gePsf]n] r_ o; If]qdf kfOknfOg h8fg ug{] Joj:yf pknAw gePsf]n] 5_ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] gePsf]n] h_ cGo sf/0f pNn]v ug]{ em_ yfxf 5}g #=$ xfn tkfO{n] kfghL wf/f afkt uPsf] dlxgfdf kfgLsf] dxz'n slt ltg'{ eof] < ? #=% uPsf] dlxgfdf lt/]sf] lan b]vfpg ;Sg' x'G5 < -lan pknJw eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f eg]{_ s_ lt/]sf] /sd ? v_ vkt ePsf] kfgLsf] dfqf ln6/ #=^ kfgLsf] lan s'g cfwf/df ltg'{x'G5 < ; lrGx nufpg'xf];\ . s_ dfl;s lglZrt tf]lsPsf] /sd v_ ld6/ l/l8Ë adf]lhd u_ vfg]kfgL sfof{non] eg] hlt 3_ ltg'{ kb]{g ª_ cGo r_ yfxf 5}g #=& tkfO{nfO{ kfgLsf] lan ltg{ s'g tl/sf dg k5{ < s_ lglZrt tf]lsPsf] dfl;s z'Ns v_ ld6/ l/l8Ë lan cg';f/ #=* 3/sf] wf/fdf kfgL gcfpFbf klg kfgL dxz'n ltg'{ k5{ < k5{ kb}{g
6 #=( lghL wf/fsf] kfgL afx]s tkfO{n] slxn] yk kfgL lsGg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 < jiff{ofddf ln6/ ;'Vvfofddf ln6/ kb}{g #=!) lghL:t/sf kfgL laqm]tfaf6 lsGbf slt kl/df0f s'g b/df kfgL lsGg' ePsf] 5< ln6/ ?= ÷k|lt ln6/sf] b/ ?= #=!! tkfOsf] 3/sf] wf/f slt e/kbf]{ 5 < s_ kfgL lg/Gt/ cfp5 v_ kfgL slxn] cfpF5 / slxn] cfpFb}g u_ kfgL Ps lbg la/fP/ cfpF5 3_ kfgL k|To]s lbg s]xL 306f cfpF5 #=!@ vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnL cj?4 x'bf dd{t ;Def/ ubf{ nfUg] vr{ Joxf]g]{ lhDdf s;sf] xf] < s_ g]kfn ;/sf/ v_ vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;/;kmfO ;ldlt u_ ;d'bfo ÷ 5/ l5d]sL 3_ cGo pNn]v ug]{ ======#=!# vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk÷wf/f dd{t ;'wf/sf] nflu jflif{s slt /sd vr{ ug'{x'G5 < u5'{ ulb{g #=!$ ;fj{hlgs wf/f k|of]u u/] jfkt kfgL kf]t ltg'{ k5{< kb}{g k5{ , k5{ eg] slt < /sd dfl;s÷jflif{s #=!% kfgLsf ] u'0f:t/M tkfO{n] k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/k|lt ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5< 5' 5}g olb 5}g eg], kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ ;DalGw ;d:of s:tf 5g < c_ kfgL uGxfpF5 cf_ :jfb g/fd|f] 5 O_ kfgL k|b"lift÷wldnf] 5 O{_ cGo s]lx ;d:of eP pNn]v ug]{ ======
#=!^ o;/L k|of]u ug]{ kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ s] ug'{ x'G5 kfgLsf] k|zf]wgsf 3/]n' ljlw Yfk vr{ dfl;s pdfNg] lkmN6/ ug]{ 5fGg] Snf ]l/g -lko';_, cfnd, kf]6f; o'/f] uf8{ ;f]l8; cGo
7 ;x–nufgL cjwf/0ff ;DaGwL k|fyldstf
$=! olb tkfO{sf] gu/kflnsf÷uf=lj=;= df ljleGg of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ /sd pknAw 5 eg] lgDglnlvt dWo] s'g s'g @ of]hgfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg'x'G5 < s_ ;8s aQL 5_ ljB't v_ sfnf]kq] ;8s h_ ;+rf/ u_ ljBfno em_ ;/;kmfO{÷;'ljwf 3_ c:ktfn `_ l;rfO{ ª_ Jojl:yt vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL 6_ kf6Lkf}jf wd{zfnf 7_ cGo ======r_ k}bnofqL ;8s $=@ olb tkfO{ Jojl:yt vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ 7fGg' x'G5 eg], s:tf] lsl;dsf] vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] rfxgf ug'{ ePsf] 5 < s_ 3/÷ sDkfp08leq} JolQmut÷lghL wf/f h8fg u_ z'Ns ;lxtsf] ;fd'bflos wf/f h8fg 3_ ;'wfl/Psf] s'jf, x\of08kDk hl8t ª_ ;'wfl/Psf] s'jf, ljB'tLo oGq hl8t r_ xfn pknJw ;]jfdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5}g 5_ cGo -pNn]v ug'{xf];\_======$=# olb tkfO{sf] 3/df wf/f 5}g / lghL wf/f /fVg OR5's x'g'x'G5 eg], slt /sd ;x–nufgL ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 < s[kof tn lbO{Psf] tflnsfdf lglh wf/f /fVg slt /sd ;Dd nufgL ug'{x'G5 nufgLsf] /sdsf] ;Ldfdf ; lrGx nufpg'xf]; . qm=;+= nufgLsf] ljj/0f ; lrGx nufpg] != !%))) eGbf dfyL @= ())! b]lv !%))) ;Dd #= ^))! b]lv ())) ;Dd $= #))! b]lv ^))) ;Dd %= !%)! b]lv #))) ;Dd ^= !%)) eGbf sd $=$ lghL wf/f h8fg afkt nfUg] z'Ns Joxf]g'{ kg]{5< dGh'/ 5 dGh'/ 5}g $=% gofF vfg]kfgL of]hgf z'? ePdf / ;f] of]hgfaf6 rf}lj;} 306f kof{Kt dfqfdf u'0f:t/o'Qm kfgL pknJw ePsf] v08df s] tkfO{n] cfkm\gf] 3/df wf/f h8fg ug{ OR5's x'g' x'G5< 5' 5}g olb OR5's eP gofF lgodfg';f/ dfl;s kfgL dxz'n lgoldt a'´fpg' x'G5< 5' 5}g olb OR5's x'g' x'G5 eg] tn lbO{Psf] tflnsfdf kfgL dxz'nsf] ;Ldfdf ; lrGx nufP/ cfkm\gf] O{R5f JoQm ug'{xf]; .
8 qm=;+= Dffl;s kfgL dxz'n ; lrGx nufpg] != ? %)) eGbf dfyL @= ? $%! b]lv %)) #= ? $)! b]lv $%) $= ? #%! b]lv $)) %= ? #)! b]lv #%) ^= ? @%! b]lv #)) ^= ? @)! b]lv @%) &= ? !%! b]lv @)) g$=^ gofF vf ]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf x'g tkfO{sf] kl/jf/af6 klg k|ltj4tf :j?k clu|d /sd of]ubfg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5, oxfFsf] ljrf/df slt k|ltzt of]ubfg x'g ;S5< nfutsf] %Ü !)Ü !%Ü $=& gofF ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf -;fd'bflos zf}rfno tyf ;txL 9n_ lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;x nufgL :j?k !%Ü :yfgLo lgsfo / pkef]Qmfn] ;xnufgL ug{ OR5's x'g'x'G5< 5' 5}g olb rfxg'x'G5 eg], slt ;Dd < $=* oxfFnfO{ geO gx'g] tyf eP /fd|f] x'g] k|fylds cfjZostf s'g xf]< lghL wf/f h8fg lghL rkL{ lgdf{0f b'j}
%=n}lËs b[li6sf]0faf6 dlxnf ;xeflutf -cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ;DalGw hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{ k|To]s 3/b}nf]df, nlIft ;d'x 5nkmnaf6 / 5'§} dlxnf ;d'x;Fu dfq ;f]lwg] k|Zgx?_ s_ dlxnfx?sf] pkl:ylt / ;xefuLtf %=! cfof]hgfsf]af/]df 5nkmn ug{ s'g} a}7s af]nfO{Psf] lyof] < lyof] lyPg %=@ s] cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug{ a}7sdf dlxnf pkef]Qmfx?sf] pkl:ytL lyof] < lyof] lyPg olb lyof] eg] dlxnf pkef]Qmfx?sf] e'ldsf s:tf] lyof] < ;'Gg] dfq cGtlqm{ofTds lg0ff{os %=# cfof]hgfsf] lqmofsnfkx?sf] /]vb]v ug{ s] vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;ldlt÷;+:yf u7g ePsf] 5 < 5 5}g %=$ vf=kf=p=;=;ldltsf ;b:ox? dWo] slt dlxnf ;b:ox? 5g\< -cGtjf{tf lng] JolQmn] vf=kf=p=;=;=l;t ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?sf] gfdfjnL tyf tnlj sd{rf/Lsf] ljj/0f dfu u/L pknJw u/fpg] _
9 v_ n}lËstfsf cfwf/df sfo{ ljefhg %=% tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] sfdx? cS;/ s:n] ug]{ ub{5< (√)lrGx nufpg';\ b}lgs 306fdf qm=;+ 3/fol; lqmofsnfkx? k'?if Dflxnf s'n ;do ! Vffg]kfgL eg]{, af]Sg], e08f/0f / k|of]u ug]{ @ efG5f tof/ ug]{, ef8fF dfem\g # Affnaflnsf / j[4j[4fsf] :ofxf/ $] 3/ ;kmfn'uf ug w'g ]{ % vfBfGg e08f/0f tyf tof/L ^ cGo u_ kfl/jfl/s Joj:yfkg, cfo >f]t / cGo ljifodf dlxnfx?sf] lgoGq0f / kx'Fr %=^ tnsf] tflnsfdf pNn]lvt kfl/jf/Ls ljifo jf If]qx?df lg0f{o ubf{ oxfFsf] 3/ kl/jf/df dlxnf÷k'?ifsf] egfO{sf] ;'g'jfO{ x'G5 < pko'Qm sf]7fdf (√)lrGx nufpg';\ qm=;+ ljifo jf sfo{If]qx? x'G5 (√) x'b}g (√) ! cfly{s ;/f]sf/sf s'/fx? @s s]6f ]6Lsf] lzIff lbIff #s s]6f ]6L / j[4j[4fsf] :jf:Yo / :ofxf/ $ crn ;Dklt lsgj]r -3/ hUuf_ % b}lgs lqmofsnfkx? ^ ;fdflhs ljlw Jojxf/, ljjfx, at{jGw, rf8kj{ tyf ;fdflhs÷kfl/jf/Ls ;';DjGwg cflb & cGo
%=& oxfFsf] kl/jf/df kfl/jf/Ls ;Dkltsf lgDg ljifodf dlxnfsf] kxF'r / :jfldTj /x]sf] 5 5}g tnsf] tflnsfdf pko'Qm sf]7fdf (√)lrGx nufpg';\
qm ;+ ljj/0f kx'Fr :jfldTj ! hUuf hldg @ 3/ tyf cGo ;+/rgfx? # rn ;Dklt÷;l+rt k};f $ B}lgs lqmofsnfkx? % cGo 3_ vf=kf=p=;=;= tyf ;d'bfodf dlxnfsf] :t/ -x}l;ot_ -lgDg a'Fbfx? cGt/jftf{ lng] JolQmn] u/]sf] cjnf]sgsf cfwf/ x'g]5 _ qm;+ ljifo pRr dWod lgDg ! cfTd;Ddfgaf]w @ cfTdljZjf; g]t[Tj zLk # bfloTjaf]w / Ifdtf $ Nofst, ts{ ;+ut, w}o{ / d]xgt % cGo
10 ^= ;d ljsf;df kx'Frsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf -cfof]hgfsf] ljleGg r/0fdf u}/nfeflGjt ljkGg ju{sf,] cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt tyf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf ;DalGw hfgsf/L ;+sng ug{ k|To]s 3/b}nf]df, nlIft ;d'x 5nkmnaf6 / 5'§} dlxnf ;d'x;Fu 5nkmn ubf{ ;f]Wg] k|Zgx?_ s_ cfof]hgf lqmofsnfkdf u}/nfeflGjt ljkGg ju{x?, hfthflt, blnt, ckfËtf ePsf] JolQmsf] pkl:ylt ^=! cfof]hgfsf]af/]df 5nkmn ug{] s'g} e]nf÷a}7sdf ;dfj]zL tj/n] af]nfO{Psf] lyof] < lyof] lyPg ^=@ s] cfof]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug{ a}7sdf ;dfj]zLtfsf] cfwf/df ;xefuLx?sf] pkl:ytL lyof]< lyof] lyPg ^=# s] vf=kf=p=;=;=sf] u7gdf ;dfj]zLtf c+uLsf/ ePsf] lyof]< lyof] lyPg
v_ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;dfj]zL k|s[of ckgfPsf] lyof] <
^=$ cfof]hgf 5gf}6 ug{ hfthfltx?sf] s:tf] e"ldsf s:tf] lyof] < pRr dWod lgDg ^=% ;fgf ;x/L vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL cfwf/df pkef]Qmfx?sf] kl/rfng ug{ ePsf] k|of; s:tf] lyof]< /fd|f] dWod lgDg
&= :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO s= vfg]kfgL ! tkfO{Fsf] ljrf/df kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ g/fd|f] -v/fa_ ePdf s] ;d:ofx? b]lvg ;S5 < -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ !=! b'u{Gw cfpg] ÷ gld7f] :jfb !=@ bfFt ljlu|g]÷/+uLg] !=# la/fdL agfpg] !=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======@= s] tkfO{FnfO{ kfgL eg]{ / /fVg] efF8f] kfgL eg'{ / e08f/ ug'{ k"j{ ;kmf ug'{k5{ eGg] yfxf 5 < 5 5}g olb 5 eg], kfgL /fVg] efF8f] s;/L ;kmf ug'{ x'G5 < vfnL kfgL dfqn] v/fgL kfgLn] e';÷lk7f] / kfgLn] ;fa'g kfgLn] cGo -pNn]v ug'{;\_ ======#= tkfO{ 3/df kfgL s;/L /fVg' x'G5 < -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ 11 #=! kfgL eg'{ klxn] efF8f ;kmf ug]{ #=@ af;L kfgL km\ofFSg] #=# kfgL /fVg] efF8f] /fd|f];Fu 9fs]/÷5f]k]/ /fVg] #=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======$= tkfO{ ufu|f] jf 3}+6f]af6 kfgL s;/L lgsfNg'x'G5 < $=! kfgL ;fg'{ cl3 cDvf]/f, nf}6f, s?jf, du wf]P/ $=@ lunf;, du, sk ufu|Ldf 8'afP/ $=# ufu|f]af6 nf]6f, c+Dvf]/f, s?jf, lunf;df kfgL ;f/]/ $=$= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======v= rkL{ != rkL{ k|of]usf kmfO{bfx? s] s] 5g\ < -PseGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ !=! a'9f, afns tyf la/fdLnfO{ ;'ljwf !=@ 3/ tyf jftfj/0f ;kmf x'g] !=# uf]Kotf x'g] !=$ /f]uaf6 arfj6 x'g] !=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======@= s] tkfO{FnfO{ lb;faf6 /f]u ;5{ eGg] nfU5 < nfU5 nfUb}g olb nfU5 eg], dflg;sf] lb;faf6 ;g]{ /f]ux?sf] gfd eGg'xf];\ < ======#= s] tkfO{Fsf] 3/df rkL{ 5 < 5 5}g #=! olb 5 eg], s:tf] k|sf/sf] rkL{ 5 < ! vfN8] rkL{ $ l;:6g{ km\n; @ e]lG6n]6]8 vfN8] rkL{ % cGo ======# jf6/ l;n÷kf]/ km\n; #=@ olb 5 eg], tkfOF{sf] 3/df rkL{ s;s;n] k|of]u ug'{x'G5 < -!= ;a}n], @= aRrf afx]s ;a}n] #= jo:s / k|f}9n] dfq} $= lj/fdL dfqn]} _ #=# olb 5}g eg], lsg rkL{ gagfpg' ePsf] xf] < -s= agfpg] tl/sf yfxf geP/, v= nufgL ug{ g;s]/, u= v'Nnf d}bfgdf lb;f ug]{ afgL eP/, 3= hUufsf] cefjn] ª cGo -pNn]v ug]{+_======_ #=$ olb 5}g eg,] lb;f ug{ sxfF hfg'x'G5 < -s= Vff]nf÷hËn÷lsgf/ v= v'Nnf d}bfg÷7fpF u= 3/÷;8s 5]p 3= hxfF ;lhnf] x'G5_ #=% olb 5}g eg], rkL{ agfpg slt nufgL ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 < ?= u= vfg]s'/fsf] ;/;kmfO != vfBkbfy{ b"lift x'gaf6 s;/L arfpg'x'G5 < -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg;Sg]_ !=! ksfPsf] vfgf 5f]k]/÷9fs]/ /fVg] !=@ af;L aRg] u/L w]/} gksfP/ !=# sfFr} vfOg] vfg]s'/f /fd|f];Fu kvfn]/ wf]P/ dfq vfg]
12 !=$ xft uf]8f ;kmf u/]/ dfq efG;fdf k;]/ !=% ;kmf xftn] vfgf k:sg] !=^ 8f8' kGo', yfn÷efF8fs'F8f ;kmf u/]/ dfq vfgf k:sg]÷vfg] !=& r'nf] rf}sL ksfpg] ef8f, 9sgx? ;kmf /fVg] !=* w]/} af;L jf ;8] un]sf kmnkm'n t/sf/L gvfg] @= s] tkfO{ vfg]s'/f 5f]k]/÷9fs]/ /fVg'x'G5 < /fV5' /flVbg olb /fVg'x'G5 eg], To;af6 s] s] kmfObfx? 5g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ @=! w'nf] d}nf], lem+uf, ;fËnf, ls/f, tyf 3/kfn'jf kz'kG5Laf6 arfj6 @=@ d";f÷5'r'Gb|f]÷dfp;'ln÷la/fnf]af6 aRg @=# vfB k|b'if0faf6 x'g] /f]uaf6 aRg @=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======hLjghn agfpg] tl/sf yfxf 5 5}g ;f]Wg], olb yfxf ePdf ;lx tl/sfn] hLjghn agfpg] . hLjghn agfpg] ;lx tl/sf lgDgcg';f/sf] 5 . != klxnf ;fa'g kflgn] xft ;kmf ug]{, @= lrof lunf;sf] ^ lunf; -Ps ln6/_ kfgL Pp6f ;kmf efF8f]df xfNg] -olb kfgL pdfn]sf] ePdf ;]nfpg lbg]_, #=hLjghnsf] Ps Kofs]6leq ePsf] w'nf] k"/} kfgLdf xfnL kfgLnfO{ /fd|/L rnfP/ w'nf]nfO{ 3'Ng lbg] .
3= JolQmut ;/;kmfO
!= tkfO{F / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] slxn] / s] u/]kl5 xft w'g'x'G5 < w'g] eP o:tf] -9_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ / gw'g] eP o:tf] -×_ lrGx nufpg'xf]; . -Ps eGbf a9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ % jif{ d'lgsf qm=;+= lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if w'g] -9_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -9_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -9_ gw'g] -×_ ! vfgf vfg' cl3 @ vfgf vfPkl5 # lb;f uPkl5 $ kmf]x/ d}nf 5f]Pkl5 % sfdaf6 kms]{kl5 ^s s]6f ]6LnfO{ lb;f lk;fj u/fO ;s]kl5 & cGo -pNn]v ug]{_
@= tkfO{ / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] s] n] xft w'g'x'G5 < w'g]df o:tf] -9_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ / gw'g]df o:tf] -×_ lrGx nufpg'xf]; . % jif{ d'lgsf qm=;+= lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if w'g] -9_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -9_ gw'g] -×_ w'g] -9_ gw'g] -×_ != kfgL dfq} @= v/fgL kfgL #= e';÷lk7f] kfgL $= ;fa'g kfgL %= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ hDdf
13 #= tkfO{ / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:on] slxn] slxn] g'xfpg'x'G5 < g'xfpg] eP o:tf] -9_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ / gg'xfpg] eP o:tf] -×_ lrGx nufpg'xf]; . qm=;+= k|lqmofsnfk afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if -9_ -×_ -9_ -×_ -9_ -×_ != k|To]s lbg @= Ps lbg la/fP/ #= xKtfdf @ k6s $= xKtfdf ! k6s %= @ xKtfdf ! k6s ^= dlxgfdf Ps k6s hDdf ª= kmf]x/ d}nf Joj:yfkg != tkfO{sf] 3/af6 lg:sg] 7f]; kmf]x/ d}nf sxfF lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 < !=! 3/ glhs vfN8f]df !=@ lghL kmf]x/ ;+sngstf{nfO{ lbg] !=# uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfn] Joj:yf u/]sf] vfN8f] jf Sofgdf !=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======@= 7f]; tyf t/n kmf]x/ j:t'nfO{ cJojl:yt tl/sfn] lj;h{g ugf{n] x'g] g/fd|f c;/x? s] s] x'g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ @=! kmf]xf]/ jftfj/0fdf j[l4 @=@ nfdv'§], lem+uf, ls/fx?sf] j[l4 @=# /f]u ;g]{df j[l4 @=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======#= tkfO{sf] 3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ kfgL sxfF lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 <
#=! vfN8f]df (Soak pit) #=@ t/sf/L af/Ldf÷s/];f af/Ldf #=# ;fj{hlgs 9ndf #=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======r= j:t'efpsf] kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg != s] tkfO{n] a:t'efp kfNg' ePsf] 5 < 5 5}g -olb 5}g eg] kfgL hGo ;?jf /f]udf hfg]_ olb 5 eg] s'g s'g k|sf/sf 5g\ / ltgLx?nfO{ sxfF /fVg' x'G5 < qm= a:t'efpsf] k|sf/ 3/leq} /fVg] aflx/ 5'§} uf]7df /fVg] ;+= ! ufO{÷e}+;L '/÷;@ a+u +u'/ # afv|f '/f÷xf$ s'v F; % cGo
14 @= a:t'efpaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ sxfF / s;/L lj;h{g ug'{x'G5 < @=! dnvfbdf @=@ cfuf] afNg]÷u'OF{7f agfpg] @=# uf]j/ Uof; KnfG6df k|of]u ug]{ @=$ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======#= j:t'efpsf] kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] hyfeflj cJojl:yt tj/n] lj;h{g ubf{ x'g] v/fj c;/x? s] s] x'g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ #=! jftfj/0fL kmf]xf]/df j[l4 x'g] #=@ nfdv'§,] lem+uf, ls/fx?s]f j[l4 x'g] #=# /f]uAoflw j9\g] tyf ;g]{ #=$ ufFp, 5/l5d]s tyf gu/ czf]elgo b]lvg] #=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ======5= kfgLhGo ;?jf /f]ux? != kfgLhGo ;?jf /f]usf] sf/0fx? s] s] x'g\ < -Ps eGbf j9L pQ/ cfpg ;Sg]_ !=! b"lift kfgL k|of]u ubf{ !=@ b"lift vfgf vfFbf !=# 3/ tyf ;fj{hlgs :yndf kmf]x/ a9\gfn] !=$ dflg;sf] dnd"q hyfefjL km\ofSg] ubf{ !=% kmf]xf]/ d}nf hyfefjL km\ofFSg] ubf{ !=^ :jf:Yo lzIff tyf :j:y afgLsf] cefj !=& ;/;kmfO{ / :jf:Yo ;DjGwL 1fg / r]tgfsf] cefjn] !=* cGo ======
@= tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/df sf]xL la/fdL k/]df s] ug'{x'G5 <-k|fyldstf cg';f/ gDa/ n]Vg]_ @=! 3/fo;L pkrf/ ug]{ @=@ wfdL, emfFqmL, k'hf/L sxfF nfg] @=# cf}iflw k;ndf hfg] @=$ :Jf:Yo rf}ls jf c:ktfndf hfg] @=% cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ #= olb kl/jf/df s;}nfO{ emf8fkvfnf nfu]df s] ug'{x'G5 < -k|fyldstf cg';f/ gDa/ n]Vg]_ #=! hLjghn v'jfpg] #=@ 3/fo;L pkrf/ ug]{ #=# wfdL, emf+qmL jf k'hf/L sxfF hfg] #=$ cf}iflw k;ndf hfg] #=% :jf:Yo rf}ls jf c:ktfndf hfg]
15 #=^ cGo -pNn]v ug]{_======$= ut Ps jif{leq kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? tnsf /f]ux? dWo] s'g s'g /f]uaf6 lj/fdL eP< -df]la{l8l6 sf] l:ylt_ %= tkfO{sf] kl/jf/df kfgLhGo lgDglnlvt ;?jf /f]uaf6 sf]lx lj/fdL k/]sf] lyof]< tnsf] tflnsfdf ;+Vof pNn]v ug'{;\ .
% jif{ d'lgsf jflif{s qm= ;+= /f]u dlxnf k'?if afnaflnsf vr{ ?= ! emf8fkvfnf @ cfpF # h'sf $ 6fO{kmfO{8 % x}hf ^ 5fnf ;DaGwL /f]u & cf}nf]/f]u -dn]l/of_ * sdnlkQ -h08L;_ ( cGo hDdf ^= ut Ps jif{leq tkfO{sf kl/jf/df sf]xL emf8f kvfnf tyf kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux?af6 d[To' ePsf] 5 < -d[To' cj:yf_ /f]u % jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf dlxnf k'?if emf8f kvfnf cfpF kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux? hDdf
&= ut Ps jif{leq tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ emf8fkvfnf / kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux?sf] pkrf/df slt /sd vr{ ug'{ eof] < Vfr{ /sd -?=df_ /f]u @))) ;Dd @))!—#))) #))!—%))) %))) eGbf dfly emf8fkvfnf kfgLhGo cGo ;?jf /f]ux? hDdf ;xof]usf nfuL wGojfb!
16 Governent of Nepal Ministry of Physical Planning and Works Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Secod Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitatin Sector Project Project Management Office Panipokhari, Kathmandu
Initial Environmental Examination for Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Repandehi District Batch I (Package II) (ADB Grant-0157 (NEP)
TERMS OF REFERENCE
December, 2010 SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADB : Asian Development Bank amsl : Above Mean Seal Level DI : Ductile Iron Dia. : Diameter DWSS : Department of Water Supply and Sewerage DSC : Design and Supervision Consultant EDC : Engineering Design Consultant EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EPA : Environmental Protection Act EPR : Environmental Protection Rule GI : Galvanised Iron GoN : Government of Nepal HDPE : High Density Polyethylene Pipe HHs : Households IEE : Initial Environmental Examination lpcd : Liter per capita per day lps : Litre per second MPPW : Ministry of Physical Planning and Works NDWQS : National Drinking Water Quality Standard NEA : Nepal Electricity Authority NGO : Non-government Office Nrs. : Nepalese Rupees O&M : Operation and Maintenance OD : Outer diameter PMC : Project Management Consultant PMO : Project Management Office SSTWSSSP : Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project TDF : Town Development Fund VAT : Value Added Tax VDC : Village Development Committee WHO : World Health Organisation WSSDO : Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office WUSC : Water User’s and Sanitation Committee
i SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS I TABLE OF CONTENTS III
CHAPTER I NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTION PREPARNG THE PROJECT ...... 3 CHAPTER II BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF THE ROJECT ...... 4
2.1 RELEVANCY OF THE PROJECT ...... 4 2.2 BACKGROUD AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 5 2.3 BASELINE CONDITION OF THE PROJECT ...... 8 2.3.1 Water Supply System ...... 8 2.3.2 Sanitation System...... 8 2.3.3 Solid Waste Management System ...... 8 CHAPTER III PROCEDURES TO BE ADOPTED WHILE PREPARING THE REPORT ...... 9
3.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY ...... 9 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ...... 10 3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ASSESSMENT ...... 10 CHAPTER IV POLICIES, LAWS, RULES, AND DIRECTIVES ...... 11 CHAPTER V TIME, ESTIMATED BUDGET AND SPECIALISTS REQUIRED ...... 12 5.1 TIME ...... 12 5.2 ESTIMATED BUDGET ...... 12 5.3 SPECIALISTS REQUIRED ...... 12 CHAPTER VI ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ON ENVIRONMENT ...... 13
6.1 PHYSICAL IMPACTS ...... 13 6.2 BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS ...... 13 6.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL IMPACTS ...... 14 CHAPTER VII ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 15 CHAPTER VIII MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 16 CHAPTER IX MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT ...... 17
9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 17 9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 17 9.3 INFORATION DISCLOSURE, PUBLC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ...... 18 9.4 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 19 CHAPTER X REPORT ...... 20 CHAPTER XI RELEVANT INFORMATION ...... 21
ii SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
CHAPTER I NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTION PREPARNG THE PROJECT
The Environment Protection Regulations of 1997 (amended in 2007) mentions that a ToR for an IEE is required.
This ToR is prepared to carry out Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Karahiya-Makrahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Rupandehi District. The project proponent, STWSSSP of Government of Nepal, Ministry Of Physical Panning and Works. Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS) is responsible for the preparation of IEE report.
Name of Proponent: Project Management Office Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Ministry of Physical Panning and Works Government of Nepal
Address of the Proponent: Panipokari, Kathmandu Tel: 977 1 442388, 977 1 4412348 Fax: 977 1 4413280 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sstwsssp.gov.np
3 SSTWSSSP: Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply & Sanitation Project ToR for IEE
CHAPTER II BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF THE ROJECT
2.1 RELEVANCY OF THE PROJECT
It is required to carry out environmental analysis of the project considering provisions mentioned in the Environmental Protection Act 1997 and Environmental protection Regulations 1997 (Amendments 1999 and 2007). The EPA (1997) and The EPR (1997 as amended, 1998), recommend/ mandate EIA, IEE studies depending upon the nature of the water supply schemes (EPR, 1997, Rule 3 and Annex 1 and 2). The revised environmental rules published on 20sept, 2007 is also used to determine the criteria for the IEE or EIA of the project.
The proposed Karahiya-Makarshar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project supplies water to more than 5000 but less than 50,000 populations by Ground water source pumping from one tube well with less than 25lps discharge. The project requires IEE studies as per the GoN/ EPR provisions.
The project is proposed to serve a present population of 10,154 nos. The project shall be using ground water sources. The treatment capacity of the unit for new sources is less than 25 lps. Only one tube well of 15.35 lps capacity is kept in project scope and another tube of test boring will be used. The project does not involve construction of any tunnels; relocation of people or households, and construction of river training works is not required. The following table compares the status of the project against criteria defined by EPA and EPR for which a drinking water project would require an IEE or EIA.
a. The Supply drinking water from new source for design An IEE is required. population 20,436 (i.e. between 5,000 to 50,000), criteria satisfy but the system is augmentation of flow and rehabilitation one. b. Augmentation of new water source in existing system population The scheme is new one. 20, 436 (i.e. between 10,000 to 100,000), the system is augmentation of flow. c. Treatment/ processing system and its capacity is 15.35lps from An IEE is required. one tube well, its capacity is less than 25 litres per second. The test tube well abstract 15.35 lps from test tube well and supplies directly into the distribution system. Course gravel bed is kept as filter. d. Project Cost. The scheme cost is estimated Nrs. 131,867172.36 An IEE is required. (IEE required when the project cost is in between 50 million to 250 million rupees) e. The project location in relation to environmental sensitive area. No environmental assessment (IEE The scheme will not be located in any defined protected area or or EIA) is required environmental sensitive area. f. Displacement of people. The scheme is unlikely to displace the No environmental assessment (IEE people. or EIA) is required g. Construction of water conveyance tunnel Not applicable- no environmental assessment (IEE or EIA) is required h. Recharging groundwater aquifer for the purpose of developing Not applicable- no environmental groundwater resources assessment (IEE or EIA) is required
Considering this, it is required to conduct IEE study as per the GoN/ EPR.
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2.2 BACKGROUD AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
The Karahiya Makarahar town is situated in two VDCs such as Karahiya VDC and Makarahar VDC of Rupendehi district of Lumbini Zone, which lies in western Development Region. Geographically ’the location of the project area lies in latitude 27۠0 - 35’ - 36” to 27۠0- 40’ - 0” N and longitude 830 – 29 – 23” E and altitude 133m to 119m from average mean sea level (amsl). It is surrounded by Devdaha VDC to the North, Madhabaliya, Gangoliya and Siktaban VDC in the south, Kerabani to the east and Anandaban and Tikuligadha in the west. The project area is at a distance of 20 km from the district headquarter Bhairahwa and 12km from Butwal.
The climate of the project area is tropical. The average minimum and maximum temperatures during summer fluctuates between 34° C & 41° C and in wint er season it is in the range of 8° C to 22° C. The relative humidity is about 96-58 %. The average annual rainfall estimated is 1269-1822 mm, which is slightly higher than 1,400 mm average precipitation of Nepal.. The maximum rain fall within 24 hours is 80-96 mm as recorded in the nearest rain gauge station at Bhairahawa Airport.
The service area of Karahiya Makarahar Water Supply and Sanitation Project covers settlements of ward nos. 2 (North side of Behuri),3 (South side of Behuri), 4 (Debdaha Marga – Bhawanipur, Mahubari Chowk, Jamuhani, Police Chauki), 5 (Budhabare Gaun), and 7 (Chauki Danda, Kumari Gaun) of Makarahar VDC and ward nos. 6 (Haraiya Gaun, Bargduwa, Sakhuwai), 7 (Simara bazaar, Darshan Tole) and 8 (Jagriti Nagar, Deep Nagar, Pradeep Nagar Danda, Shivapur Chowk, Suryapura) of Karahiya VDC.
The present population in the proposed service area is 10, 835 (including 10,154 permanent and 681 rental) in 1,768 HHs. The projected permanent population at the end of design year 2027 from this survey year 2010 (1 year survey and design + 2 year construction + 15 years project life) has been calculated to be as 20,436 with average annual growth rate of 4.2%.
The project shall comprise with two major components. The first component is water supply services which include development of new water supply project, construction of water treatment facilities and storage tanks/ service reservoir, expansion of transmission and distribution systems in required extent. The second component is sanitation services, which include public toilets, sludge drying bed for septic tank and sludge disposal is to be provided in the town through an integrated approach. Similarly, wastewater management systems need to be included in the agreed towns. The solid waste management activities, construction of drainage system in the town core area and provision of Output Based Aid (OBA) to the service providers are also included in the town project. The project details have been presented in Salient Features:
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SALIENT FEATURES
1. Project Name: Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
2. Scheme Name: Karahiya Makarahar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Rupandehi
3. Service Area: The service area lies in Karahiya and Makarahar VDC. The settlements are:
Makarahar VDC:
ó Ward 2: North side of Behuri ó Ward 3: South side of Behuri ó Ward 4: Debdaha Marga – Bhawanipur, Mahubari Chowk, Jamuhani, Police Chauki ó Ward 5: Budhabare Gaun ó Ward 7: Chauki Danda, Kumari Gaun, Karahiya VDC: ó Ward 6: Haraiya Gaun, Bargduwa, Sakhuwai ó Ward 7: Simara bazaar, Darshan Tole ó Ward 8: Jagriti Nagar, Deep Nagar, Pradeep Nagar Danda, Shivapur Chowk, Suryapura 4. Scheme Type: Pumping system
5. Designed Flow (lps): (22 hour pumping per day) 30.70 Designed flow for distribution system(lps) 28.10 Supplied from test tube well (lps): 15.35 Required from new groundwater pumping System (lps): 15.35
6. Source Discharge Measurement
Proposed Sources Measured Discharge Safe Yield Tapped Flow lps. lps. lps. From test tube well - - 15.35 From new tube well 15.35 7. Design Period: 15 Years (1 year preparation, 2 year construction and 15 years design period).
8. Household No. - Survey Year: 1,768
9. Growth Rate: 4.2% per annum.
10. Population: Survey Year 2010 Base Year 2013 Design Year 2027 10,154 11,488 20,436 11. Water Demand at design year (lpd) Domestic: 2,043,565
Non-domestic demand (adopt 8 % of domestic demand, which includes rental population demand, Institutional demand, Industrial/
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Commercial demand, filter backwash demand, fire demand etc.) 163,485 Leakage and wastage (10%): 220,705 Total: 2,427,755
12. Structures required Intake Type Deep Tube Well (1 test tube well, 1 new proposed) 2 Pump house 1 Pump house cum Generator house 1 Pipe length (m) Transmission main 627.68m Distribution main 56,860.66 m
Pipe Size Transmission Main DI (M) (mm) 150-200 Distribution main: HDPE (mm) 50 – 160 GI(M) (mm) 40 -100 DI (M) (mm) 125 - 250 Aerator (no) 1 Ground storage (No/ cum cap. cum) 1nos of 650 cum OH Reservoir (No/ cum capacity cum) 1no of 250cum Control Valve Chamber (No.) 50 HH and Institutional connection 1,736 Community tap stand post in 1% of total HH (No) 3 (1 community tap for each 6HH) Institutional connection 9
13. Sanitation Component Institutional/ School toilet 2nos
14. Estimated project cost for water supply component (Nrs.) as per district rate 2067-2068:
Total (10% physical contingencies and 13% VAT): 137,764,206.62
15. Estimated project cost for sanitation component (Nrs.) as per district rate 2067-2068: Total (including 5 % contingencies, 10% price adjustment and 10% physical contingencies and 13% VAT) 3,220,107.87
GoN (85%) 2,737,091.69 Contribution from Local bodies/ users (15%) 483,016.18 16. Overall Sanitation Component Cost after Conceptual Design (Both Sewer and Surface Drainage) 604,334,518.54
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2.3 BASELINE CONDITION OF THE PROJECT
2.3.1 Water Supply System
There is no improved drinking water supply system built within the project area. The only source of water supply for the population is ground water. They are fetching water through shallow tube well of 18 to 26ft depth where the tapped aquifer is easily susceptible to pollution and contamination. No sanitary protection has been provided in these hand pumps. Most of these hand pumps are installed by villagers themselves, a few of them by concerned VDC. Even these shallow tube wells remain functional hardly for seven to eight months in a year.
Most of the shallow tube wells in Karahiya in ward no-8, are not functioning due to unexpected draw down in ground water table. People from these areas are purchasing water paying Nrs. 2200 to Nrs. 2500 per tanker of capacity eight thousand liters. In an average every house hold spends around Rs. 1200 to Rs. 2500 per month for purchasing water. Out of the total shallow tube-wells, more than 50% tube-wells are partially functioning. The yield / flow of existing deep tube well installed at Karahiya-7 Semara Bazzar for irrigation purpose with the assistance of Department of Irrigation through Bhairahawa-Lumbini Ground Water Project Division no. 6 is found constant.
Based upon the available information the estimated consumption was 12.22 lpcd and 13.02 LPCD in dry season and wet season respectively which is lower than the basic service level standards of the GoN’s on Water Supply and Sanitation.
2.3.2 Sanitation System
The sanitary situation of project area is found reasonably satisfactory. More than 90% of households in this project area have their own private latrine facilities. Some of the latrines have septic tanks. But there are mostly ventilated improved pit latrines. Many of these latrines built in the houses as well as in the schools are not maintained properly.
There is open surface drainage facility available so far in the service area of Karahiya Makarhar. The project area is flat terrain with mild slope towards the so. No water logging is apparent in rainy season. There is ample space and are sufficient outlet points to drain off the storm water naturally. The core area of project lies in east west direction along the main feeder road which has storm drains facility. This drain is working perfectly and does not need further surface drains facility. The outlets of the septic tanks have not been connected to the drain.
2.3.3 Solid Waste Management System
There is not any system to manage solid waste generated in the service area. Since quantity of solid waste from the individual household is not large, it is managed by community themselves. The wastage is used for fertilizer in kitchen garden.
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CHAPTER III
PROCEDURES TO BE ADOPTED WHILE PREPARING THE REPORT
3.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
The IEE approach, methodology and procedure should generally follow the provisions of the EPA & EPR and related national and sectoral guidelines. The approach /methodology to be used for conducting the IEE include review of literature, simple survey/ inspections/ observations making simple measurements, discussion with communities and other stakeholders, and IEE team judgment.
a. Literature review: published and unpublished readily available relevant information should be reviewed. The potential sources of information include, but not limited to; topographical maps, publications of DDC, District Forest Office, District Soil Conservation Office, District Agriculture Office, District Irrigation Office, District Water Supply Office, District Livestock Services Office, and NGOs. Moreover, the reports related to scheme (e.g. Feasibility Study Report, consultation report and any other relevant report) should be considered in preparing IEE report.
b. Walk-through survey: The IEE team will walk-through the service area, scheme component sites and visit the significant environmental features in the probable influence area, and make necessary measurements, inspect/ observe and discuss it with the local stakeholders.
c. Focus Group Discussion (FGD): The team conduct shall consult with the local communities and other stakeholders, and organize FGD with them.
The project proponent shall adopt the methodology in following sequence of activities to accomplish the assignment.
• Complete the Rapid Assessment Checklist for each subproject. It should cover water supply, sewerage, solid waste and urban development sub-projects. • Prepare a comprehensive database on the corridor of influence on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment. • Secondary data will have to be collected from published and unpublished reports, maps, aerial photographs, newspaper articles, etc. from different Governmental and non-governmental organisations. • Questionnaires/checklists/matrices for collection of primary data will be prepared for both the physical, biological and socio-economic assessments. • The Consultant will provide a description of relevant parts of the Project, using maps with appropriate scale and photographs and aerial photos where necessary, including the following information: location, alignment and alternatives, design standards, pre-construction activities, construction activities, post-construction activities, work schedule, staffing and support facilities and services. • Information on mitigation costs associated with construction activities (during design, construction and operation and maintenance activities) should also be included.
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3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
The IEE should consider the likely environmental consequences that may arise as a result of the proposed upgrading/ improvement during the construction as well as operation periods. The existing environmental constraints and potential impacts in the Project area have to be studied through field surveys, complemented by secondary information from reports and interviews with a number of government officials, representatives of NGOs and International Organisations’ (IOs) supported projects and researches.
The Consultant will collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and describe the relevant environmental characteristics of the area along the pipeline routes and its corridor of influence, including the following information:
(a) Physical Environment: topography, soils, climate and meteorology, geology, surface and ground water hydrology, noise, air and water quality
(b) Biological Environment: flora, fauna, rare and endangered species, religious trees and sensitive habitats (including parks or reserves)
The Consultant will develop all necessary documents for field visit and collect data with the help of the survey team. It is suggested that the IEE team go to the field and work as a team and not dispersed at different times.
3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ASSESSMENT
Socio-economic and cultural assessment of the projects shall be carried out to determine the implications (issues) in terms of assumed positive and negative impacts related to location, design, construction and operation. Since preparation and actual implementation of the construction activities will create some nuisance and inconvenience for the communities in the area, these impacts have to be duly considered.
Primary data should be obtained through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with communities along the pipeline routes under consideration. Additional data should be collected from the various Committees (VDCs, DDCs, NGOs, community groups etc.) through whose territory the respective pipe alignments pass.
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CHAPTER IV
POLICIES, LAWS, RULES, AND DIRECTIVES
Since the proposed project has to comply with the national legislation besides other relevant legislations, the Consultant shall describe the pertinent regulations and standards that govern environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas and endangered species etc. at international, regional, district, VDC and Ward levels.
Nepal is a signatory to many international conventions, including those concerning habitat, bio- diversity and cultural heritage protection. These issues should be considered during the IEE and their avoidance/ mitigation measures should be identified.
The IEE should also be conducted in compliance with the following Law, Policies, Acts, Regulations Standard and Guidelines:
Law: • The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2008
Policies: • Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, Strategy and Action Plan 2060 B.S. (2004 A.D.) • Three Year Interim Plan 2063 B.S. (2007 A.D.) • Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2066 B.S. (2009 A.D.) • ADB’s “Safeguard Policy Statement” (SPS) 2066 B.S. ( 2009 A.D.).
Act and Regulations • Land Acquisition Act 2034 B.S. (1978 A.D.) • Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Acts 2044 (1987) • Solid Waste (management and Resource Mobilization) Rules 2047 (1990) • Water Resources Act 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.) • Water Tax Act 2023 (1966) • Water Resources Regulation 2050 B.S. (1993) • Labor Act 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.) • Forest Act, 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.) • Forest Regulations, 2050 . (1993 A.D.) • Environment Protection Act, 2053 B.S. (1997 A.D.)) • Environment Protection Regulations, 2054 (1997 A.D.) with Amendment • Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.) • Local Self Governance Regulation 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D.) • Drinking Water Regulation 2055 B.S. (1998 A.D.) • Child Labor Prohibition and Regulation Act 2056 B.S. (2001 A.D.) • Town Development Act 2045B.S. (1988A.D.)
Standards and Guidelines • National EIA Guidelines, 2050 (1993 • National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2062 B.S. (2005 A.D.) • Water Resources Strategy, 2055 B.S. (2002 A.D.)
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CHAPTER V TIME, ESTIMATED BUDGET AND SPECIALISTS REQUIRED
5.1 TIME
After the approval of the ToR, it is expected that the approximate time needed to complete the final IEE report will be 6 weeks as follows:
ACTIVITY DURATION
1. Desk-top study 1 week
2. Field study 2 weeks
3. Data compilation 1 week
4. Draft IEE Report 1 week
5. Final IEE Report 1 week
5.2 ESTIMATED BUDGET
A budget of approximately Rs. 300,000.00 will be required to complete the IEE for the Project.
5.3 SPECIALISTS REQUIRED
The IEE study requires a multidisciplinary team of specialists/experts for the bio-physical and socio- economic and cultural assessments. The following team is proposed:
• Environmental Specialist • Geologist • Botanist/Forester • Sociologist • Water Supply and Sanitary Engineer
Three to four enumerators will also be required to help the team. The IEE team will also benefit from the inputs provided by the design team.
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CHAPTER VI ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ON ENVIRONMENT
The impacts shall be identified mainly for the two activities i.e. project construction and post construction (O&M) phase on the existing physical, biological and socio-economic resources. A distinction will have to be made between potentially significant positive & adverse impacts, direct & indirect impacts. The impacts shall be characterized as i) low, high & medium in terms of magnitude, ii) long term, short term & medium term in terms of duration and iii) site specific, local & regional/national in terms of extent. As a part of the study, enhancement of the positive impacts shall also be carried out. The potential physical, biological and socio-economic impacts should be considered as follows:
6.1 PHYSICAL IMPACTS
a. Land: The study shall consider the possible changes in the land use pattern of the area in relation to landslide, erosion, and environmental aesthetics degradation. Moreover, the study shall also consider compensation for the acquired land if any.
b. Water: The study shall consider the possibility of negative impacts on surface water, ground water, wastewater problems and obstruction to natural drainage. Apart from this, the study shall also focus on the source dispute and water use conflicts if any.
c. Air & Noise: The potential deterioration in ambient air quality and noise & vibration disturbance during the construction and operation phases shall be considered to recommend the mitigation measures.
d. Soil & Geology: The IEE study should consider the degradation in the soils and geological status of the project area due to the project and its associated activities. The consequences of the erosion and landslides due to the project shall also be studied.
e. Hydrology: The IEE study shall cover changes in river hydrology as a result of project implementation along with the consequences (adverse or positive) resulted from the project. In addition, the effects on ground water table will be studied in accordance with the requirements.
f. Others: The study also consider other applicable parameters, such as: quarry site impact, spoil disposal impact, waste materials disposal impact etc., identified during the study. In addition to this, cumulative impacts shall also be considered during the identification of the impacts of the project on the natural settings of the environment.
6.2 BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS
a. Flora (Forest & Terrestrial Vegetation): The study shall consider the possible changes in forest cover/forest clearance, extinction of rare and endangered species of floral species, timber exploitation, firewood extraction etc. due to the project activities in order to assess the losses to the vegetation and to suggest suitable mitigation measures.
b. Wildlife and Terrestrial Fauna: The study also consider the change in the terrestrial wildlife, avi-fauna and aquatic life including fish, extinction of rare and endangered species, loss of habitat, sensitive habitat, migratory routes, construction disturbances, hunting and poaching by workforce, destruction of spawning and rearing of ground of fish, impact on fishermen etc. due to the project.
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c. Others: Other applicable parameters, if any, such as permanent disturbances to the vegetation coverage, local wildlife, fish migration, fish entrainment, and riparian release etc. identified during the study shall be incorporated in the report along with their cumulative effects on the environment.
6.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL IMPACTS
The socio-economic and cultural impacts can be wide ranging in their nature. So the study shall incorporate the factors like; livelihood, infrastructure & access, cultural sites, sanitation & wastes, occupational health and safety impact, land acquisition and compensation impact, Impact on women and vulnerable, impact on local economy, migration problem, resettlement & rehabilitation problems, slum creation hazard, impact on education, law and order problem, generation of employment, impacts due to influx of workers and resulting cultural differences hazards.
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CHAPTER VII ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT
The alternative analysis of the project shall be conducted during the study to minimize the possible negative environmental impacts. Alternative measures to the proposed project to meet the same project objectives will have to be described in following aspects:
• Project Location (setting) • Design • Technology choice • Construction techniques • Operation and Maintenance.
Alternatives in terms of potential environmental impacts, capital and operating costs and institutional training and monitoring requirements should be described. Costs and benefits of each alternative should be quantified (wherever possible); incorporating the estimated costs of any associated mitigation measures. The no project option is always open.
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CHAPTER VIII MITIGATION MEASURES
The mitigation measures for adverse potential impacts due to location, design, construction and post-construction will have to be proposed during the preparation of IEE report for all the perceived impacts to minimize the environmental impacts of project implementation after the prediction of extent, magnitude and duration of the impacts. Mitigation measures will have to be incorporated from the planning stage onwards. In general the following area shall be covered while preparing mitigation measures:
a. Project Design phase
b. Project construction phase
c. Project operation and maintenance phase
Concerned agencies like STWSSSP, DWSS, WUSC and local agencies, Local administration, police office shall be consulted during the implementation of mitigation measures. The proponent is required to prepare Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and these measures should be outlined in the EMP in order to implement the proposed measures during the project implementation.
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CHAPTER IX MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT
9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The project proponent has to develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to systematically manage all the perceived environmental impacts of the project. It shall be therefore based on the mitigation measures for the project induced impacts. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has a dual purpose. It is designed to monitor the contractor’s work during project implementation. It helps to check contractual compliance with specified mitigation measures. It also helps in making periodic checks on the actual environmental impacts of the Project over the years following completion of the works, and compares these with those impacts anticipated at the time of Project appraisal. The EMP therefore provides the necessary feedback required for correcting potentially serious Project deficiencies, and for planning of other projects.
The EMP shall include the responsibilities of different stakeholders based on preliminary plans and schedules. This program shall include measures required during the project design, construction and operational phases and shall include recommendations on allocation of components of the EMP to the various parties involved. Feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent/mitigate/reduce significant negative impacts should be recommended in an Environmental Management Plan. The impacts and costs associated with implementing the measures will have to be detailed. The EMP will include proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements and other support services to implement the mitigating measures.
9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
The project will develop Environmental Monitoring Program for the pre-construction, construction and post construction activities of the project. The program will evaluate: (i) the extent and severity of the adverse environmental impacts as compared to what was predicted, (ii) how effective the mitigating measures were and compliance with the regulations and the (iii) overall effectiveness of the EMP.
The environmental monitoring of the project includes field supervision and reporting of project activities prior to and during the project construction and operation in order to ensure that the works are being carried out in accordance to the approved design and that the environmental mitigation measures are fully implemented in accordance with the EMP. A monitoring system will be developed involving i) front line monitoring ii) monitoring by the government line agencies or independent monitors and iii) auditing through the involvement of government agencies, donor agencies and independent auditors.
The EDC will prepare progress reports on EMP implementation and submits to relevant agencies on regular basis. The Division Office will oversee the environmental monitoring activities undertaken by EDC.
The construction and operation phase monitoring of the mitigating measures will mainly consider the following impacts due to:
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1. Construction Phase: Soil erosion, sedimentation and slope stabilization; spoil-tip protection and management; stock taking of species of urban vegetation during vegetation clearance along pipeline alignments and re-plantation; change in hydrology and morphology of streams and rivers; water, air and noise (vibration) pollution; solid waste; land intake and compensation; reinstatement of damaged structures and services; crime and community stress; health, safety and sanitation of the work force and camps; archaeological and cultural sites and chance finds; and traffic management.
2. Operation Phase: Discharge of industrial wastes to wastewater treatment systems; wastewater treatment operations; sludge disposal; quality of drinking water supplies; pipe flushing and wastewater release to receiving waters.
9.3 INFORATION DISCLOSURE, PUBLC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION
Public consultation is the process of exchanging information with those persons and organisations with a legitimate interest in a project and/or who are likely to be affected by the project (stakeholders). It is a two-way process that informs and involves the community in developing a project, and informs the proponent about issues and concerns, which can then be addressed in project design. Information disclosure involves stakeholders in monitoring the development and implementation of a project and fosters openness in decision-making by presenting documents and other project materials for public scrutiny.
The consultation and disclosure involves consultation with stakeholders at an early stage of project preparation, and throughout project implementation. As a minimum, stakeholders will be consulted regarding the scope of the environmental study before work has commenced in earnest, and should then be informed about the likely impacts of the project and proposed mitigation once the draft IEE report is under preparation. The report should record the views of stakeholders and indicate how these have been taken into account in project development.
Information is disclosed through public consultation and more formally by making documents and other materials available in a form and at a location in which they can be easily accessed by stakeholders. This normally involves making draft reports available (in the local language) at public locations in the community and providing a mechanism for the receipt of comments and making documents available more widely.
Public consultation and involvement should be given highest priority in the implementation of mitigation measures. Public consultation should take place and on the basis of decision of the consultation meeting, implementation of mitigation measures should be prioritized and should be carried out with the involvement of the local people.
Monitoring is one of the components of EMP. The results of monitoring should also be disclosed in the form of demonstration, charts, figures, graphs, and samples, etc., to the local people, school students and other interested stakeholders. In the process of compliance monitoring of the project construction, local people and construction workers should be consulted.
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9.4 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
The Grievance Redress Mechanism as proposed in the Resettlement Plan is also relevant here. The Division Office will be responsible to address the issues and problems raised by the local communities regarding the loss of assets, water and sanitation etc. during the implementation of the project. The Division Office shall ask the Environment Specialist of the EDC to assist in the handling of grievances and the community level stakeholders should be encouraged to help in the handling of grievances at the project sites.
The affected person / community will submit grievances / complaints to the Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office (WSSDO). The WSSDO will try to solve the grievance at the project level. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, WSSDO will forward it to Director General (DG)’s Office at Kathmandu.
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CHAPTER X REPORT
The IEE report shall be prepared as per this ToR. The IEE report, whenever applicable, shall contain maps, graphs, photographs, tables and matrix. The format of report will be in accordance with be in accordance with Schedule 5 of EPR. However, the IEE report should include the following:
1. Executive summary (in English and Nepali) 2. Table of contents 3. List of tables 4. List of figures/photographs 5. Appendices 6. List of Abbreviations 7. Acknowledgement 8. Introduction 9. Name and address of the institution preparing the report o Summary of the proposed and objective and relevancy 10. Description of project 11. Description of the environment 12. Anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures (construction and operation stage) 13. Analysis of alternatives with and without project situations 14. Matters to be monitored while implementing the project: o Information disclosure, consultation, and participation o Grievance and redress mechanism o Environmental management and monitoring plan 15. Other necessary matters: Review of policies, laws, rules, directives and guidelines 16. Findings and recommendations 17. References 18. Annexes
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CHAPTER XI RELEVANT INFORMATION
The project will collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and describe the relevant environmental characteristics of the area along the proposed alignment and its corridor of influence, including the following information: • General socio-economic conditions, • Population and demography, • Land use pattern of the project area, • Planned development activities, • Community structure, • Government services, • Employment, • Distribution of income and source of livelihood, • Goods and services produced, • Water supply, • Public health, • Education, • Extension services, • Religious, cultural sites and heritage, • Tribal people, • Customs, • Aspirations and attitudes, • Expected water users and those benefiting from it, • Different needs and demands of VDCs, • Social infrastructures including industries and commercial establishments, • Occupational health and safety (OHS), • Resettlement and rehabilitation and • The present Quality of Life (QoL) etc.
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