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Soviet Aerospace Almanac

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Soviet Aerospace Almanac SOVIET AEROSPACE ALMANAC Information for this Almanac assistance of the US Air Force's was compiled by the staff of AIR Directorate of Soviet Affairs, Boll- FORCE Magazine from a variety of ing AFB, D. C., for their advice and open sources. Since the Soviets counsel on this project. We would publish relatively little data about also like to thank William and Har- their armed forces, some details riet Fast Scott for their review of Pin commemorating the fiftieth are necessarily estimates. this material. anniversary of the establishment of the We especially acknowledge the -THE EDITORS Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Significant Dates in Soviet Military History Soviet Znachkii Soviet znachkii are small plastic or 1917-February Revolution. Nicholas II abdi- 1943-The Battle of Kursk is fought (July light metal badges that commemorate 5-July 16). cates (March 15). October Revolution. noteworthy events, people, locations, 1945-Berlin falls to Soviet troops (May 2). Bolsheviks seize power (November 7-8). and achievements. Costing on the aver- Germany surrenders to the Allies (May 1918-Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ends Russia's age anywhere from five kopeks to fifty participation in World War I (March 3). 8). The Soviet Union declares war on Ja- kopeks (seven cents to seventy cents), Russian Civil War begins. Fighting lasts pan (August 8). Japan surrenders to the they feature clasps that allow them to be until 1920 in western regions of the Allies (September 2). worn on clothing. 1948-The Soviets begin the Berlin Block- country and until 1922 in far eastern re- Soviet youngsters frequently trade ade (April 1 through September 1949). gions. znachkii among themselves and to West- 1921-Russo-Polish War. A naval mutiny at 1949-The Soviets explode anatomic bomb ern tourists for such items as chewing Kronshtadt/Petrograd is put down by the (August 29). gum and ballpoint pens. Examples of 1953-The Soviets explode a hydrogen Red Army (March 7-18). znachkii are pictured throughout this bomb (August 12). 1922-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is "Soviet Aerospace Almanac" section. established (December 30). 1955-The Warsaw Pact organization is es- 1938-The Soviets aid the Republicans dur- tablished (May 14). ing the Spanish Civil War (through 1939). 1958-Soviet forces crush the Hungarian 1937-Stalin initiates his Great Purges of the uprising (November 4). Soviet military. The purges continue 1957-The USSR announces its first suc- through 1938. cessful ICBM test (August 26). The first Top Soviet Aces of 1939-Soviet forces battle Japanese forces Sputnik satellite is launched by the Sovi- at Khalkhin Gol in Outer Mongolia ets (October 4). World War II (May-August). The Soviets sign a non- 1960-An American U-2 is shot down over aggression pact with Nazi Germany (Au- the USSR (May 1). A rift begins to devel- Men Solo Victories gust 23). Hitler's invasion of Poland be- op between the USSR and the People's gins World War II (September 1). The Republic of China (approximate). Kozhedub, I. N. 62 Soviets join the Germans in the invasion 1961-The Soviets begin construction of the Pokryshkin, A. I. 59 of Poland (September 17). War breaks Berlin Wall (August 13). Gulaev, N. D. 57 out between the Soviet Union and 1962-The Cuban Missile Crisis occurs (Oc- Finland on November 30 and lasts into tober 22-November 2). Rechkalov, G. A. 56 March 1940. 1968-Soviet forces invade Czechoslovakia Yeystigneyev, K. A. 56 1948-The independent Baltic republics of (August 20-21). Vorozheykin, A. V. 52 Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia are oc- 1969-The USSR clashes with China along Glinka, D. B. 50 cupied by the Soviets and incorporated the Sino-Soviet border. into the USSR (July-August). 1972-The US and the USSR sign the SALT I 1941-The Soviets and Japanese conclude a accord (May 22). Women 1979-The US and the USSR initial the SALT treaty of neutrality (April 13). Germany Yamschikova, 0. 17 invades the Soviet Union (June 22). Ger- II accord (June 18). The Soviets invade man forces push to the gates of Moscow, Afghanistan (December 25). Litvyak, L. 12 but are turned back by the Soviets (Sep- 1983-Soviet fighters down KAL 007, a civil- Budanova, K. 10 tember 30-December 5). The US ap- ian South Korean airliner that had inad- proves Lend-Lease to the USSR (Novem- vertently strayed into Soviet airspace More than 800 Soviet aviators claimed sixteen ber). (September 1). or more victories in the "Great Patriotic War." 1942-The Battle of Stalingrad is fought (Au- Many of these-including Gulaev, Rechkalov, gust to February 1943). and Yevstigneyev-are additionally credited with shared victories in "group flights." AIR FORCE Magazine / March 1987 71 Flags of the Armed Forces The Ground Forces The Air Forces The Navy Sukhoputnyye Voyska (SV) Voyenno-Vozdushnyye Shy Voyenno-Morskoy Flot (VMF) (VVS) The Military Uniform Soviet uniforms can vary widely, depending on the rank, service, and position of the wearer as well as the season, occasion, and environment. The following distinctions are applicable to a Soviet equivalent of a USAF officer's Class-A uniform. • The color of the collar tabs indicates the branch of service. The hatband of the billed cap will be the same color Strategic Rocket Forces pin as the collar tabs. Some examples: light blue = aviation and airborne; red = combined arms; black = rocket, artillery, armor, and most technical (chemical, etc.) troops; royal blue = KGB (except Border Guards); and green = KGB Border Guards. • The branch emblem on the tab indicates the individual's specialty. Some examples: propeller and wings = aviation, parachute = airborne, wreath and star = motorized rifle, Official and Military Holidays crossed barrels = rocket and artillery, and tank = armor. • Shoulder boards indicate grade (see accompanying chart). Official Holidays of the USSR • The right side of the blouse will display qualifications (Workers are given time off on these days) and classification badges, including aviator wings and elite unit designations. January 1 New Year's Day March 8 International Women's Day May 1 & 2 International Workers' Solidarity Days May 9 Victory Day A Typical Day for a Soviet Conscript October 7 Constitution Day of the USSR 0600-0609 Reveille November 7 & 8 Anniversary of the Great 0610-0630 Exercise (tidying up) October Socialist 0630-0650 Barracks time Revolution 0650-0720 Political information (morning inspection) Key Military Days of the USSR 0725-0755 Breakfast 0800-1400 Training periods (six fifty-minute (Time off from work is not normally given, but celebrations are held.) periods with ten-minute breaks between) February 23 Soviet Army and Navy 1400-1440 Dinner Day 1440-1510 After dinner time April 12 World Aviation and Cosmonautics Day 1510-1530 Maintenance: personal, weapon, and equipment Second Sunday of April Troops of Air Defense 1530-1830 Political education work (Monday Day and Thursday) May 28 Border Troops Day Equipment maintenance (Tuesday First Sunday after July 22 Navy Day and Friday) Third Sunday of August USSR Air Force Day (Aviation Day) Sports (Wednesday and Saturday) Self-preparation or homework Second Sunday of September Tank Forces Day 1830-1940 1940-2010 Supper November 10 Soviet Militia Day 2010-2040 Personal time November 19 Rocket and Artillery 2040-2155 Evening walk and checkup Forces Day 2200 Taps 72 AIR FORCE Magazine / March 1987 Comparative Grades and Insignia (Bold face indicates equivalent USAF rank.) Glavnyi Marshal Aviatsll Marshal Aviatsii General-Polkovnik Aviatsii General-Leytenant Aviatsii General of the Air Force General Lieutenant General Major General General-Mayor Aviatsii Polkovnik Podpolkovnik Mayor Brigadier General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Kapitan Starshiy Leytenant Leytenant Mladshiy Leytenant Captain 1st Lieutenant 2d Lieutenant 2d Lieutenant Starshiy Praporshchik Starshiy Serzhant Senior Warrant Officer Senior Master Sergeant AIR FORCE Magazine / March 1987 73 Soviet Theater GDR /1 Murmansk-Severomorsk WESTERN TVD Estimates C zh Poland COMBAT ORGANIZATION (As of October 1, 1986) SOUTHWESTERN ,,,,,,, IS,Se ,)-( \11 .VP u gana Normal peacetime command and con- trol of Soviet combat forces (excepting strategic elements, some air defense assets, and KGB and MVD units) is pri- Mediterranean marily exercised through the Comman- Sea Sverdlovsk ders of the sixteen Military Districts, the four Naval Fleets within the country, and the four Groups of Soviet Forces in eastern Europe. District commanders are responsible for the training and house- Novosibirsk keeping of the diverse forces in their geographic area; individual services handle administrative support. In wartime, operational control would 13 shift to Theaters of Military Operations Caspian Sea (TVD—Teatr Voyennykh Deystviy), which SOUTHERN TVD could include several "fronts." In some LEGEND instances, district commanders would 12 Alma-Ata become the TVD commanders. Fifteen • Military District Tashkent TVDs have been tentatively identified. Borders Some of these may be grouped into con- tinental Theaters of War (TV—Teatr USSR Border Voyny). While the Far Eastern and Southern TVs probably correspond to Afghanistan their TVDs, the Western TV most likely includes the Northwestern, Western, and Southwestern TVDs. Commanders of TVDs and TVs are combined-arms commanders, directing Pacific Ocean TVD all operations in their areas during conflict WESTERN THEATER' and reporting directly to the Soviet Supreme High Command. The Soviets Pacific Ocean Fleet consider the Western TV the most impor- Aircraft Carriers 2 . Northwestern TVD tant,
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