Vadim S. Jigoulov, Ph. D. Lecturer, Morgan State University
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Idolatry in the Ancient Near East1
Idolatry in the Ancient Near East1 Ancient Near Eastern Pantheons Ammonite Pantheon The chief god was Moloch/Molech/Milcom. Assyrian Pantheon The chief god was Asshur. Babylonian Pantheon At Lagash - Anu, the god of heaven and his wife Antu. At Eridu - Enlil, god of earth who was later succeeded by Marduk, and his wife Damkina. Marduk was their son. Other gods included: Sin, the moon god; Ningal, wife of Sin; Ishtar, the fertility goddess and her husband Tammuz; Allatu, goddess of the underworld ocean; Nabu, the patron of science/learning and Nusku, god of fire. Canaanite Pantheon The Canaanites borrowed heavily from the Assyrians. According to Ugaritic literature, the Canaanite pantheon was headed by El, the creator god, whose wife was Asherah. Their offspring were Baal, Anath (The OT indicates that Ashtoreth, a.k.a. Ishtar, was Baal’s wife), Mot & Ashtoreth. Dagon, Resheph, Shulman and Koshar were other gods of this pantheon. The cultic practices included animal sacrifices at high places; sacred groves, trees or carved wooden images of Asherah. Divination, snake worship and ritual prostitution were practiced. Sexual rites were supposed to ensure fertility of people, animals and lands. Edomite Pantheon The primary Edomite deity was Qos (a.k.a. Quas). Many Edomite personal names included Qos in the suffix much like YHWH is used in Hebrew names. Egyptian Pantheon2 Egyptian religion was never unified. Typically deities were prominent by locale. Only priests worshipped in the temples of the great gods and only when the gods were on parade did the populace get to worship them. These 'great gods' were treated like human kings by the priesthood: awakened in the morning with song; washed and dressed the image; served breakfast, lunch and dinner. -
Melquart and Heracles: a Study of Ancient Gods and Their Influence
Studia Antiqua Volume 2 Number 2 Article 12 February 2003 Melquart and Heracles: A Study of Ancient Gods and Their Influence Robin Jensen Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studiaantiqua Part of the Classics Commons, and the History Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Jensen, Robin. "Melquart and Heracles: A Study of Ancient Gods and Their Influence." Studia Antiqua 2, no. 2 (2003). https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/studiaantiqua/vol2/iss2/12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Studia Antiqua by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. On the left, in one of the earliest surviving depictions of Heracles, c. 620 b.c., he is shown slaying the evil Geryon and his guard dog. He wears the usual Greek hero’s kilt with geometric patterns and bronze greaves like his opponent. Over them, he wears the impervious skin of the Nemean lion, his first labor. His knapsack is probably a bowcase. On the right, a basalt bas-relief of Melkart, c. 800 b.c., was found at Breidj near Aleppo. He wears the distinctive Phoenecian kilt and carries a pierced bronze battle-ax. His conical headress links him to Assyrian depictions of the gods. The Aramaic inscription invokes Melkart, “Protector of the city.” Melquart and Heracles: A Study of Ancient Gods and Their Influence Robin Jensen Societies in general revere their heroes, holding them in high regard and giving them adulation—sometimes deserved, sometimes not. -
Transformation of a Goddess by David Sugimoto
Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 263 David T. Sugimoto (ed.) Transformation of a Goddess Ishtar – Astarte – Aphrodite Academic Press Fribourg Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Publiziert mit freundlicher Unterstützung der PublicationSchweizerischen subsidized Akademie by theder SwissGeistes- Academy und Sozialwissenschaften of Humanities and Social Sciences InternetGesamtkatalog general aufcatalogue: Internet: Academic Press Fribourg: www.paulusedition.ch Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen: www.v-r.de Camera-readyText und Abbildungen text prepared wurden by vomMarcia Autor Bodenmann (University of Zurich). als formatierte PDF-Daten zur Verfügung gestellt. © 2014 by Academic Press Fribourg, Fribourg Switzerland © Vandenhoeck2014 by Academic & Ruprecht Press Fribourg Göttingen Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen ISBN: 978-3-7278-1748-9 (Academic Press Fribourg) ISBN:ISBN: 978-3-525-54388-7978-3-7278-1749-6 (Vandenhoeck(Academic Press & Ruprecht)Fribourg) ISSN:ISBN: 1015-1850978-3-525-54389-4 (Orb. biblicus (Vandenhoeck orient.) & Ruprecht) ISSN: 1015-1850 (Orb. biblicus orient.) Contents David T. Sugimoto Preface .................................................................................................... VII List of Contributors ................................................................................ X -
Canaanite Pantheon ADON: (Adonis) the God of Youth, Beauty and Regeneration
Canaanite Pantheon ADON: (Adonis) The god of youth, beauty and regeneration. His death happens arou nd the love affair between him and the goddess Ashtarte which another god envied . He, in the form of a wild boar, attacks and kills Adonis and where his blood f ell there grows red poppies every year. However, as Ashtarte weaps for his loss, she promises to bring him back to life every spring. AKLM: Creatures who attacked Baal in the desert. Some say these creatures are gr asshopper-like. ANATH: This was a Love and War Goddess, the Venus star. She is also known for sl aying the enimies of her brother Baal much in the same way Hathor slaughtered mu ch of mankind (Anath is heavily related to Hathor). After the Defeat of Mavet an d Yam, a feast was thrown for Baal. Anath locked everyone inside, and proceeded to slay everyone (as they had all been fickle toward Baal with both Mavet and Ya m, as well as Ashtar). Baal stopped her and conveinced her that a reign of peace is what was needed. She also has confronted Mavet and was responsible for Baal' s liberation from the underworld. She is the twin sister of Marah. Daughter of A sherah. She is also known as Rahmay- "The Merciful", and as Astarte. Astarte is the Canaanite Name of Ishtar; just as Ishtar is the Babylonian Name of Inanna. I n all cases the Name means, simply, "Goddess" or "She of the Womb". ARSAY: She of the Earth. Daughter of Baal. An underworld Goddess. -
Phoenicians in Cyprus and Their Hellenisation the Case of Kition
ANDREAS DEMETRIOU PHOENICIANS IN CYPRUS AND THEIR HELLENISATION THE CASE OF KITION - Introduction Cyprus, an island of 9,237 sq. kms, lies a short distance off the coast of Asia. A mere 75 kms separate it from Cilicia, 100 from Syria, 350 from Egypt and 385 kms from Rhodes and the Aegean. Due to its loca tion in the centre of the then known world, which was ideal for people to come and go, she observed waves of immigrants or passers by disembarking at her shores, either for commerce, emigration or robbery. Some of them, especially those aspiring to power came as masters and conquerors, while some others invaded the island for the sake of getting away her riches, leaving behind ashes and ruins. The event that stamped permanently the life of Cyprus was the arrival of the Mycenaean Greeks. This arrival can clearly be followed in the archaeological horizon of the island. It started in late 13th century, if not slightly earlier, an idea favoured by us (Demetriou, 1997, 207), and continued down to mid-11th cen tury. By that time the island was almost completely hellenised, if we can judge by the creation of a new pottery type based on the latest Mycenaean ware and used all over the island (Proto-White Painted or Proto-Bichrome), the introduction to Cyprus of the chamber tomb with long dromos and converging walls, the emergence of the D-shaped fibula and the goddess with up-lifted arms, only to mention but a few nov elties depending on prototypes of the Mycenaean world that speak in favour of Mycenaean Greeks estab lishing themselves permanently in Cyprus. -
DYING and RISING GODS Implying That Telepinu Himself Has Been There
481 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LIX N° 5-6, september-december 2002 482 Mettinger’s careful examination of Ugaritic material easily reaches the conclusion that there is a fundamental difference between celebrations in remembrance of the death of suc- cessive kings and their access to divine life, and a mytholo- gical prototype of the eternal cycle of seasons, represented at Ugarit by Baal’s death and return. In the reviewer’s opinion, the Author here stresses too much the difference between the Baal-Mot myth and the Telepinu myth (pp. 78-79). The lin- guistically oldest version of the Hittite myth mentions seven doors and seven bars of the Netherworld, in which Telepi- nu’s wrath should be locked forever4. This version apparently connects the wrath of the deity with the Netherworld, DYING AND RISING GODS implying that Telepinu himself has been there. Besides, the first manifestations of Telepinu’s disappearance are suffoca- The concept of “dying and rising gods” in the Ancient Near ting heat, scorched earth, and drought, thus recording a basic East attained a prominent place in the history of religions seasonal pattern, despite the secondary use of the myth in thanks to J.G. Frazer’s prodigious work The Golden Bough, magical rituals which aimed at appeasing the god and win- reissued in 1907-15. Frazer’s data on ethnology were second ning his favour5. Therefore, no functional difference seems hand and partly inaccurate, but his theories on religion were to distinguish the original myth of the disappearing god from highly stimulating and the topic of “dying and rising gods” the myth of the dying god. -
Hélade, V. 5, N. 2
HERAKLES/MELQART: THE GREEK FAÇADE OF A PHOENICIAN DEITY1 186 Rodrigo Araújo de Lima2 Abstract: Whilst one of the most prestigious cults in Antiquity, the Greek and Roman worship to the god Herakles settle down on an ancient Phoenician liturgy dedicated to the god Melqart. With the support of epigraphy, textual documentation and archaeological material culture, it is possible to establish the differences and the proximities of these two deities. In this article, I will present some of the main theories on the origin of the divinized ancestral until its recognition as the Greek hero via interpretatio graeca, which culminated in the identification of the Far West of the Mediterranean as the famousHerak - les/Melqart Pillars. Keywords: Melqart, Herakles, origin, liturgy, cult, Archaeology, Epigraphy, Primary Sources. Resumo: Enquanto um dos cultos mais prestigiados na Antiguidade, a vene- ração grega e romana ao deus Héracles e Hércule se estabeleceu sobre uma antiga liturgia fenícia dedicada ao deus Melqart. Com o suporte da epigrafia, da documentação textual e da cultura material arqueológica é possível estabelecer as diferenças e as proximidades dessas duas divindades. Nesse artigo apresen- taremos algumas das principais teorias sobre a origem do culto desse ancestral divinizado até a sua identificação com o herói grego viainterpretatio graeca, essa que culminou no reconhecimento do Extremo Ocidente do Mediterrâneo en- Dossiê quanto as Colunas de Héracles/Melqart. Palavras-chave: Melqart, Héracles, origem, liturgia, culto, Arqueologia, Epi- grafia, Fontes Primárias. Resumen: Como uno de los cultos más prestigiosos de la Antigüedad, la vene- ración griega y romana del dios Heracles se estableció sobre una antigua litur- gia fenicia dedicada al dios Melqart. -
"Heracles Figure" at Hatra and Palmyra: Problems of Interpretation Author(S): Ted Kaizer Reviewed Work(S): Source: Iraq, Vol
The "Heracles Figure" at Hatra and Palmyra: Problems of Interpretation Author(s): Ted Kaizer Reviewed work(s): Source: Iraq, Vol. 62 (2000), pp. 219-232 Published by: British Institute for the Study of Iraq Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200491 . Accessed: 27/01/2012 17:08 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. British Institute for the Study of Iraq is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Iraq. http://www.jstor.org 219 THE "HERACLES FIGURE" AT HATRA AND PALMYRA: PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION By TED KAIZER* Introduction In this paper I intend to use the Heraclesfigure, a primeexample of the applicationof Graeco- Roman imageryto the ever-varyingprocess of expressingNear Easternforms of religionin the Romanperiod, to illustrateand guidea briefdiscourse on the methodologicalproblems concerning the approachto a religiousworld which was more heterogeneousthan is sometimesthought.' Iconographicrepresentations of a male figurewith club and lion's skin as his main attributesare widespreadin the Near East, and indeed far beyond, in the Roman period.2In what follows I will concentrateon the place and functioningof this so-calledHeracles figure within the context of the religiouslife of Palmyraand Hatra, two desert cities which, each in their own distinctive way, present examples of a complex religioussystem in which differentelements coexisted and might have influencedeach other. -
Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication 1/4 Last Revision: 26 April 2007
Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication 1/4 Last Revision: 26 April 2007 Melqart Hellenization of the Phoenician religion and the strong assimilation between M. and I. Introduction. Phoenician/Punic god. →Heracles, an iconography which is M., whose name means “king of the city” attested to in Palestine/Israel and may, in (milk qart), was the patron god of the some cases, refer to the Tyrian god. From Phoenician city of Tyre and one of the the 6th-5th cent., and more intensively after major gods of the Phoenician and Punic Alexander’s conquest, Greek iconography pantheons. He was also known as Baal Ṣur was adopted in Phoenician art. The strong (“Lord of Tyre”) and identified with identification between M. and Heracles →Heracles since at least the 6th or even 8th imponed a Greek iconographical language cent., according to iconographic evidence and completely concealed Phoenician from the Levantine coast and Cyprus. customs. This situation is aggravated by the Because M. was originally conceived as a fact that excavations in Tyre have thus far king and thus a mortal human being, he was only reached Hellenistic and Roman levels, probably a kind of “heroic figure” according but not the earlier Phoenician ones. On the to Greek categories, while Heracles was the religious level, the two cults and figures paradigm of the Greek hero who passed were fused together (best observed in through apotheosis after his death. Cyprus or Gades [Spain]) resulting in the Different literary sources link M.’s Heraclean iconography alluding to both origin with the foundation of Tyre gods. -
Untangling+The+Truth+-+Elijah.Pdf
ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION This publication may contain outdated information and may not reflect the current views, religious beliefs, or political beliefs of the author or those assisting in the research. It also may contain outdated information based upon the limited research material available at the time the publication was created due to the concealment or altering of facts and/or information by those affiliated with the cult following of William Branham. This publication remains available for research purposes, and contains the thoughts, insights, views, and opinions of a former member transitioning out of Christian extremism through deprogramming and research. Please review the latest information available on https://william- branham.org For a full and complete and up-to-date review of William Branham and his “Message”, see the book Preacher Behind the White Hoods: A Critical Examination of William Branham and His Message by John Collins Copyright 2012, www.seekyethetruth.com 2 Table of Contents Tyre............................................................................... 5 Hercules ...................................................................... 9 The Breasted God ................................................. 13 Ahab ........................................................................... 16 Elijah ......................................................................... 19 Jezebel vs. Elijah .................................................... 22 Conclusion .............................................................. -
Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan.Pdf
JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT SUPPLEMENT SERIES 265 Editors David J.A. Clines Philip R. Davies Executive Editor John Jarick Editorial Board Richard J. Coggins, Alan Cooper, J. Cheryl Exum, John Goldingay, Robert P. Gordon, Norman K. Gottwald, Andrew D.H. Mayes, Carol Meyers, Patrick D. Miller Sheffield Academic Press A Continuum imprint This page intentionally left blank Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan John Day Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 265 Copyright © 2000, 2002 Sheffield Academic Press A Continuum imprint Published by Sheffield Academic Press Ltd The Tower Building, 11 York Road, London SE1 7NX 370 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6550 www.continuumbooks.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by Sheffield Academic Press Printed on acid-free paper in Great Britain by Bookcraft Ltd, Midsomer Norton, Bath ISBN 1-85075-986-3 hbk 0-82646-830-6 pbk CONTENTS Preface 7 Abbreviations 8 Chapter 1 YAHWEHANDEL 13 Chapter 2 YAHWEH AND ASHERAH 42 Chapter 3 YAHWEH VERSUS BAAL 68 Chapter 4 YAHWEH'S APPROPRIATION OF BAAL IMAGERY 91 Chapter 5 YAHWEH AND THE GODDESSES ASTARTE AND ANAT (AND THE QUEEN OF HEAVEN) 128 Chapter 6 YAHWEH AND -
A New Translation of Lugian's De Dea Syria with a Discussion of the Cult at Hierapolis
A NEW TRANSLATION OF LUGIAN'S DE DEA SYRIA WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE CULT AT HIERAPOLIS Roy Darcus A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of M.A. in the Department of Classics We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard The University of British Columbia September, 1967 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and Study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by h.i>s representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to provide a new translation of Lucian's De Pea Syria, and a discussion of the cult at Hierapolis. The translation is intended to be a clear and simple rendition of the text. The location of Hierapolis, the city Lucian describes, in northern Syria makes it possible for the cult to be derived either from Asia Minor or from Syria. The discoveries of Ras Shamra, however, have provided a picture of a fertility cult of the second millennium B. C., and Hierapolis seems to exhibit a later version of this religious pattern. First of all, the names of the chief deities, Atargatis and Hadad, reflect a Syrian origin since both are Semitic.