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Sense of Community and Neighbourhood Form: an Assessment of the Social Doctrine of New Urbanism Emily Talen

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Sense of Community and Neighbourhood Form: an Assessment of the Social Doctrine of New Urbanism Emily Talen Regional Research Institute Publications and Regional Research Institute Working Papers 1997 Sense of Community and Neighbourhood Form: An Assessment of the Social Doctrine of New Urbanism Emily Talen Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/rri_pubs Part of the Regional Economics Commons Digital Commons Citation Talen, Emily, "Sense of Community and Neighbourhood Form: An Assessment of the Social Doctrine of New Urbanism" (1997). Regional Research Institute Publications and Working Papers. 181. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/rri_pubs/181 This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Regional Research Institute at The Research Repository @ WVU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Regional Research Institute Publications and Working Papers by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Urban Studies,Vol. 36, No. 8, 1361± 1379, 1999 Senseo fCommunityandNeighbourhoodForm: AnAssessmentoftheSocialDoctrineof NewUrbanism Emily Talen [Paper® rst received,April 1997;in ®nal form, March1998] Summary. New urbanism ,an umbrella term which encompasses `neotraditionaldevelopment’ as well as `traditional neighbourhood design’,lives byan unswervingbelief inth eability of the built environmentto create a`sense of community’.Thepurpose of this paper is to assess whether thesocial doctrineofnew urbanism can besuccessfully supported or atleast integrated with thesocial science literaturewhich deals with thequestion ofcommunity formation.Towards this goal, thepaper ®rst delineates thesocial doctrineof new urbanism,andthen discusses the conceptual frameworksandempirical ®ndings that either support or contradict theidea that a sense ofcommunity will follow thephysical form ofcities andneighbourhoodsgenerally andnew urbanist principles speci® cally. After layingthis groundwork,theremainder of thepaper presents an assessm entof whether areconciliation between research anddoctrinemay be possible, inligh tof variousapparentcontradictionsbetween thesocial claimsof new urbanists andtheresults of research bysocial scientists. It is concluded that new urbanists need to clarify themeaningofsense ofcommunity asitpertainstophysical design.Further, itismaintainedthat while someresearch supports theidea that residentinteractionandsense of community are related to environmental factors, theeffectuation of this goal is usually only achieved via some intermediate variable. This latter pointleaves open thequestion ofwhetheranynumberofother design creedscouldp roduce thesameresult via adifferentdesign philosophy. Theneed for further research is stressed;this shouldb efocused on investigatingtheissuemore directly. According to the social doctrine of new munity’,groundedin the idea that private urbanism,astrong, close-knit community is communication networks aresim ply no sub- acherishedAmericanicon which can be stitute for realneighbo urhoods, and thata regenerated by rebuilding citiesaccord ing to reformulated philosophy about how webuild new design principles(K atz1994). New communities will overcomeour currentcivic urbanism,an umbrella termencom passing de® cits, build socialcapital and revive a `neotraditionaldevelo pment’ and `traditional community spirit which is currently lost. neighbourhooddesign’ is aplanningmove- Accordingly, new urbanistsasse rt that the ment which is gaining increasing popularity. 1 main defectof standardsuburbandevelop- Its promoters stressthe conviction that the ment is not aesthetic or even environmental, built environment cancrea tea`senseof com- but is its insidioussocial effect(D uany and EmilyTalen is in theSchool of Social Sciencesand Bruton Centerfor DevelopmentStudies, Universityof Texasat Dallas, 2601 N.FloydR oad, Richardson,Texas75083-0 688, USA.Fax:(972) 883-273 5. E-mail:etalen@u tdallas.edu. 0042-0980Print/1360-063XOn-line/ 99/081361-19 Ó 1999 TheEditors ofUrbanStudies 1362 EMILY TALEN Plater-Zyberk, 1992). The reformist trend, ning. More insidiously, it could meanthat they claim,hasgone too farto eradicatethe the social cohesiongoals of new urbanism ills of urbanism(resulting in suburban aresim ply an excuseby developers to sprawl), and the planningprofession must squeezemore development out of lessland work to extractthe community-forming ele- (seeB ookout, 1992). ments out of urbanismand reinstatethem in The need to confront the social doctrine new towndevelopment. of new urbanismis also criticalbecausethe The purpose of this paper is to investigate social claimsof its promoters arenot mod- the empirical and theoretical basis that is est. Leon Krierasserts that the small-town behind the attempt to promote social inter- philosophy inherentin traditionalneighbour- action and senseof community through the hood design is not simply anarchitectural physicaldesign of communities.The key paradigm,but ªasocial synthesisºw hich research question addressedis: Can the will ultimately give way to acompletely social doctrineof new urbanismbe success- reconstituted civic realm(K rier, 1991, fully supported or atleast integr ated with p.119). Aspostulated, the effectof the local the social sciencelite rature which deals with environment on human behaviour is pre- the questionof community formation? To sumed to be enormous. For many planners answerthis question, we®rst delineatethe and community activists, these claimsare social doctrineof new urbanism,and then axiomatic: improved design creates discuss the conceptual frameworks and improvedbehaviour. empirical®ndings that either support or con- Thereare other pertinent reasonswhy tradict the ideathat asenseof community urban scholarsshould question, and actively will follow the physicalform of citiesand analyse,the social doctrineof new urban- neighbourhoods generally and new urbanist ism.First, whateverits intuitiveappeal, the principlesspeci® cally. Afterlaying this use of the Americansm all townasa model groundwork, the remainder of the paper pre- for local community is not auniversally sents an assessment of whether areconcili- held ideal. Itis often criticised by academics ation betweenrese archand doctrinemay be asfosteri ng sharp social fragmentationand possible, in light of variousapparent contra- eÂlitism (Suttles, 1975), or satirisedin Amer- dictionsbetweenthe social claimsof new ican literature (for example, by Sinclair urbanistsand the results of research by Lewis and John O’Hara).S econdly,past social scientists. attempts physically to build asenseof com- Atthe outset of such an investigation, it munity, such asthe much-admired design of must be acknowledgedthat new urbanists Pullman, Illinois, or JamesRouse’ snew areplagued by asheerlack of evidence. townof Columbia, Maryland, have failed in Our currentunderstanding of the relation- their social prescription, largely on the basis ship betweentow ndesign and senseof of having expected too much from the community is largely without empirical physicalenvironment (Brooks, 1974; Ten- basis, and is therefore de® cient. Further, nenbaum,1990). Finally,currenttrends what evidenceis there that residents toward extremeprivatisation (i.e. gated want, or areeven willing to considercom- communities) and the increasing social munitarian valuesata timewhen many fragmentationof society areoutgrow ths of a sociologists discard the notion of com- long-standing trend in which non-territorial munity asª idealistic, utopian and backward- formsof association may in factbe lookingº(Puddifoot, 1995, p.358)? The preferred. Thus the new urbanistcommunity lack of such abasis leavesopen the possi- vision may run counterto the `natural’ bility that new urbanismis nothing more tendency of Americansocial life (seeBerry, than intellectual pro® t-making in top-down 1976; Audirac et al.,1992). Thesefactor s planningfashion,whereby human subjects amount to substantial hurdles for the social aresacri® c ed on the altarof utopian plan- agenda of new urbanism. THESOCIAL DOCTRINEOFNEWURBANISM 1363 The Social Doctrineof NewU rbanism Newurbani stsattem pt to build asenseof community, broadlyde® ned, via two The essenceof new urbanistdesign theory is avenues: integrating private residential space the creation of a senseof community . Social with surrounding public space;and careful goals have, in fact,been the keystoneof design and placement of public space.T he community design theory in the works speci®c design elements which work to build of suchnotablesasC larencePerry, with his senseof community arein one form or highly regarded neighbourhood unit concept anotherdelineated in works by Duany and (Perry, 1929), asw ell asthe development Plater-Zyberk ( Towns and Town-Making ideasof new townplannerssuch asC larence Principles,1991); Calthorpe( The Next Stein (1957) and JamesR ouse (1978).Many American Metropolis ,1993) and Langdon ( A of theseidea ls have beenresurrectedbased BetterP lace to Live ,1994), among others. on an acuteapprec iation of pre-modern While these designersare not always in urban formsand their (presumed) mastery at agreement about the philosophicalbasis of embodying an understanding of human their proposals(for example,Calthorpe’sdis- nature (Krier, 1984; Hayden, 1984; Whyte, dain for the ª®ction ofsmall-townAmericaº, 1988; Calthorpe,1989, 1993; Katz,1994; 1991, p.57), most of the design elements Langdon, 1994). used to promote senseof community It must be recognised that the new urban- arere markably similar. The elements are ists’ notion of`senseof community’ concate- discussed in turn below.
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