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1 FINAL REPORT a Review on Gender Mainstreaming and Action FINAL REPORT A Review on Gender Mainstreaming and Action Plans of the SIDS IUCN ORO Energy Projects ‐ Managing the Ecosystems and Livelihood Implications of Energy Policies in the Pacific Island States ‐ Palau, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu Report prepared for the Pacific Energy and Gender Network (PEG) hosted at the Economic Development Division of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community December 2010 1 Acknowledgments Pacific Energy Gender Network (PEG) kindly acknowledges the financial support of both the International Union on Conservation of Nature Oceanic Regional Office (IUCN ORO) and ENERGIA International towards the implementation of this project but more so the guidance on the process of gender mainstreaming in the energy projects. The time and support is also acknowledged for the following people; Ms Ana Laqeretabua – Gender Consultant Ms Clarinda Ziegler, Commercial Loan Officer/Program Manager of the Palau Home Loan energy efficiency programme implemented by the National Development Bank of Palau Ioane Solailai, Assistance CEO – Renewable Energy Division and Program Manager of the of the Greenhouse Gas Abatement through Energy Efficiency in the Land Transport & Electricity Sectors, Managed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Ofa Sefana, from Tonga, Mango and Mo’unga’one Photovoltaic Rehabilitation Project, managed by Ministry of Lands, Survey, Natural Resources and Environment Mafalu Lotolua, General Manager of Tuvalu Electricity Corporation and Program Manager of the Tuvalu Photovoltaic Electricity Network Integration project (TPVENI) Kennedy Kaltavara, Vanuatu Renewable Energy Project Coordinator Ms Koin Etuati, Programme Assistant – Energy and Gender, Economic Development Division of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community Ms Salote Sauturaga, Project Officer‐ IUCN ORO 2 Acronyms and Abbreviations CEDAW Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CROP Council of Regional Organisations of the Pacific CTA Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation EESLI Energy, Ecosystems and Sustainable Livelihoods Initiative ENERGIA International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy GHG Greenhouse Gas Emissions HA Housing Authority IUCN ORO International Union for Conservation of Nature Oceania Regional Office MDG Millennium Development Goals NDBP National Development Bank of Palau PEG Pacific Energy and Gender Network PEGSAP Pacific Energy and Gender Network Strategic Action Plan PEMM Pacific Energy Ministers meeting PIEP Pacific Islands Energy Policy PIFS Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat PIGGAREP Pacific Islands Greenhouse Gas Abatement through Renewable Energy Project (GEF) PV Photovoltaic Rehabilitation Project RE Renewable Energy REEP Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency partnership REM Regional Energy Officials meeting SEPPSIS Sustainable Energy Programme for the Pacific Small Island States SIDS Small Island Developing States SOPAC Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNDP United Nations Development Programme 3 Gender and Energy Concepts Gender refers to the differences between women and men within the same household and between cultures that are socially and culturally constructed and that change over time. These differences are reflected in roles; responsibilities, access to resources and basic services, constraints, opportunities, needs, perceptions, views, etc, held by both women and men (Moser 1993). Gender versus Sex. Gender is created by society (socially constructed), while sex pertains to the natural/biological and physical differences between women and men. Gender relations, like gender roles are socially determined and are influenced by the same social, cultural, political and economic expectations. Gender relations are shaped by a range of institutions such as the family and legal systems. Gender relations exist both within households (private sphere) as well as within the community and workplace (public sphere). An analysis of a given situation based on gender relations differs from one based on gender roles because it gives more focus to power relations and the connections between men and women’s lives. Gender Equality pertains to equality of opportunity, including equality of rewards for work done, equality in access to productive resources (social and economic) to basic facilities such as medical and health care, education and employment. It also implies equal opportunity to participate, make decisions, influence and contribute to the development process (World Bank 2001) It does not mean that women and men have to become the same, but that their rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. Gender Mainstreaming has been defined as a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. Gender sensitive language takes into account the special needs of women and men. Male‐ biased language does not differentiate between women and men. Gender aware – The recognition of gender differentials with little or no translation of this in practice. Gender Blind – The lack of recognition of gender differentials. This usually includes a bias in favour of existing gender relations. Gender equity means fairness of treatment for women and men, according to their respective needs. This may include equal treatment or treatment that is different but which is considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations and opportunities. Gender Equality, ILO, Geneva, 2000, p.48 (Adapted from ENERGIA except where otherwise stated) 4 Table of Content Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Gender and Energy Concepts........................................................................................................................ 4 Table of Content ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Background ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................................................... 10 Expected Results of the Study .................................................................................................................... 10 Study Approach and Methodology ............................................................................................................. 11 Study Findings ............................................................................................................................................. 12 Palau ............................................................................................................................................................ 13 Project Review ............................................................................................................................... 15 Gender Action Plan ........................................................................................................................ 17 Institutional Assessment ................................................................................................................ 18 Samoa ......................................................................................................................................................... 21 Project Review ............................................................................................................................... 23 Gender Action Plan ........................................................................................................................ 25 Institutional Assessments .............................................................................................................. 27 Tonga........................................................................................................................................................... 30 Project Review ............................................................................................................................... 32 Gender Action Plan ........................................................................................................................ 34 Institutional Assessment ................................................................................................................ 36 Tuvalu .......................................................................................................................................................... 39 Project Review ............................................................................................................................... 40 Gender Action Plan .......................................................................................................................
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