Harmful Connections: Examining the Relationship Between Violence Against Women and Violence Against Children in the South Pacific

Home , Women in Kiribati, Women in Tonga

Harmful Connections: Examining the relationship between violence against women and violence against children in the South Pacific

Intersections of links between violence against women and violence against children in the South Pacific

i i The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNICEF concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The presentation of data and information as contained in this book, and the opinions expressed therein, do not necessarily reflect the position of UNICEF or UNFPA. UNICEF and UNFPA are committed to widely disseminating information and to this end welcomes enquiries for reprints, adaptations, republishing or translating this or other publications.

Intersections of links between violence against women and violence against children in the South Pacific © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2015 Any part of this report may be freely reproduced with the appropriate acknowledgment Copies of this publication are available from: UNICEF Pacific 3rd Floor FDB Building 360 Victoria Parade Suva, Fiji e-mail: [email protected] www.unicefpacific.org Cover photo : © UNICEF Pacific/2014/Alcock Editing, design and layout: Inís Communication – www.iniscommunication.com Photographs used in this report are from the UNICEF Pacific Library and bear no association to subjects in this report

iii ii Harmful Connections: Examining the relationship between violence against women and violence against children in the South Pacific

iii ii Contents

Acknowledgement...... 1

1. Introduction...... 2

2. Methodology...... 3

3. Comparative analysis of key findings...... 4

3.1. Lifetime prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence by intimate partner ...... 4 3.2. Cycle of violence: intergenerational transmission of violence...... 5 3.3. Women’s experience of violence from age 15 by non-partner’s...... 8 3.4 Child sexual abuse before age of 15...... 8 3.5 Violence during pregnancy...... 9 3.6. Co-occurrence of violence against women and children...... 10 3.7. Impact of violence on children who witnessed intimate partner violence ...... 11 4. Findings per country: a snapshot...... 12

4.1. FIJI...... 12 4.2. KIRIBATI...... 13 4.3. SAMOA...... 15 4.4. SOLOMON ISLAND...... 16 4.5. TONGA...... 18 4.6. VANUATU...... 19 5. Conclusion...... 22

6. References...... 23

v iv List of Figures

Figure 3.1.1. Lifetime prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence by intimate partner: ever-partnered women aged 15–49 ...... 4

Figure 3.1.2. Lifetime prevalence of violence by intimate partner: comparison between South Pacific countries and other countries in the world...... 4

Figure 3.2.1. Link between IPV and children’s exposure to violence...... 5

Figure 3.2.2. Exposure to violence: women who have experienced IPV and who have not...... 6

Figure 3.2.2. a. Fiji...... 6

Figure 3.2.2. b. Kiribati...... 6

Figure 3.2.2. c. Solomon Island...... 6

Figure 3.2.2. d. Tonga...... 6

Figure 3.3.1. Women’s experience of physical and sexual violence since age 15 by non-partner...... 8

Figure 3.4.1. Child sexual abuse before age of 15...... 8

Figure 3.5.1. Ever-pregnant women who experienced violence during pregnancy...... 9

Figure 3.6.1. Co-occurrence of violence against women and children in the same household ...... 10

Figure 3.7.1. Symptoms of children reported by women who experience IPV ...... 11

Figure 3.7.2. Symptoms of children reported by women who did not experience IPV ...... 11

v iv Acronyms

CSA Child Sexual Abuse

CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women

CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child

DHS Demographic and Health Surveys

GBV Gender Based Violence

FWCC Fiji Women Crisis Center

IPV Intimate Partner Violence

SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community

PIC Pacific Island Countries

UNFPA United Nation Population Found

UNICEF United Nations Children Found

UNCSW United Nations Commission of the Status of Women

UNV United Nation Volunteers

UNDP United Nation Development Program

VAC Violence Against Children

VAW Violence Against Women

WHO World Health Organization

1 vi Acknowledgement

This report is the result of an extensive desk review of existing data sources on violence against women and children in the Pacific. The report was compiled and analyzed by Claudia Milucci whose tremendous drive and energy have been critical to its completion. Claudia worked closely with Maha Muna (Gender Adviser, UNFPA), Dr Henrica A.F.M. (Henriette) Jansen (UNFPA), Melissa Alvarado (Gender Adviser, UNWOMEN), Dr Andreaa Torre (Lecturer at USP), Stephanie Chiu, Andrea Knuth, Greg Grimsich (UNOCHA).

The UNICEF Pacific team also provided support, in particular: Amanda Bissex (Chief of Child Protection, UNICEF), Tomas Jensen (Communication Specialist, UNICEF), Carmen Monclus Gorones (Child Protection Specialist, UNICEF).

Final layout and edits were done by Joseph Hing, Yeonkyeong Park , and Patricia Doughty.

This publication also acknowledges the courageous testimony of the women who took part in the VAW prevalence research and the research teams that completed the studies.

Vila East School, Port Vila, Vanuatu

1 vi © UNICEF Pacific/2014/Alcock

Vila East School, Port Vila, Vanuatu 1. Introduction

Violence against women (VAW) is widely violence that results in, or is likely to result in, condemned as a fundamental violation of human physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering rights and is recognized as a significant public to women, including threats of such acts, coercion health problem, causing enormous social harm and or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether costs to national economies (WHO, 2013: 2). It is occurring in public or private life” (UN, 1993). The also widely acknowledged that such violence has review draws from definitions from the United an effect on children (Fulu, E et.al., 2013: 5). This Nations Secretary-General’s Study on Violence report is a literature review that aims to develop a against Children which is used as an overall deeper understanding of what is known about the framework for addressing VAC. The term ‘child’ connection between violence against women and refers to “every human being below the age of violence against children (VAC) in the South Pacific 18 years” and the term ‘violence against children’ Island countries. It consolidates existing evidence refers to all forms of physical, mental violence, from studies on the intersections between VAW injury and abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, and VAC and focuses specifically on Fiji, Kiribati, maltreatment and exploitation, including sexual Samoa, Solomon Island, Tonga and Vanuatu. The abuse as the intentional use of physical force or review provided an opportunity to conduct a robust power, threatened or actual, against a child, by an comparative analysis of the data at different levels individual or group, that either results in or has a including country-level analysis. high likelihood of resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or For the purpose of this review, the term ‘violence dignity” (UNSG, 2006: 6) against women’ means “any act of gender-based

2 Introduction Methodology 3 2. Methodology

A systematic review of the literature was conducted on VAW and VAC in the South Pacific. While research on these subjects has increased, the literature is limited in both scope and depth. The paucity of literature influenced the decision to use data from the World Health Organisation (WHO) Multi-country Study on Women and Health and Domestic Violence Against Women, which was a quantitative and qualitative study focused on the prevalence of intimate partner violence and its association of women’s physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health. These studies were carried out with a number of partners including the Secretariat of the Pacific Commission, UNFPA, Vanuatu Women’s Counseling Center, Fiji Women’s Crisises Center, Ma’a Fafine mo e Famili Inc and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia.

The value of using this study: • It provided national baselines on VAW. • It provided rich data (though limited) on the impact of VAW on the health and wellbeing of children. • It used one cross-sectional population-based survey across all countries making it easier to conduct analysis and compare data.

The study was carried out in Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia and was a collaborative effort with government organisations and other partners. © UNICEF Pacific/2014/Alcock Six country-study reports, including Fiji, Kiribati, Vila East School, Port Vila, Vanuatu Samoa, Solomon Island, Tonga and Vanuatu, were selected which reflected the diversity of the region. • The Kiribati and Solomon Island reports Women interviewed in the studies were aged contained more extensive data on the between 15 to 49 with the exception of Fiji which intersections of VAW and VAC than the other targeted women between the age of 14 to 65. countries. The studies followed rigorous international ethical requirements. • A few countries omitted some of the questions on children on the recommendation The standard WHO study methodology and of a previous study to avoid questions on structure of analysis was followed in all country child abuse in questionnaires because of the studies, however, there were challenges that made complex nature of the methodological, ethical the synthesis of the report difficult: and safety issues. • Each report emphasized different aspects of VAW and VAC that was unique to their situation.

2 Introduction Methodology 3 3. Comparative analysis of key findings

The following sections are a comparative analysis of data collected from Kiribati, Solomon Island, Vanuatu, Tonga, Samoa and Fiji reports. Themes are explored which show commonality as well as variation.

3.1. Lifetime prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence by intimate partner

Figure 3.1.1. Lifetime prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence by intimate partner: ever- partnered1 women aged 15–49 or 18-49

80% 70% 68% 60% 64% 65% 80% 60% 50% 70% 40% 68% 46% 60% 64% 65% 40% 30% 60% 50% 20% 40% 46% 10% 40% 30% 0% 20% Fiji Kiribati Sa moa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 10% Island 0% Figure 3.1.2.80 LifetimeFiji prevalenceKiribati of violenceSa moa bySolo intimatemon To partner:nga Va comparisonnuatu between South Is2la nd Pacific countries70 and other countries in the world (Percentage of women aged 15-49 or 18-49) 60 80 50 Other countries 70 40 South Paciﬁc countries 60 30 50 20 Other countries 40 10 South Paciﬁc countries 30 0 20 l i i h a a n s ta a d ru a d y ij a a a tu azi pi gi n e n e a m F o sl a es r o pa ive P rbi k ibat I d B or a d Mal la e ur Na r am n ong 10 thi J a S T Ki S o T anu gla E Ge Namibie haila nzani V Mal Z T a Viet m an w T lo B0 f o Ne S l i i h a a n s ta a d ru a U.R. do y ij a a a tu azi pi gi n e n e a m F o sl a es r o pa ive P rbi k ibat I d B or a d Mal la e ur Na r am n ong thi J a S T Ki S o T anu gla E Ge Namibie haila nzani V 60 Mal Z T a Viet m an w T lo B f o Ne S 50 U.R. o Respondents mother experienced IPV 6040 Figure 3.1.2. show that women and children growing up in South Pacific countries experienceRespondent’s some mother of in law the highest rates5030 of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the world. An inter-country comparisonRespondentsexperienced is made IPV mother be - experienced IPV tween South4020 Pacific countries and fifteen other countries from another study using thePartner WHO beaten multi-coun as child- try study methodology. The data reveals an IPV prevalence rate of 34 percent in other selectedRespondent’s countries mother in law 3010 experiencedRespondent experienceIPV and a prevalence rate of 57 percent of women in the South Pacific countries. of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) 200 Partner beaten as child Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 10 Respondent experience of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) 0 1 Ever-partnered women Fijior men are personsKiribati who Samoahave been partneredSolomon at leastTonga once in theirVanuatu lives although 2 From ‘Violence45 Against Women Prevalence Data: Surveys by Country’, compiled by UN Women, December 2012. 40 40% 35 Respondent’s mother 4530 experienced IPV 4025 40% 4 Respondent’sComparative mother analysis in law of key findings Comparative analysis of key findings 5 3520 23% 21% Respondent’sexperienced IPV mother 3015 17% Partnerexperienced beaten IPV as child 2510 10% 10% Respondent’s mother in law 23% 205 21% experienced IPV 150 17% Partner beaten as child 10 Respondents who Respondents who did 10% 10% 5 experienced IPV not experience IPV 0 45 Respondents who Respondents who did 40 experienced IPV not experience IPV 38% Respondent’s mother 35 35% experienced IPV 4530 Respondent’s mother in law 4025 Respondent’sexperienced IPV mother 38% 24% 24% 23% 3520 experienced IPV 35% Partner beaten as child 3015 Respondent’s mother in law 2510 Respondentexperienced experience IPV 24% 24% 9% 10% 9% 205 23% of CSA Partner beaten as child 150 10 Respondents who Respondents who did Respondent experience 9% 10% 9% 5 experienced IPV not experience IPV of CSA 0 60 Respondents who Respondents who did 50 experienced IPV not experience IPV Respondent’s mother 49% experienced IPV 6040 37% Respondent’s mother in law 5030 Respondent’sexperienced IPV mother 49% experienced IPV 25% Partner beaten as child 4020 23% 23% 20% Respondent’s mother in law 37% Respondent experience 10 experienced IPV 30 of CSA 8% 8% 25% Partner beaten as child 200 23% 23% 20% Respondents who Respondents who did Respondent experience 10 experienced IPV not experience IPV of CSA 8% 8% 300 Respondents who Respondents who did 25 Respondent’s mother experienced IPV not experience IPV 24% experienced IPV 3020 20% 19% 19% Respondent’s mother in law 2515 Respondent’sexperienced IPV mother 24% experienced IPV 14% Partner beaten as child 2010 20% Respondent’s mother in law 19% 19% Respondent experience 155 7% experienced IPV of CSA 14% Partner beaten as child 100 Respondents who Respondents who did Respondent experience 5 7% experienced IPV not experience IPV of CSA 80%0 70% Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV not experience68% IPV 60% 62% 80% Experienced physical 50% violence by non-partner 70% 40% 68% 60% 62% Experienced sexual 30% 33% Experiencedviolence by non-partner physical 50% 27% 28% 20% violence by non-partner 40% 18% 18% 10% 11% 11% 9% 10% Experienced sexual 30% 6% 33% 0% 27% 28% violence by non-partner 20% Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon18% 18% Tonga Vanuatu Island 10% 11% 11% 9% 10% 40%0% 6%

35% Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon37% Tonga Vanuatu Island 30% 40% 30% 25% 35% 37% 20% 30% 19% 15% 16% 30% 25% 10% 20% 5% 8% 19% 2% 15% 0% 16% 10% Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 5% Island 8% 2% 0%25

Fiji Kiribati23% Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 20 Island 25 Women who were punched 15 15% 15% or kicked in abdomen 23% 20 10 11% Women beaten during 8% 9% Women who were punched 15 pregnency 5 15% 15% or kicked in abdomen 5% 4% 10 3% 11%2% Women beaten during 0 8% 9% pregnency 5 Fiji Kiribati Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 5% 4% Island 3% 0 2% Fiji Kiribati Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 40% Island 35% 36% Women who experienced 30% 33% IPV report abuse of their 40% 25% children by their partner 35% 36% Women who experienced 20% Women who do not 30% 33% IPV report abuse of their 15% experience IPV report 25% children by their partner 10% the abuse of their 11% 20% children by their partner 5% 7% Women who do not 15% experience IPV report 0% the abuse of their 10% Kiribati Solomon Island 11% children by their partner 5% 7% 0% Kiribati Solomon Island Fiji Fiji

Fiji Fiji Kiribati Kiribati

Kiribati Kiribati Aggressive behaviour Samoa Samoa Experience nightmares Repeat school year Aggressive behaviour Samoa Samoa School drop out Solomon Solomon Experience nightmares Repeat school year School drop out Solomon Solomon Tonga Tonga

Tonga Tonga Vanuatu Vanuatu

Vanuatu 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Vanuatu 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 80% 70% 68% 60% 64% 65% 60% 50% 40% 46% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Fiji Kiribati Sa moa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island

The prevalence of partner and non-partner violence is high in Pacific Island countries. Lifetime prevalence 80 rates for physical and sexual violence by partner and non-partner among Pacific Island women falls 70 between 60 to 80%. In Solomon Islands, Fiji, Vanuatu and Kiribati women report higher prevalence of 60 partner violence than non-partner violence. In Tonga and Samoa, the reverse occurs. In addition in Tonga, 50 Samoa and Fiji, non-partner violence is mainly physical violence while in Kiribati,O tSolomonher countrie Islandss and Vanuatu40 sexual violence by non-partners is equally common as physical violence. FinallySouth childPaciﬁc sexual countri eabuses is30 common in Solomon Islands and Vanuatu but relatively less so in Tonga and Samoa. 20 10 3.2.0 Cycle of violence: intergenerational transmission of violence l i i h a a n s ta a d ru a d y ij a a a tu azi pi gi n e n e a m F o sl a es r o pa ive P rbi k ibat I d B or a d Mal la e ur Na r am n ong Figure 3.2.1.thi ExposureJ of respondentsa S andT partners toKi violenceS o T duringanu childhood, by respondents gla E Ge Namibie haila nzani V Mal Z T a Viet m an w T lo experiencesB of intimate partner violence f (Percentage ofo women aged 15-49 or 18-49) Ne S U.R. o

50 Respondents mother experienced IPV 40 Respondent’s mother in law 30 experienced IPV

20 Partner beaten as child

10 Respondent experience of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) 0 Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu

Intergenerational violence refers to a model of domestic violence in which behavioral strategies or scripts

are45 transmitted from parent to child and from sibling to sibling (Pollak, 2004: 311). Data in Figure 3.2.1. reveal40 a strong link between IPV and children’s exposure to violence. It supports the notion of a cyclical 40% pattern35 of violence where the perpetrator of violence could also be a survivor of violence. Respondent’s mother 30 experienced IPV 25 Respondent’s mother in law 23% 20 21% experienced IPV 15 17% Partner beaten as child 10 10% 10% 5 0 Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV not experience IPV

45 40 38% Respondent’s mother 35 35% experienced IPV 30 Respondent’s mother in law 25 24% 24% experienced IPV 20 23% Partner beaten as child 15 10 Respondent experience 9% 10% 9% 5 of CSA 0 Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV not experience IPV

50 Respondent’s mother 4 Comparative analysis of key findings Comparative analysis of key findings 49% 5 experienced IPV 40 37% Respondent’s mother in law 30 experienced IPV

25% Partner beaten as child 20 23% 23% 20% Respondent experience 10 of CSA 8% 8% 0 Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV not experience IPV 30

25 Respondent’s mother 24% experienced IPV 20 20% 19% 19% Respondent’s mother in law 15 experienced IPV 14% Partner beaten as child 10 Respondent experience 5 7% of CSA 0 Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV not experience IPV 80% 70% 68% 60% 62% Experienced physical 50% violence by non-partner 40% Experienced sexual 30% 33% 27% 28% violence by non-partner 20% 18% 18% 10% 11% 11% 9% 10% 0% 6% Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island 40%

35% 37% 30% 30% 25% 20% 19% 15% 16% 10% 5% 8% 2% 0% Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island 25

23% 20 Women who were punched 15 15% 15% or kicked in abdomen

10 11% Women beaten during 8% 9% pregnency 5 5% 4% 3% 0 2% Fiji Kiribati Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island

40% 35% 36% Women who experienced 30% 33% IPV report abuse of their 25% children by their partner

20% Women who do not 15% experience IPV report 10% the abuse of their 11% children by their partner 5% 7% 0% Kiribati Solomon Island

Fiji Fiji

Kiribati Kiribati

Aggressive behaviour Samoa Samoa Experience nightmares Repeat school year School drop out Solomon Solomon

Tonga Tonga

Vanuatu Vanuatu

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 80%

870% 68% 670% 64% 65% 80% 60% 68% 560% 64% 65% 70% 60% 46% 5480% 68% 60% 64% 65% 40% 60% 4370% 46% 50% 68% 40% 2360% 64% 46% 65% 40% 60% 40% 150% 230% 140% 46% 20% 40% 30% Fiji Kiribati Sa moa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 10% Island 20% Fiji Kiribati Sa moa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 0% Island 10% Fiji Kiribati Sa moa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 80 Island 0% 8070 Fiji Kiribati Sa moa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 7060 Island 80 6050 Other countries 70 5040 OSothuethr coPaucifintcr iecosuntries 6080 4030 5070 OSothuethr coPaucifintcr iecosuntries 3020 60 40 South Pacific countries 2010 3050 Other countries 100 40 20 l a a n s a a u a d y iji i a a u South Pacific countries h t d r n e a m F o la t 0 es azi pi gi pa ve n e k Is a r o a i la P rbi Na ribat m ong 1030 d B hi or J d Mal a Se ur a n T nu tl e haila T Kii Si o a gla h E Gea a n s Namibia Z a d u Ta d anzaniy ij a a Va u pi gi Mal t r n e Vieta m F mo l t 20an es razi o pa ive w n e rbi f Tk ibat lo Is a B0 d B or a d Mal la P e ur Na r o m n ong hi J Ne a S T Ki SSa T anu Et Ge e haila nzani o gla l a a Maln s Namibia Z a u Ta d a y iji i ma Va u 10 h t d r U.R.n o T e Vieta m F o o la t an es azi pi gi pa ve w n e f k l Is a B r o a i la P rbi Na ribato m ong d B hi or J d MalNe a Se ur S a n T nu 0 t e haila T nzani Ki S o a 60 gla E Ge Namibi Z T U.R. o a m V Mal Viet o an l w f T i il B h a a n s ta a d ru a d y ij o a a a tu azi pi gi Ne n e n e a m F S o sl a es r o pa ive P rbi k ibat I 5060 d B or a d Mal la e ur Na r am n ong thi J a S U.R. oT Ki S o T anu Respondents mother gla E Ge Namibie haila nzani V Mal Z T a Viet m an w T lo experienced IPV B f o 406050 Ne S Respondents mother U.R. o experiencedRespondent’s IPV mother in law 305040 Respondentsexperienced IPV mother 60 experiencedRespondent’s IPV mother in law 204030 experiencedPartner beaten IPV as child 50 Respondent’sRespondents mothermother in law Partner beaten as child 103020 experiencedRespondent experienceIPV 40 of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Figure 3.2.2.20100 Exposure to violence: women who have experiencedPartnerRespondentRespondent’s beaten experience mother asIPV child in law 30 ofexperienced Child Sexual IPV Abuse (CSA) Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu and who10 0have not Respondent experience Partner beaten as child 20 Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) 0 Figure 3.2.2.10 a. Fiji Respondent experience Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) 450 40 45 Fiji 40% Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 35 40 Respondent’s mother 3045 40% 35 experienced IPV 2540 Respondent’s mother 30 40% experiencedRespondent’s IPV mother in law 203545 23% 25 21% Respondent’sexperienced IPV mother Respondent’s mother in law 153040 17% 23% experienced IPV 20 40% 21% Partnerexperienced beaten IPV as child 102535 15 10% 10% Respondent’s mother in law 17% 23% Respondent’s mother 20305 Partner beaten as child 10 21% experienced IPV 15250 17% 10% 10% 5 PartnerRespondent’s beaten mother as child in law 1020 Respondents who Respondents23% who did 0 21% 10% 10% experienced IPV 155 experienced IPV not experience IPV Respondents17% who Respondents who did Partner beaten as child 100 experienced IPV not experience IPV Figure 3.2.2. b. Kiribati 10% 10% 455 Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV not experience IPV 400 45 38% Respondent’s mother 35 40 Respondents who Respondents35% who did experienced IPV 3045 38%experienced IPV not experience IPV Respondent’s mother 35 experiencedRespondent’s IPV mother in law 2540 35% 30 Respondent’sexperienced IPV mother 38% 24% 24% 23% 203545 experiencedRespondent’s IPV mother in law 25 35% Partnerexperienced beaten IPV as child 30 24% 24% 1540 23% Respondent’s mother in law 20 38% Respondent’s mother 102535 RespondentPartner beaten experience as child 35% experienced IPV 15 24% 24% 23% 9% 10% 9% 20305 of CSA 10 RespondentPartner beaten experience as child 10% Respondent’s mother in law 15250 9% 9% of CSA 5 24% 24% experienced IPV 1020 Respondents who23% Respondents who did Respondent experience 0 9% 10% 9% Partner beaten as child 5 experienced IPV not experience IPV of CSA 15 Respondents who Respondents who did 100 experienced IPV not experience IPV Respondent experience 60 9% 10% 9% 5 Respondents who Respondents who did of CSA experienced IPV not experience IPV Figure 3.2.2.6050 0c. Solomon Island Respondent’s mother 49% Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV 504060 Respondent’s mother experienced49% IPV not experience IPV 37% experiencedRespondent’s IPV mother in law 403050 Respondent’sexperienced IPV mother 49% Respondent’s mother in law 60 37% experienced IPV 25% Partnerexperienced beaten IPV as child 302040 23% 23% 20% 50 37% Respondent’s mother in law 25% 49% RespondentPartner beaten experience as child 201030 23% 23% experienced IPV 20% of CSA 40 8% 8% 25% RespondentPartnerRespondent’s beaten experience mother as child in law 10200 37% 23% 23% 20% of CSA 30 8% 8% experienced IPV Respondents who Respondents who did Respondent experience 100 25% ofPartner CSA beaten as child 20 experienced23% IPV not23% experience8% 8% IPV Respondents who Respondents who20% did 300 Respondent experience 10 experienced IPV not experience IPV Respondents who Respondents who did of CSA 3025 8% 8% Respondent’s mother experienced IPV not experience IPV 0 24% experienced IPV Respondent’s mother 252030 Respondents who Respondents who did Figure 3.2.2 d. Tonga 24% 20% experiencedRespondent’s IPV mother in law experienced19% IPV not19% experience IPV 201525 Respondent’sexperienced IPV mother 20% Respondent’s mother in law 30 24% 19% 19% 14% experienced IPV Partnerexperienced beaten IPV as child 151020 20% 25 19% 19% 14% Respondent’s mother in law RespondentPartner beaten experience as child 10155 24% 7% experienced IPV of CSA 20 14% 20% RespondentPartnerRespondent’s beaten experience mother as child in law 1050 19% 19% 7% 15 ofexperienced CSA IPV Respondent experience 0 Respondents who Respondents7% who14% did 5 Partner beaten as child 10 experienced IPV not experience IPV of CSA Respondents who Respondents who did 0 80% experienced IPV not experience IPV Respondent experience 5 7% 70% Respondents who Respondents who did of CSA 80% 68% 0 experienced IPV not experience IPV 70%60% 62% 80% Experienced physical 50% Respondents who Respondents68% who did 60% 62% violence by non-partner 70% experienced IPV not experience IPV Experienced physical 50%40% 68% 60%80% 62% violenceExperienced by non-partner sexual 30% 33% 40% violenceExperienced by non-partner physical 50%70% 27% 6 28% Comparative analysis of key findings Comparative analysis of key findings 7 68% Experiencedviolence by non-partner sexual 20% 33% 30% 18% 18% 40%60% 27% 62% 28% violence by non-partner 10% 11% 11% Experienced physical 20% 9% 10% Experienced sexual 30%50% 18% 18% 6% 33% violence by non-partner 0% 27% 28% violence by non-partner 10% 11% 11% 20%40% 9% 10% Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga6% Vanuatu 0% 18% 18% Experienced sexual 30% 33% 10% 11% 11% Island 9% 10% 28% violence by non-partner 27%Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga6% Vanuatu 40%20%0% 18%Island18% 35%10% Fiji Kiribati11% Samoa11% Solomon37% Tonga Vanuatu 40% 9% 10% Island 6% 30%0% 35% 37% 30% 40% Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 30%25% 35% Island37% 30% 25%20% 30%40% 19% 30% 20%15% 16% 37% 25%35% 19% 15%10% 20%30% 16% 8% 30% 10%5% 19% 15%25% 2% 0% 16% 8% 20%5% 10% Fiji Kiribati Samoa2% Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 0% 19% 15%5% Island 8% 16%Fiji Kiribati Samoa2% Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 10%0%25 Island 5% Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga8% Vanuatu 25 23% 20 2% Island 0% 23% 2025 Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Women who were punched 15 15% Island 15% or kicked in abdomen 23% Women who were punched 1520 1025 15% 15% or kicked in abdomen 11% Women beaten during 8% 9% Women who were punched 15 23% pregnency 1020 15% 11% 15% or kicked in abdomen 5 9% Women beaten during 5% 8% 4% pregnencyWomen who were punched 105 11% 3% 15 2% 9% Women beaten during 0 15%5% 4% 8% 15% or kicked in abdomen 3% pregnency 5 Fiji Kiribati Solomon2% Tonga Vanuatu 100 5% 4% Island11% Women beaten during Fiji Kiribati Solomon Tonga3%8% Vanuatu9% 0 2% pregnency 5 Island Fiji5% Kiribati4% Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island 3% 40%0 2% 35% Fiji Kiribati Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 40% 36% Women who experienced Island 30% 33% IPV report abuse of their 35% 36% 40% Womenchildren whoby their experienced partner 30%25% 33% IPV report abuse of their 35% 36% childrenWomen whoby their experienced partner 25%20% Women who do not 30%40% 33% IPV report abuse of their 20%15% experience IPV report 25%35% Womenchildren whoby their do notpartner 10% 36% theWomen abuse who of their experienced 15% 33% experience IPV report 20%30% 11% childrenIPV report by abuse their partnerof their theWomen abuse who of theirdo not 10%5% 7% children by their partner 15%25% 11% childrenexperience by IPVtheir report partner 5%0% 7% 10%20% the abuse of their Kiribati Solomon Island11% Women who do not 0% children by their partner 15%5% experience IPV report Kiribati 7% Solomon Island the abuse of their 10%0% 11% children by their partner 5% Kiribati 7% Solomon Island Fiji0% Fiji Kiribati Solomon Island Fiji Fiji

Fiji Fiji Kiribati Kiribati Fiji Fiji Kiribati Kiribati

Kiribati Kiribati Aggressive behaviour Samoa Samoa AggressiveExperience behaviournightmares SamoaKiribati SamoaKiribati ExperienceRepeat school nightmares year Aggressive behaviour Samoa Samoa RepeatSchool dropschool out year Solomon Solomon Experience nightmares SchoolRepeatAggressive dropschool behaviour out year SolomonSamoa SolomonSamoa Experience nightmares School drop out Solomon Solomon Repeat school year Tonga Tonga School drop out SolomonTonga SolomonTonga

Tonga Tonga Vanuatu Vanuatu Tonga Tonga Vanuatu Vanuatu

Vanuatu 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Vanuatu 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Vanuatu Vanuatu 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 80% 70% 68% 60% 64% 65% 60% 50% 40% 46% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Fiji Kiribati Sa moa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island

80 70 60 50 Other countries

40 South Paciﬁc countries 30 20 10 0 l i i h a a n s ta a d ru a d y ij a a a tu azi pi gi n e n e a m F o sl a es r o pa ive P rbi k ibat I d B or a d Mal la e ur Na r am n ong thi J a S T Ki S o T anu gla E Ge Namibie haila nzani V Mal Z T a Viet m an w T lo B f o Ne S U.R. o

50 Respondents mother experienced IPV 40 Respondent’s mother in law Data across all countries indicate that women who • Partner beaten as a child: In Kiribati, women 30 experienced IPV have experienced IPV have been exposed to more who experienced IPV were approximately 2.5

20 Partner beaten as child forms of violence in their lifetime than women who times more likely to have had a partner who have not experience IPV. It shows a correlation was beaten as a child, compared to those who 10 Respondent experience of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) between being abused as a child, growing up in had not. In Solomon Island, women were 3 0 a household where domestic violence occurs and times more likely and in Fiji, 2 times more Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu the acceptance of violence as part of life. likely. This finding is consistent with the finding in the WHO Study that men who experienced When comparing data across countries for women abuse as a child were 2 times more likely to be 45 who have experienced IPV and those who have a perpetrator of IPV and supports the notion 40 not, there were more commonalities amongst 40% of intergenerational cycle of violence (Garcier 35 Respondent’s mother women who have suffered IPV: they were more et.al., 2005: 11). 30 experienced IPV likely to have had a mother who was beaten, to • Women’s experience of CSA: In Solomon 25 Respondent’s mother in law have had a partner whose mother was beaten, a 20 23% Islands, of women who experienced IPV, 21% experienced IPV partner who was beaten as a child and have had an 15 17% almost half (49 percent) had experienced Partner beaten as child experience of CSA. 10 CSA. In Kiribati, of the 68 percent of women 10% 10% 5 who experienced IPV 23 percent experienced • Mother who experienced IPV: In Fiji, 0 CSA making up a quarter of the respondent Respondents who Respondents who did Solomon and Tonga, women who experience population. experienced IPV not experience IPV IPV were more likely to have had a mother who was physically abused by her partner than The data suggests that violence is a learned 45 those who have not experienced IPV. behavior. Children who experience violence at the 40 38% Respondent’s mother 35 • Partner’s mother was beaten: There was a hands of parents and/or witness their parent’s 35% experienced IPV 30 trend across three countries, Kiribati, Solomon violence towards one another learn that violence Respondent’s mother in law 25 Island and Tonga, where women who is appropriate in personal settings and may imitate 24% 24% experienced IPV 20 23% experienced IPV also had partner’s whose these early childhood lessons in adult relationships Partner beaten as child 15 mother was beaten. Women who experienced (Franklin, 2010: 1). 10 Respondent experience 9% 10% 9% IPV were more than 2.5 times more likely to 5 of CSA have had a husband whose mother was beaten 0 Respondents who Respondents who did compared to women who did not experience experienced IPV not experience IPV IPV. In contrast, the experience in Fiji is not as pronounced as in the other three countries. 60

50 Respondent’s mother 49% experienced IPV 40 37% Respondent’s mother in law 30 experienced IPV

25% Partner beaten as child 20 23% 23% 20% Respondent experience 10 of CSA 8% 8% 0 Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV not experience IPV 30

25 Respondent’s mother 24% experienced IPV 20 20% 19% 19% Respondent’s mother in law 15 experienced IPV 14% Partner beaten as child 10 Respondent experience 5 7% of CSA 0 Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV not experience IPV 80% 70% 6 Comparative analysis of key findings Comparative analysis of key findings 7 68% 60% 62% Experienced physical 50% violence by non-partner 40% Experienced sexual 30% 33% 27% 28% violence by non-partner 20% 18% 18% 10% 11% 11% 9% 10% 0% 6% Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island 40%

35% 37% 30% 30% 25% 20% 19% 15% 16% 10% 5% 8% 2% 0% Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island 25

23% 20 Women who were punched 15 15% 15% or kicked in abdomen

10 11% Women beaten during 8% 9% pregnency 5 5% 4% 3% 0 2% Fiji Kiribati Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island

40% 35% 36% Women who experienced 30% 33% IPV report abuse of their 25% children by their partner

20% Women who do not 15% experience IPV report 10% the abuse of their 11% children by their partner 5% 7% 0% Kiribati Solomon Island

Fiji Fiji

Kiribati Kiribati

Aggressive behaviour Samoa Samoa Experience nightmares Repeat school year School drop out Solomon Solomon

Tonga Tonga

Vanuatu Vanuatu

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 80% 70% 68% 60% 64% 65% 60% 50% 40% 46% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Fiji Kiribati Sa moa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island

80 70 60 50 80% Other countries 40 70% South Paciﬁc countries 30 68% 60% 64% 65% 20 60% 50% 10 40% 46% 0 40% l i i 30% h a a n s ta a d ru a d y ij a a a tu azi pi gi n e n e a m F o sl a es r o pa ive P rbi k ibat I d B or a d Mal la e ur Na r am n ong thi J a S T Ki S o T anu 20% gla E Ge Namibie haila nzani V Mal Z T a Viet m an w T lo B f o 10% Ne S U.R. o 0% 60 Fiji Kiribati Sa moa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island 50 Respondents mother experienced IPV 40 80 Respondent’s mother in law 30 70 experienced IPV 6020 Partner beaten as child 50 10 ORespondentther countr ieexperiences of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) 40 South Paciﬁc countries 0 30 Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 20 10 0 l i i h a a n s ta a d ru a d y ij a a a tu 45 azi pi gi n e n e a m F o sl a es r o pa ive P rbi k ibat I d B or a d Mal la e ur Na r am n ong thi J a S T Ki S o T anu 40 gla E Ge Namibie haila nzani V 40%Mal Z T a Viet m an w T lo 35B f o Ne S Respondent’s mother 30 U.R. o experienced IPV 25 60 Respondent’s mother in law 23% 20 21% experienced IPV 50 Respondents mother 15 17% Partnerexperienced beaten IPV as child 4010 10% 10% 5 Respondent’s mother in law 30 experienced IPV 0 20 Respondents who Respondents who did Partner beaten as child experienced IPV not experience IPV 10 Respondent experience of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) 450 40 Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 38% Respondent’s mother 35 35% experienced IPV 30 Respondent’s mother in law 25 24% 24% experienced IPV 2045 23% Partner beaten as child 40 15 40% 35 10 RespondentRespondent’s experience mother 9% 10% 9% 305 ofexperienced CSA IPV 25 0 Respondent’s mother in law 23% 20 Respondents who21% Respondents who did experienced IPV 15 experienced IPV not experience IPV 17% Partner beaten as child 10 60 10% 10% 5 500 Respondent’s mother 49% Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV 40 experienced IPV not experience IPV 37% Respondent’s mother in law 30 experienced IPV 45 25% Partner beaten as child 20 23% 23% 40 20% 38% RespondentRespondent’s experience mother 1035 35% ofexperienced CSA IPV 30 8% 8% 0 Respondent’s mother in law 25 24% 24% experienced IPV 20 Respondents who23% Respondents who did experienced IPV not experience IPV Partner beaten as child 15 30 10 Respondent experience 9% 10% 9% 255 ofRespondent’s CSA mother 0 24% experienced IPV 20 Respondents20% who Respondents who did 19% 19% Respondent’s mother in law 15 experienced IPV not experience IPV experienced IPV 14% Partner beaten as child 6010 3.3. Women’s experience of violence from age 15 by non-partnerRespondent experience 505 7% Respondent’s mother 49% ofexperienced CSA IPV 400 Figure 3.3.1. Women’s experience of physical and sexual violence since age 15Respondent’s by non-partner mother in law Respondents37% who Respondents who did 30 experienced IPV experienced IPV not experience IPV 25% Partner beaten as child 80%20 23% 23% 20% 70% Respondent experience 10 68% of CSA 60% 62% 8% 8% 0 Experienced physical 50% violence by non-partner Respondents who Respondents who did 40% experienced IPV not experience IPV Experienced sexual 30% 33% 30 27% 28% violence by non-partner 20% 25 18% 18% Respondent’s mother 10% 11% 11% 9% 24% 10% experienced IPV 6% 0%20 20% Respondent’s mother in law Fiji Kiribati19% Samoa Solomon 19%Tonga Vanuatu experienced IPV 15 Island 14% Partner beaten as child 40%10 Data shows35% that in Samoa and Tonga non-partner37% sexual violence were strangers.Respondent These experience findings 5 7% physical30% violence and non-partner sexual violence reflect the social and culturalof CSA norms around 0 30% is relatively25% high. masculinity and gender power relationships Respondents who Respondents who did 20% where violence as a form of discipline and conflict experienced19% IPV not experience IPV It was15% found across all countries that the main 80% 16% resolution at community level. perpetrators10% of non-partner physical violence were: 70% fathers,5% male and female family members and 68%8% 60% 62%2% Experienced physical teachers.50%0% The main perpetrators of non-partner Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu violence by non-partner 40% Island Experienced sexual 30% 33% 25 27% 28% violence by non-partner 20% 3.4 Child sexual abuse23% before age18% 18%of 15 20 10% 11% 11% 9% 10% 6% 0% Women who were punched Figure 3.4.1.15 Child sexual abuse before age of 15: All women surveyed Fiji15% Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu15% or kicked in abdomen Island 10 11% Women beaten during 40% 8% 9% pregnency 35%5 37% 5% 4% 30% 3% 0 2% 30% 25% Fiji Kiribati Solomon Tonga Vanuatu 20% Island 19% 15% 16% 10% 40%5% 8% 2% 35% 0% 36% Women who experienced 30% Fiji 33% Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu IPV report abuse of their Island 25% children by their partner 25 20% Women who do not CSA indicators vary, but were generally23% high in the member was the perpetrator. The study showed 15%20 experience IPV report countries10% surveyed. Data from Solomon Island and a correlation between CSA andthe abuse the educationof their level 11% childrenWomen bywho their were partner punched 15 Vanuatu5% show high15% levels of CSA7% before the age of and socio-economic15% status orof kicked the insurvivors. abdomen The 15, with0% at least 30 percent of women reporting a higher the level of education and socio-economic 10 11% Women beaten during violent experience. Kiribati status,Solomon8% theIsland lower9% the levels of CSA. For example, pregnency 5 40 percent of women with no education had been 5% 4% Of the women interviewed in Vanuatu, 55 percent sexually3% abused as children, compared to 32 percent 0 2% who had experienced CSA reported that a family of women who had primary school education; 28 Fiji Fiji Kiribati Solomon TongaFiji Vanuatu Island

Kiribati40% 8 Kiribati Comparative analysis of key findings Comparative analysis of key findings 9 35% 36% Women who experienced 30% 33% IPV report abuse of their 25% children by their partner Aggressive behaviour Samoa Samoa 20% Women who doExperience not nightmares 15% experience IPV report Repeat school year 10% the abuse of their 11% children by theirSchool partner drop out Solomon5% 7% Solomon 0% Kiribati Solomon Island

Tonga Tonga

Fiji Fiji

Vanuatu Vanuatu

Kiribati Kiribati 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Aggressive behaviour Samoa Samoa Experience nightmares Repeat school year School drop out Solomon Solomon

Tonga Tonga

Vanuatu Vanuatu

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 80% 70% 68% 60% 64% 65% 60% 50% 40% 46% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Fiji Kiribati Sa moa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island

80 70 60 50 Other countries

50 Respondents mother experienced IPV 40 Respondent’s mother in law 30 experienced IPV

20 Partner beaten as child

10 Respondent experience of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) 0 Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu

45 40 40% 35 Respondent’s mother 30 experienced IPV 25 Respondent’s mother in law 23% 20 21% experienced IPV 15 17% Partner beaten as child 10 10% 10% 5 0 Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV not experience IPV

50 Respondent’s mother 49% experienced IPV 40 37% Respondent’s mother in law 30 experienced IPV

25% Partner beaten as child 20 23% 23% 20% Respondent experience 10 of CSA 8% 8% 0 Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV not experience IPV 30

25 Respondent’s mother 24% experienced IPV 20 20% 19% 19% Respondent’s mother in law percent with15 secondary education; and 17 percent survey. Of the women interviewed,experienced the 49 IPV percent 14% Partner beaten as child with post-secondary10 education. Economic status who reported that they were sexually abused was also a factor: the higher the economic status before the age of 15 also reportedRespondent that their experience mother 5 7% the less reported sexual abuse. The study showed had experienced IPV. of CSA that 35 percent0 of women from low socio economic status experienced sexualRespondents abuse, 30 who percent from CSARespondents has whodamaging did physiological and physical experienced IPV not experience IPV medium socio-economic status and 15 percent consequences for women and children in addition 80% from a higher socio-economic status. to the negative impacts on national social and 70% economic68% development and the denial of basic 60% 62% The Vanuatu survey highlighted the age of first human rights. Studies show Experienced that girls physical under 50% sexual abuse with 14 percent of women aged 15 who were subjected to sexual violence assault by non-partner were 40% between 6-10 years old and 74 percent of women significantly more likely to suffer Experienced later in sexual life from 30% 33% between 11-14 years.27% The survey points to pockets physical and/or 28%sexual abuse violence by their by non-partner partner. 20% of greater vulnerability: girls between 6-14 years 18% 18%According to international studies on CSA, other 10% 11% 11% old with low education9% and from10% a low-medium impacts include low self-esteem, depression, self- 0% 6% socio-economic backgroundFiji Kiribatiwere at highSamoa risk ofSolomon harm, Tongasuicidal thoughts,Vanuatu early sex exposure, use been abused. Islandof alcohol and substance abuse. There is also the 40% risk of unwanted teenage pregnancy and the risk of A correlation35% between prior abuse of the perpetrator 37%sexually transmitted infections including HIV. (in this case30% the mother) and CSA and mother been 30% beaten was25% found among the women in the Kiribati 20% 19% 15% 16% 3.5 Violence10% during pregnancy 5% 8% 2% Figure 3.5.10% Ever-pregnant women who experienced violence during pregnancy Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island 25

23% 20 Women who were punched 15 15% 15% or kicked in abdomen

10 11% Women beaten during 8% 9% pregnency 5 5% 4% 3% 0 2% Fiji Kiribati Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island

Violence towards pregnant women in the South 10) of women who have been physically abused 40% Pacific Islands is of great concern. The study in during pregnancy miscarried.Overall nine percent of 35% 36% Kiribati noted that 23 percent of women reported women who experienced IPV miscarriedWomen who compared experienced 30% 33% IPV report abuse of their being beaten25% during pregnancy and in Solomon to 6 percent of women who did childrennot experience by their partner IPV. Island and Fiji 11 and 15 percent respectively This trend was mirrored in Kiribati, with women 20% Women who do not having also15% been abused while pregnant. who experienced IPV particularlyexperience during IPVpregnancy report 10% were more likely to report miscarriages,the abuse of their that is, Higher rates of miscarriage were noted from 11% children by their partner 5% 7% 19 percent compared to 13 percent. In Vanuatu, a women who had experienced IPV during pregnancy 0% third of women reported that the violence started than women who had not experiencedKiribati IPV during duringSolomon pregnancy Island and continued at about the same pregnancy. In Vanuatu, 13 percent (more than 1 in level or got progressively worse.

Fiji Fiji

8 Comparative analysis of key findings Comparative analysis of key findings 9

Kiribati Kiribati

Aggressive behaviour Samoa Samoa Experience nightmares Repeat school year School drop out Solomon Solomon

Tonga Tonga

Vanuatu Vanuatu

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 80% 70% 68% 60% 64% 65% 60% 50% 40% 46% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Fiji Kiribati Sa moa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island

80 70 60 50 Other countries

50 Respondents mother experienced IPV 40 Respondent’s mother in law 30 experienced IPV

20 Partner beaten as child

10 Respondent experience of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) 0 Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu

50 Respondent’s mother 49% experienced IPV 40 37% Respondent’s mother in law 30 experienced IPV

25% Partner beaten as child 20 23% 23% 20% Respondent experience 10 of CSA 8% 8% 0 Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV not experience IPV 30

35% 37% 30% 30% 25% 20% 19% 15% 16% 10% 5% 8% 2% 0% Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island 25

23% 20 Women who were punched 15 15% 15% or kicked in abdomen

10 11% Women beaten during 8% 9% pregnency 5 5% 4% 3.6. Co-occurrence of violence against 3%women and children 0 2% Fiji Kiribati Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Figure 3.6.1. Co-occurrence of violence Islandagainst women and children in the same household

40% 35% 36% Women who experienced 30% 33% IPV report abuse of their 25% children by their partner

20% Women who do not 15% experience IPV report 10% the abuse of their 11% children by their partner 5% 7% 0% Kiribati Solomon Island

In the Kiribati and Solomon Island study, the In Kiribati women who had experienced IPV were co-occurrenceFiji of IPV and child abuse in the same 7 timesFiji more likely to have children who are also household unit was high. The figures also indicate abused than those who have not experienced IPV. high levels of child abuse by the partner whether In Solomon Island women who have experienced or not there was IPV. Women who experienced IPV were 4.5 times more likely to report their child’s Kiribati Kiribati IPV were more likely than those who had not abuse compared to those who did not experience experienced IPV to report the abuse of their IPV. In the Vanuatu study, 17 percent of women children: reported that their children were beaten at same Aggressive behaviour Samoa timeSamoa as IPV incidents occurred. • 33 percent of women in Kiribati who ex- Experience nightmares perienced IPV reported the abuse of their child Based on global data from the UnitedRepeat Nations school year while 7 percent who did not experience IPV Secretary-General’s Study on ViolenceSchool againstdrop out Solomonreported the abuse of their child. Solomon Children, it is conservatively estimated that as many • 36 percent of women in Solomon Island who as 275 million children were currently exposed to experienced IPV reported the abuse of their domestic violence. The fact that domestic violence childTonga while 11 percent who did not experience isTonga chronically underreported and that some IPV reported that their children have also been countries have no data at all, makes it difficult to abused by their partner. quantify how many children are affected. Global

Vanuatu Vanuatudata also show that being in a violent household increases the risk of children being abused.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

10 Comparative analysis of key findings Comparative analysis of key findings 11 80% 70% 68% 60% 64% 65% 60% 50% 40% 46% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Fiji Kiribati Sa moa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island

80 70 60 50 Other countries

50 Respondents mother experienced IPV 40 Respondent’s mother in law 30 experienced IPV

20 Partner beaten as child

10 Respondent experience of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) 0 Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu

50 Respondent’s mother 49% experienced IPV 40 37% Respondent’s mother in law 30 experienced IPV

25% Partner beaten as child 20 23% 23% 20% Respondent experience 10 of CSA 8% 8% 0 Respondents who Respondents who did experienced IPV not experience IPV 30

35% 37% 30% 30% 25% 20% 19% 15% 16% 10% 5% 8% 2% 0% Fiji Kiribati Samoa Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island 25

23% 20 Women who were punched 15 15% 15% or kicked in abdomen

10 11% Women beaten during 8% 9% pregnency 5 5% 4% 3% 0 2% Fiji Kiribati Solomon Tonga Vanuatu Island

40% 35% 36% Women who experienced 30% 33% IPV report abuse of their 25% children by their partner 3.7.20% Impact of violence on children who witnessed intimateWomen who partner do not 15% experience IPV report violence10% the abuse of their 11% children by their partner 5% 7% Figure 3.7.1. Symptoms of children reported Figure 3.7.2. Symptoms of children reported 0% by women who experienceKiribati IPV Solomonby women Island who did not experience IPV

Fiji Fiji

Kiribati Kiribati

Aggressive behaviour Samoa Samoa Experience nightmares Repeat school year School drop out Solomon Solomon

Tonga Tonga

Vanuatu Vanuatu

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Children who grow up in a violent home are more families have poorer educational outcomes and likely to be survivors of child abuse than those who that the long-term consequences for these children did not. In addition indirect victims have some of need to be included in calculations of the economic the same behavioral and psychological problems as costs of violence against women by their husbands children who are themselves physically abused. and intimate partners. (WHO, 2013: 17).

Data show that women who experienced IPV There is also further evidence that abusive behavior were more likely to have reported their children is likely to be passed down through families with having nightmares, displaying aggressive behaviour, children of abusers more likely to become abusers repeating a year of school or dropping out of school themselves. Overall living in a violent environment compared to women who had never experienced IPV. affects the children emotionally, physical health, behavior and their schooling. In Fiji and Kiribati, children whose mothers were subjected to IPV were twice as likely to repeat years of schooling or to drop out of school. These findings were consistent with findings from international studies that suggest that children from such

10 Comparative analysis of key findings Comparative analysis of key findings 11 4. Findings per country: a snapshot

4.1. FIJI

4.1.1. Women’s experience of physical and sexual violence by intimate partner3

• Three in five women (64 percent) who have ever been in a relationship have experienced physical or sexual violence or both by an intimate partner. • Three out of five ever-partnered women (58 percent) have been emotionally abused by an intimate partner. • Rates of emotional, physical and sexual violence against women by partners are higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Nevertheless, there are very high rates of all forms of violence against women across all divisions, age groups, education levels, ethnic groups and religions.

4.1.2. Cycle of violence: intergenerational transmission of violence4

Women who Women who did not experienced IPV experience IPV

Mothers beaten up by partner 40% 23% Partner’s mother who experienced IPV 17% 10% Partner beaten as a child 21% 10%

4.1.3. Women’s experience of violence by non-partner since age 155

• More than one in four women (27 percent) have been physically abused since the age of 15 by a non-partner. • Almost one in ten women (9 percent) have been sexually abused since the age of 15 by non-partner.

4.1.4. Child sexual abuse before the age of 156

• Almost one in five women (16 percent) were sexually abused before the age of 15. • Of the women interviewed, 5 percent reported that their first sexual experience were forced.

4.1.5. Children witnessing their mother being abused7

• 30 percent of women reported that their children had witnessed at least one incident of their abuse by their partner. • 17 percent of women reported that their children had witnessed them been abused by ther partner more than once.

3 Hunt, J. 2013. Somebody’s Life, Everybody’s Business! National Research on Women’s Health and Life Experiences in Fiji (2010/2011): A Survey \Exploring the Prevalence, Incidence and Attitudes to Intimate Partner Violence in Fiji. Suva: Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre: pp. 37. 4 Ibid., p. 102. 5 Ibid., p. 60. 6 Ibid., p. 61. 7 Ibid., p. 100.

12 Findings per country: a snapshot Findings per country: a snapshot 13 4.1.6. Impact on children who had witnessed abuse of their mother

Children’s symptoms Women who Women who did not experienced IPV experienced IPV Aggressive behaviour 36% 23% Experiencing nightmares 29% 17% Repeating a year of school 10% 4% School drop out 5% 3%

• Children whose mothers who experienced physical or sexual violence were twice as likely to repeat years of schooling or dropped out of school altogether.

4.1.7. Experience of violence during pregnancy8

• 15 percent of ever-pregnant women were physically assaulted during pregnancy by their partners. Of these women, one in three (33 percent) were severely abused, including being hit or kicked in the stomach.

4.2. KIRIBATI

4.2.1. Women’s experience of physical and sexual violence by intimate partner9

• Approximately 68 percent of ever-married women between the ages of 15 - 49 experiencing physical and/or sexual violence by intimate partner.

4.2.2. Cycle of violence: intergenerational transmission of violence10

Women who Women who did not experienced IPV experienced IPV Mothers beaten by partner 38% 35% Partner’s mother who experienced IPV 24% 9% Partner beaten as a child 24% 10% Women who experienced CSA 23% 9%

4.2.3. Women’s experience of violence by a non-partner since the age of 15

• 11 percent of women reported experiencing physical violence by a non-partner. • 10 percent of women reported experiencing sexual violence by non-partner.

4.2.4. Child sexual abuse before the age of 1511

• 19 percent of women aged 15-49 experienced CSA before the age of 15.

8 Ibid., p. 89. 9 Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 2010. Kiribati Family Health and Support Study: A Study on Violence Against Woman and Children. Noumea: Secretariat of the Pacific Community, p. 2. 10 Ibid., p. 118. 11 Ibid., p. 4.

12 Findings per country: a snapshot Findings per country: a snapshot 13 • The perpetrators of CSA were12: »» Father or stepfather (7 percent) »» A family member (31 percent) »» A stranger (33%)

4.2.5. Experience of violence during pregnancy13

• 23 percent of ever-pregnant women were beaten during pregnancy, • 17 percent of women who experienced violence during pregnancy had been punched or kicked in the abdomen while pregnant. • 19 percent of women who experienced IPV during pregnancy were more likely to report a miscarriage, compared to the 13 percent of women who miscarried who did not experience IPV.

4.2.6. Children witnessing their mother’s abuse14

• 50 percent of women reported that their children had witnessed at least one incidence of violence. • 20 percent of women reported their children had witnessed more than one incident of violence.

4.2.7. Impact on children who had witnessed their mother’s abuse15

Women who Women who did not Children’s symptoms experienced IPV experienced IPV Aggressive behaviour 51% 41% Experiencing nightmares 49% 31% Repeated school year 19% 9% School dropout 11% 6%

• Children of women who experienced IPV have were experiencing high rates of nightmares, display of aggressive behaviour and problems at school.

4.2.8. Co-occurrence of intimate partner violence and child abuse in same household16

• 33 percent of women who experienced IPV were more likely to report that their partner had abused their child. • 7 percent of women who did not experience IPV reported the abuse of their child.

4.2.9. Impact of Intimate partner violence on the mother’s parenting behaviour17

• 5 percent of women shouted or yelled at their children • 4 percent of women beat their children • 9 percent of women ignored their children • 4 percent of women were too sick or hurt to look after the children

12 Ibid., p. 106. 13 Ibid., p. 135. 14 Ibid., p. 114. 15 Ibid., p. 115. 16 Ibid., p. 109. 17 Ibid., p. 113.

14 Findings per country: a snapshot Findings per country: a snapshot 15 4.3. SAMOA

4.3.1. Women’s experience of physical and sexual violence by intimate partner18

• 46 percent of ever-partnered women between the ages of 15-49 experienced physical and/or sexual violence by intimate partner.

4.3.2. Cycle of violence: intergenerational transmission of violence

Women who experienced IPV Mother beaten up by partner 50%19 Partner’s mother who experienced IPV 42%20 Partner beaten as a child 10%21 Women who experienced sexual abuse 19%22

4.3.3. Women’s experience of violence by a non-partner since age 1519

• 62 percent of women have experienced physical violence by a non-partner. • 11 percent of women have experienced sexual violence by non-partner. • Perpetrators of non-partner physical abuse before the age of 15: »» Father: 36 percent »» Male in a family: 4 percent »» Female family member: 39 percent »» Teacher: 19 percent

• Perpetrators of sexual violence since age 15 were either a boyfriend and/or stranger.

4.3.4. Women reported children who witnessed their mother’s abuse20

• 31 percent of woman who experienced IPV reported that their children had witnessed one incident of violence. • 12 percent reported that the children have witnessed many incidents of violence.

18 Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 2007. The Samoa Family Health and Safety Study. Noumea: Secretariat of the Pacific Community. p. 15. 19 Ibid., p. 44. 20 Ibid., p. 35.

14 Findings per country: a snapshot Findings per country: a snapshot 15 4.3.5. Impact on children who had witnessed their mother’s abuse21

Women who Women who did not Children symptoms experienced IPV experienced IPV Aggressive behaviour 46% 36% Experiencing nightmares 34% 28% Repeated year at school 11% 8% School drop out 13% 8%

4.4. SOLOMON ISLAND

4.4.1. Women’s experience of physical and sexual violence by intimate partner22

• Two in three women (65 percent) of ever-married women between the ages of 15-49 experienced physical and/or sexual violence by intimate partner.

4.4.2. Cycle of violence: intergenerational transmission of violence23

Women who Women who did not experienced IPV experienced IPV Mother beaten by partner 37% 23% Partner’s mother experienced violence 23% 8% Partner beaten as a child 25% 8% Women experience of CSA28 49% 20%

4.4.3. Ever-married women who experienced violence by non-partner since the age of 1524

• 18 percent of women experienced physical violence by non-partner. Male family members, particularly father were identified as the most common perpetrators. • 18 percent of women experienced sexual violence by non-partner. Perpetrators were boyfriends and strangers. • 29 percent of women experienced physical or sexual violence by non-partner.

4.4.4. Perpetrators of non-partner physical abuse25

• Father or stepfather: 59 percent • Boyfriend: 48 percent • Male family member: 23 percent • Female family member: 25 percent • Acquaintance (teacher or work colleague): 17 percent • Perpetrators of non-partner sexual abuse:

21 Ibid., p. 36 22 Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 2009. Solomon Island Family Health and Support Study: A study on Violence Against Woman and Children. Noumea: Secretariat of the Pacific Community. p. 3. 23 Ibid., p. 6. 24 Secretariat of the Pacific Community Op. Cit., p. 80 25 Ibid., p. 81.

16 Findings per country: a snapshot Findings per country: a snapshot 17 »» Acquaintance (teacher or work colleague): 24 percent »» Stranger: 26 percent

4.4.6. Experience of child sexual abuse before age 1526

• 37 percent of women aged between 15-49 experienced child sexual abuse before age of 15. • Perpetrators of child sexual abuse: »» Father: 2 percent »» Family member: 20 percent »» Friend of the family: 16 percent »» Boyfriend: 36 percent »» Teacher or colleague: 15 percent

• Stranger: 24 percent • Police officer: 2 percent

4.4.7 Women violence during pregnancy27

• 11 percent of ever- pregnant women were beaten during pregnancy • 18 percent of women experienced violence during their pregnancy had been punched or kicked in the abdomen while pregnant.

4.4.8. Children who witnessed their mother’s abuse28

• 59 percent of woman who experienced IPV reported that their children had witnessed at least one incident of violence. • 26 percent reported that their children had witnessed more than one incident of violence.

4.4.9. Impact on children who had witnessed their mother’s abuse29

Women who Women who did not Children symptoms experienced IPV experienced IPV Aggressive behaviour 57% 41% Experienced nightmares 36% 21% Repeated school year 19% 18% School dropout 10% 10%

4.4.10. Co-occurrence of intimate partner violence and child abuse within the same household30

• 36 percent of women who experienced IPV reported the abuse of their child, while 11 percent of women who do not experience IPV had reported the abuse of their child. • Women who had experienced IPV were 4.5 times more likely to report that their children had being abused than women who have not experienced IPV.

26 Ibid., p. 87. 27 Ibid., p. 115. 28 Ibid., p. 96. 29 Ibid., p. 97. 30 Ibid., p. 91.

16 Findings per country: a snapshot Findings per country: a snapshot 17 4.4.11. Impact of intimate partner violence on mother’s parenting behaviour31

• 59% of women who had suffered violence believed the violence had affected the way they parented their children32. The findings indicate that the impact of such violence on parenting is overwhelmingly negative. • 10 percent of women shouted at their children • 23 percent of women hit their children • 42 percent of women ignored their children • 6 percent of women were too sick or hurt to look after the children.

4.5. TONGA

4.5.1. Women’s experience of physical and sexual violence by intimate partner33

• 40 percent of ever-married women between the ages of 15-49 who experienced physical and/or sexual violence by intimate partner.

4.5.2. Cycle of violence: intergenerational transmission of violence34

Women who Women who did not experienced IPV experienced IPV Mother beaten by partner 24% 19% Partner’s mother experienced violence 20% 7% Partner beaten as a child 20% 14% Women experience of CSA 8%

4.5.3. Women’s experience of violence by non-partner since age 1535

• 68 percent of women had experienced physical violence by someone other than an intimate partner since the age 15. The prevalence rate was high across all educational levels and age groups. • Perpetrators were mostly fathers (50 percent) and teachers (20 percent).36 • Children and young people were discipline by the use of a stick or were slapped. • Corporal punishment is still prevalent in schools even though it is illegal.37 • 6 percent of women experienced sexual violence by a non-partner. The most commonly mentioned perpetrators were boyfriends and strangers.

4.5.4. Child sexual abuse before age 1538

• 8 percent of women experienced sexual abuse before they were 15 years old. • Perpetrators were strangers, male family members and a category ‘others’.

31 Ibid., p. 95. 32 Ibid., p. 87. 33 Ma’a Fafine. 2012. National Study on Domestic Violence Against Women in Tonga 2009: Nofo ‘A Kainga. Nuku’alofa: Ma`a Fafine mo e Famili Inc. p. xxv. 34 Ibid., p. 125. 35 Ibid., p. 56. 36 Ibid., p. 212. 37 Ibid., p. 63. 38 Ibid., p. xxvi.

18 Findings per country: a snapshot Findings per country: a snapshot 19 4.5.5. Comparing partner and non-partner violence39

• More than three out of four women (77 percent) have experienced physical or sexual violence in their lifetime by a partner or non-partner. • The comparative data on partner and non-partner violence show that women in Tonga are almost three times more likely to have experienced violence by non-partners than by their partners. This pattern is different when compared to other countries in the world.40

4.5.6. Women’s experience of violence during pregnancy41

• 8 percent of ever-pregnant women have been beaten during a pregnancy. • 41 percent of women had been punched or kicked in abdomen during pregnancy.

4.5.7. Children who witnessed their mother being abused by their partner42

• 14 percent of woman who experienced IPV reported their children have witnessed at least once. • 20 percent reported that the children had witnessed more than one incident of violence.

4.5.8. Impact of violence on children who witnessed their mother being abused by their partner43

Women who Women who did not Children symptoms experienced IPV experienced IPV Aggressive behaviour 38% 37% Experienced nightmares 42% 37%

Repeat school year 11% 11% School drop out 11% 7%

4.6. VANUATU

4.6.1. Women’s experience of physical and sexual violence by intimate partner44

• 60 percent of ever-married women between the ages of 15-49 experienced physical and/or sexual violence by intimate partner.

39 Ibid., p. xxvi. 40 Ibid., p. 66. 41 Ibid., p. 205. 42 Ibid., p. 224. 43 Ibid., p. 223. 44 Vanuatu Women’s Centre. 2011. Vanuatu National Survey on Women’s Lives and Family Relationships. Port Vila: Vanuatu Women’s Center. p. 56.

18 Findings per country: a snapshot Findings per country: a snapshot 19 4.6.2. Cycle of violence: intergenerational transmission of violence

Cycle of violence Women who experienced IPV Mothers who were beaten by partner 51%50 Partner’s mother beaten by her partner 23%51 Partner beaten as a child 29%52

4.6.8. Women violence by non-partner since age 1545

• One in four women (28 percent) experienced non-partner physical violence. • One in three women (33 percent) had experienced non- partner sexual violence. • 48 percent women experienced physical and/or sexual violence by non-partner.

4.6.9. Perpetrators of non-partner physical abuse since age 1546

• Father 51 percent • Female family member: 37 percent • Male family member: 11 percent • Teacher: 24 percent

4.6.10. Perpetrators of non-partner sexual abuse since age 15

• Boyfriend: 60 percent • Stranger: 22 percent • Male family member: 20 percent • Male friend of family: 4 percent • Grandfather: 4 percent

4.6.11. Child sexual abuse before age 1547

• 30 percent of women reported sexual abuse before age of 15. • 28 percent of women reported that their first experience of sex was rape.

4.6.12. Perpetrators of the child sexual abuse48

• 55 percent of women reported that family members were the perpetrators of CSA • Family member: 33 percent • Boyfriend: 33 percent • Stranger: 26 percent • Grandfather: 10 percent • Brother: 7 percent • Stepfather: 3 percent

45 Ibid., p. 95. 46 Ibid., p. 99. 47 Ibid., p. 100. 48 Ibid., p. 103.

20 Findings per country: a snapshot Findings per country: a snapshot 21 4.6.13. Level of the education of women:

• Two in five (40 percent) of women with no education had been sexually abused as a child • One in three women (32 percent) with primary education have been sexually abused as a child • 28 percent of women with secondary school education have been sexually abused as a child • 17 percent of women with higher education have been sexually abused as a child.

4.6.14. Socio-economic status of women

• One in three women (35 percent ) with low socio-economic status experienced sexual abuse • 30 percent of women from medium socio-economic status experienced sexual abuse • 15 percent of women from high economic status experienced sexual abuse

4.6.15. Age of first sexual abused among women interviewed

• 14 percent were between 6 to 10 years old • 74 percent of women reported that they were between the age of 11 to 14 years old when experiencing the first sexual abuse incident

4.6.16. Women violence during pregnancy49

• 15 percent of ever-pregnant women were physically abuse during pregnancy by partner. • A third of women were beaten during pregnancy where violence started during pregnancy, and became progressively worse.

4.6.17. Children who witnessed their mother being abused by partner50

• 32 percent reported that their children had witnessed one incident of violence. • 15 percent reported that their children had witnessed more than one incident of violence.

4.6.18. Impact of violence on children who witnessed their mother being abused by their partner51

Women who Women who did not Children symptoms experienced IPV experienced IPV Aggressive behaviour 73% 54% Experienced nightmares 53% 37% Repeat of school year 38% 26% School drop out 22% 8%

4.6.19. Co-occurrence of intimate partner violence and child abuse in same household52

• 17 percent of women who experienced IPV were more likely to report that their partner had beaten their child.

49 Ibid., p. 125. 50 Ibid., p. 131. 51 Ibid., p. 143. 52 Ibid., p. 131.

20 Findings per country: a snapshot Findings per country: a snapshot 21 5. Conclusion

A key message from this publication is to stress professionals, mass media, parents and children the need for both prevention and response to and other organs of civil society. The international violence against women and violence against community also has a role to play in supporting children. Preventing violence from taking place in initiatives by both government and civil society to the first place can break the cycle of discrimination combat violence against children and women. and negative social norms that perpetuate human rights violations. This requires solid policy and Governments must expand protection of women legislative reform, as well as community outreach and children and must review the legislative and awareness raising initiatives. framework of the country, particularly, the laws and policies that uphold inequality within customary law, Violence against children can take many forms, the judiciary system, education law, and laws that including physical, sexual, emotional and verbal govern social services and health. Policies should abuse, and may involve neglect or deprivation. reinforce the message that domestic violence is a Violence can also affect children in an indirect crime and perpetrators are be punished in order to way – witnessing domestic violence between protect women and children. Criminalizing domestic parents, for example, or between a parent and his violence sends a clear message that violence is not or her partner. Violence against children is typically a private matter and is unacceptable. It is essential perpetrated by those entrusted with their care: that protective laws are enforced and offenders parents or other family members, teachers and accountable, services are available to survivors of even law enforcement officials. Evidence clearly violence and that there is greater public awareness suggests that violence can affect children’s health of the extent and scope of the problem. and well-being on many different levels – physical, psychological, social and emotional. The challenge before governments and development partners is to address issues of violence against As this report demonstrates there is a strong women and violence against children holistically correlation between violence perpetrated against and in a complimentary way. One solution lies in children and violence perpetrated against adult implementing some key Essential Services for women particularly in the home. survivors, across health, security, access to justice and psychological support. By offering Essential Violence against women and children is regarded Services governments can help ensure greater as symptomatic of wider gender inequality in access by women and girls to coordinated, quality society and laws and policies need to be reviewed, care in response to the physical and mental health changed and implemented in order to address impacts of violence including death and disability, this inequality. Governments in the South Pacific reproductive health ailments, chronic depression island countries should make changes to current and acute physical injuries. law, policies, procedures or regulations in order to comply with international policies such as CRC and CEDAW.

South Pacific countries have high prevalence rates of violence against women and children and, for this reason, governments across all countries must demonstrate commitment to addressing this problem by devising strategies and action plans that include civil society and the voices of women and children and other vulnerable groups. Violence against women and children is not only a matter of concern for national governments and strategies and plans must include different sectors of society such as health and education professionals, legal

22 Conclusion References 23 6. References

Source of data

Hunt, J. 2013. Somebody’s life, everybody’s business! National Research on Women’s Health and Life Experiences in Fiji (2010/2011): A Survey Exploring the Prevalence, Incidence and Attitudes to Intimate Partner Violence in Fiji. Suva: Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre, 2013.

Ma’a Fafine. 2012.National Study on Domestic Violence Against Women in Tonga 2009: Nofo ‘A Kainga. Nuku’alofa: Ma`a Fafine mo e Famili Inc.

Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 2010. Kiribati Family Health and Support Study: A Study on Violence Against Woman and Children. Noumea: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.

Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 2007.The Samoa Family Health and Safety Study. Noumea: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.

Secretariat of the Pacific Community. 2009. Solomon Island Family Health and Support Study: A study on Violence Against Woman and Children. Noumea: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.

Vanuatu Women’s Centre. 2011. Vanuatu National Survey on Women’s Lives and Family Relationships. Port Vila: Vanuatu Women’s Center.

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22 Conclusion References 23

UNICEF Pacific UNFPA Pacific Sub-Regional Office

3rd Floors FDB Building Level 6, Kadavu House, 360 Victoria Parade Suva, Fiji 414 Victoria Parade, Suva, Fiji e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] www.unicefpacific.org http://countryoffice.unfpa.org/pacific

26 References References 26