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Ganga Prasad Ghimire Gender Perspectives in Hinduism

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Ganga Prasad Ghimire Gender Perspectives in Hinduism Ganga Prasad Ghimire Gender Perspectives in Hinduism: Contemporary Practices in the Community School of Miklajung Rural Municipality, Nepal Master Thesis Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master in the faculty of Multicultural and International Education Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway May 2020 Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all those who gave the possibility to complete my entire research work because this research could not have been accomplished without their support. I would like to express my deep and sincere tribute to my research supervisor Ms. Tove Kvil for providing insightful comments and valuable guidance, suggestions and immense encouragement throughout the research procedure. Besides my advisor, I am always indebted for the constructive support, encouragement and guidance from Ellen Calm, Associate Professor, Oslo Metropolitan University, Faculty of Education and International Studies. I am grateful to all the students, teachers, school management committee chairperson and members of the school for their authentic information. Parents and guardians of the rural municipality deserve a lot of thanks for providing me time for discussion. Priests of local temples are heartily thankful for sharing their views. Similarly, local people with whom I have had the pleasure to work during the entire research project are appreciable for their welcoming remarks. The rural municipality chairperson, and the entire team deserve thanks for discussion and useful information from the municipality record. Each of the members of my seminar group and seminar guide has provided me extensive personal and professional guidance. Similarly, I would like to bow down to my family members whose love and guidance are always with me in whatever I pursue. My parents, my wife Srijana, son Shreegesh and daughter Neha deserve special appreciation for their management of time, love and care for this work. They are the ultimate role models. Most importantly, I wish to thank my uncle Kushal Dev Ghimire for his immeasurable support and unending inspiration. Ganga Prasad Ghimire May 2020 ii Abstract Gender discrimination issue is one of the major topics of discussion in the Hindu community of Nepal. The old culture of Hinduism regarding gender discrimination among schoolgirls has gained attention for researchers over the years. To investigate their status, this research is mainly concerned. The base of this research is the field observation of school, the residences, and the community of the area. The researcher has sought data from the students, parents, teachers, local people, and priests. As the secondary source, local newspapers, the portfolio from local FM, TV health related organizations, and religious committees were also consulted. The data collected are analyzed and presented in the explanatory form in adherence to the hegemonic masculinity theory. From the observations, questionnaires, focus group discussion, semi structure interview showed that there is no legal problem related to gender discrimination in Nepal, yet domestic and cultural influences lead to gender discrimination in Nepal. The result of the research also revealed that in Hindu cultural practices, gender-based discrimination is privileged in the Nepalese education system: overt or covert. From the equality perspectives in the Hindu community, the research emphasizes the need for wide exposure of people and communities who practice the respect of women and equality. The suggestion is also highlighted that the crux of the inequality which is in the family and community level. The intervention has to be initiated from the family level, through awareness; launching the educational program to tie up into income generation and IT access in the rural areas. The research recommends the formulation or amendments of gender friendly policies from central, provincial and local levels, assessment of frequent monitoring and evaluation mechanism of the gender related issues and assurance of proper functioning of rules and regulations through awareness in households, communities, and schools. Keywords: gender, discrimination, Hinduism, education iii List of Abbreviations AD Anno Domini CBS Central Bureau of Statistics DOE Department of Education ECA Extra Curricular Activities FFE Food for Education FM Frequency Modulations GIP Gender Parity Index MDG Millennium Development Goals MOE Ministry of Education MOHP Ministry of Health and Population NPC National Planning Commission SMC School Management Committee SSDP School Sector Development Program UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organizations UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund FSP Flexible Schooling Programs SOP School Outreach Program PTA Parents Teachers Association CLC Community Learning Centre iv List of Tables Table 1: National and province wise social data ........................................................................ 2 Table 2: Eleven major ethnic/caste groups following Hinduism ............................................. 16 Table 3: Information related to education ................................................................................ 30 Table 4: Years of schooling of men and women in urban and rural areas ............................... 35 Table 5: Number of research participants ................................................................................ 50 Table 6: Social data of Morang district .................................................................................... 50 Table 7: Enrollment of students in the current year 2019 ........................................................ 62 Table 8: Number of attendances and absent students' record ................................................... 63 Table 9: Girls’ remarks on religion .......................................................................................... 93 Table 10: Girls’ remarks on cultural changes .......................................................................... 96 List of Figures Figure 1: Morang district ........................................................................................................ 127 Figure 2: Miklajung municipality .......................................................................................... 127 Figure 3: Students preparing for the morning assembly ........................................................ 128 Figure 4: Students playing in the ground ............................................................................... 128 Figure 5: Girl students of grade nine participating in classroom activities ............................ 129 Figure 6: Teacher staff of the school ...................................................................................... 129 v Table of Contents Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... iii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. iv 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Introduction to Hinduism .................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Gender Inequalities in Nepal ............................................................................................ 7 1.4 Motivation for the Study ................................................................................................. 10 1.5 Purpose of the Study and Research Questions ............................................................... 12 1.6 Delimitations of the Study .............................................................................................. 13 1.7 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................................... 14 2 Review of Literature ....................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Hindu Religion in Nepal ............................................................................................ 15 2.1.1 Some typical practices ............................................................................................. 17 2.1.2 How girls are perceived ........................................................................................... 18 2.1.3 Composition of family ............................................................................................. 19 2.1.4 Cultural factors ......................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Genders in Hinduism ...................................................................................................... 21 2.2.1 Gender discrimination .............................................................................................. 22 2.2.2 Impact of gender discrimination .............................................................................. 23 2.2.3 Elderly people's remarks .......................................................................................... 24 2.3 Education in Hinduism ..................................................................................................
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