BECOMING MODERN: AMERICA IN THE 1920S PRIMARY SOURCE COLLECTION
*
THE T WENTIES IN POLITICAL CARTOONS Twelve political cartoons examining facets of economic prosperity in the 1920s appear on the following pages. PROSPERITY From four general circulation (white-owned) news- papers and one black-owned newspaper, they span the years 1919, when the nation was mired in postwar recession and unrest, to 1928, when unparalleled prosperity seemed in the grasp of anyone with capital, energy, and gumption.
To analyze a political cartoon, consider its: CONTENT. First, basically describe what is drawn in the cartoon (without referring to the labels). What is depicted? What is happening? CONTEXT. Consider the timing. What is happening in national events at the time of the cartoon? Check the date: what occurred in the days and weeks before the cartoon appeared? LABELS. Read each label; look for labels that are not apparent at first, and for other written content in the cartoon. SYMBOLS. Name the symbols in the cartoons. What do they mean? How do they convey the cartoon’s “Sound as a Dollar” Los Angeles Times, October 20, 1927 meaning? TITLE. Study the title. Is it a statement, question, exclamation? Does it employ a well-known phrase, e.g., slang, song lyric, movie title, radio show, political or product slogan? How does it encapsulate and enhance the cartoonist’s point? TONE. Identify the tone of the cartoon. Is it satirical, comic, tragic, ironic, condemning, quizzical, imploring? What adjective describes the feeling of the cartoon? How do the visual elements in the drawing align with its tone? POINT. Put it all together. What is the cartoonist’s point? QUESTIONS
How does the object labeled “prosperity” (in all but three of the cartoons) impact the cartoon’s point? How did white and black cartoonists address the “Getting Ahead of the Band Wagon” unequal distribution of American prosperity in the Los Angeles Times, November 24, 1928 1920s?
* National Humanities Center: AMERICA IN CLASS,® 2012: americainclass.org. Title font (TestarossaNF) courtesy of Nick’s Fonts at FontSpace. Complete image credits at americainclass.org/sources/becomingmodern/imagecredits.htm.
Reproduced by permission permission by the Reproduced of
LosAngeles Times . Digital image Digital . courtesy Newspapers. ProQuest of Historical
“Careful!”
Los Angeles Times, August 19, 1919 Cartoonist: Edmund Gale
National Humanities Center Political Cartoons of the 1920s: Prosperity
Reproduced by permission by Reproduced
of the Jay Digital Wildlife Society. courtesy the University “Ding”Iowaof N. Darling the of image Libraries. of
“A Simple Remedy for Insomnia for Those Who Lie Awake Worrying About Being Blown Out of Bed”
Des Moines Register, November 17, 1919 Cartoonist: Jay N. “Ding” Darling Industrial Magnates. U.S. INDUSTRIAL PROSPERITY. Don’t blow the safe / Here is the combination — D-I-V-I-S-I-O-N-O-F-P-R-O-F-I-T-S. Some of the cake. Some of the comforts. A dram of the [—]
National Humanities Center Political Cartoons of the 1920s: Prosperity
“On the Road to Normalcy”
Chicago Daily Tribune, November 6, 1920 Cartoonist: John T. McCutcheon
Outward Bound: Tax payer. War profiteer. State of war with Germany. Waste. Extravagance. Homeward Bound: Thrift. Industry.
Reproduced by permission of the Chicago Tribune. Digital image courtesy of ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
National Humanities Center Political Cartoons of the 1920s: Prosperity
“A Counter Explosion”
Chicago Daily Tribune, May 5, 1923 Cartoonist: Carey Orr
Communism. Red. Radical agitators. Radical program. Pink theories: Communist theories. Brookhart: Smith Wildman Brookhart, U.S. Senator from Iowa whose Progressive stand for farmers’ aid and railroad regulation antagonized his fellow Republicans, earning him such labels as “agrarian radical” and “renegade Republican.” Lafollettism: Support for the Progressive policies of Wisconsin Senator Robert M. La Follette.
Reproduced by permission of the Chicago Tribune. Digital image courtesy of ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
National Humanities Center Political Cartoons of the 1920s: Prosperity
R
eproduced by permission permission by the eproduced of
New Pittsburgh New Courier
. Digital image Digital . courtesyof Newspapers. ProQuest Historical
“It’s Hard to Fool Those Backstage”
The Pittsburgh Courier, June 13, 1925 African American newspaper. Cartoonist: Wilbert Holloway.
Prosperity. “Todoot.” Labor. Full dinner pail. Needy families. Empty. On part time. Factories. Uncle Sam (with question mark). Cal (Pres. Calvin Coolidge). The American press.
National Humanities Center Political Cartoons of the 1920s: Prosperity
“Watch Your Step!”
Los Angeles Times, November 14, 1925 Cartoonist: Edmund Gale
Reproduced by permission of the Los Angeles Times. Digital image courtesy of ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
National Humanities Center Political Cartoons of the 1920s: Prosperity
“Hot Dog”
Los Angeles Times, July 25, 1926 Cartoonist: Morris [George Matthew Adams Newspaper Service]
Copyright holder of Adams Newspaper Service content unidentified; search in process. Digital image courtesy of ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
National Humanities Center Political Cartoons of the 1920s: Prosperity
Copyright holder of in Sykesunidentified; cartoons Copyright search process. Digital image courtesy of ProQuest Historical Newspapers. image Digital Historical of courtesy ProQuest
“Prosperity! Blah!!”
Public Ledger, Philadelphia [n.d.] as reprinted in the Los Angeles Times, Sept. 14, 1926 Cartoonist: Charles Henry “Bill” Sykes
National Humanities Center Political Cartoons of the 1920s: Prosperity
Copyright holder of Service Newspaper Adams Copyright searchprocess. in unidentified; content Digitalof courtesy Newspapers. ProQuestimage Historical
“Neglecting the Other Child”
Los Angeles Times, October 11, 1926 Cartoonist: Morris [George Matthew Adams Newspaper Service]
National Humanities Center Political Cartoons of the 1920s: Prosperity
“The Farmer’s Predicament”
Chicago Daily Tribune, April 15, 1927 Cartoonist: Carey Orr
Agricultural West. Farm distress. High cost of living. American household. Farm prices. Politics. Industrial East. Prosperity.
In April 1927 a joint report of the National Industrial Conference Board and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce recommended measures to provide relief for American farmers who continued to struggle through an intransigent postwar agricultural depression while the nation’s business and industrial sectors expanded at a seemingly unstoppable rate.
Reproduced by permission of the Chicago Tribune. Digital image courtesy of ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
National Humanities Center Political Cartoons of the 1920s: Prosperity
“Sound as a Dollar”
Los Angeles Times, October 20, 1927 Cartoonist: Edmund Gale
Regular surveys of business “health” were conducted by the U.S. Dept. of Commerce under Secretary Herbert Hoover.
Reproduced by permission of the Los Angeles Times. Digital image courtesy of ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
National Humanities Center Political Cartoons of the 1920s: Prosperity
“Getting Ahead of the Band Wagon!”
Los Angeles Times, November 24, 1928 Cartoonist: Edmund Gale
Reproduced by permission of the Los Angeles Times. Digital image courtesy of ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
National Humanities Center Political Cartoons of the 1920s: Prosperity