International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Clinical and Genetic Overview of Paroxysmal Movement Disorders and Episodic Ataxias Giacomo Garone 1,2 , Alessandro Capuano 2 , Lorena Travaglini 3,4 , Federica Graziola 2,5 , Fabrizia Stregapede 4,6, Ginevra Zanni 3,4, Federico Vigevano 7, Enrico Bertini 3,4 and Francesco Nicita 3,4,* 1 University Hospital Pediatric Department, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00165 Rome, Italy;
[email protected] 2 Movement Disorders Clinic, Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00146 Rome, Italy;
[email protected] (A.C.);
[email protected] (F.G.) 3 Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00146 Rome, Italy;
[email protected] (L.T.);
[email protected] (G.Z.);
[email protected] (E.B.) 4 Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00146 Rome, Italy;
[email protected] 5 Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy 6 Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146 Rome, Italy 7 Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy;
[email protected] * Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +0039-06-68592105 Received: 30 April 2020; Accepted: 13 May 2020; Published: 20 May 2020 Abstract: Paroxysmal movement disorders (PMDs) are rare neurological diseases typically manifesting with intermittent attacks of abnormal involuntary movements. Two main categories of PMDs are recognized based on the phenomenology: Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PxDs) are characterized by transient episodes hyperkinetic movement disorders, while attacks of cerebellar dysfunction are the hallmark of episodic ataxias (EAs).