On the Russian Contribution to the IAWN
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The Exploration of Near-Earth Objects
PREFACE i The Exploration of Near-Earth Objects Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration Space Studies Board Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1998 Copyright © 2003 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File provided by the National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) for research purposes are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the NAP. Generated for [email protected] on Sat Nov 8 11:41:41 2003 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. -
Asteroid Regolith Weathering: a Large-Scale Observational Investigation
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2019 Asteroid Regolith Weathering: A Large-Scale Observational Investigation Eric Michael MacLennan University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation MacLennan, Eric Michael, "Asteroid Regolith Weathering: A Large-Scale Observational Investigation. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2019. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5467 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Eric Michael MacLennan entitled "Asteroid Regolith Weathering: A Large-Scale Observational Investigation." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Geology. Joshua P. Emery, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Jeffrey E. Moersch, Harry Y. McSween Jr., Liem T. Tran Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Asteroid Regolith Weathering: A Large-Scale Observational Investigation A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Eric Michael MacLennan May 2019 © by Eric Michael MacLennan, 2019 All Rights Reserved. -
Near Earth Objects As Resources for Space Industrialization
Solar System Development Journal (2001) 1(1), 1-31 http://www.resonance-pub.com ISSN:1534-8016 NEAR EARTH OBJECTS AS RESOURCES FOR SPACE INDUSTRIALIZATION MARK SONTER Consultant, Asteroid Enterprises Pty Ltd, 28 Ian Bruce Crescent, Balgownie, New South Wales 2519, Australia [email protected] (Received 11 February 2001, and in final form 13 August 2001*) This paper reviews concepts for mining the Near-Earth Asteroids for supply of resources to future in-space industrial activities. It identifies Expectation Net Present Value as the appropriate measure for determining the technical and economic feasibility of a hypothetical asteroid mining venture, just as it is the appropriate measure for the feasibility of a proposed terrestrial mining venture. In turn, ENPV can obviously be used as a ‘design driver’ to sieve the alternative options, in selection of target, mission profile, mining and processing methods, propulsion for return trajectory, and earth-capture mechanism. 1. INTRODUCTION The Near Earth Asteroids are potential impact threats to Earth, but also a particularly accessible subset of them does provide potentially attractive targets for resources to support space industrialization. Robust technical and economic approaches to evaluation of the feasibility of proposed projects are necessary for assessment of such space mining ventures. This paper discusses the technical engineering and mission–planning choices and shows how the concept of probabilistic Net Present Value can be used to optimize these choices, and hence select between alternative asteroid mining mission designs. The generic mission reviewed envisages a lightweight remote (teleoperated) or semiautonomous miner, recovering products such as water or nickel-iron metal, from highly- accessible NEAs, and returning it to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), for sale and use in LEO, using solar power and some of the recovered mass as propellant. -
The NEO Problem: Current Activities in Russia
51-th Session of STSC UN COPUOS Vienna, Austria, February 10, 2014 TheThe NEONEO problem:problem: currentcurrent activitiesactivities inin RussiaRussia B. Shustov r. GeneralGeneral activitiesactivities (Feb(Feb 20132013 –– FebFeb 2014)2014) 2013 March,12 – Round table of the Committees for science and defense of the Federation Council (Upper chamber of the Russia Parliament); 2013 November, a series of meetings in Roscosmos on cooperative approach to the NEO problem; Telecon EMERCOM-FEMA January 28, 2014; A number of expeditions were organized to the region of the fall of Chelyabinsk meteorite; All Russia science conferences in Chelyabinsk (April 2013) and in Krasnodar (October 2013) were held. 2 BBasicasic aspectsaspects ofof thethe NEONEO problemproblem Major constituents of the NEO (Asteroid/Comet Impact Hazard - ACH) problem are: Detection and characterization Risk assessment Protection and mitigation We work in all areas both at national and international levels. 3 ToTo thethe NEONEO massivemassive detectiondetection AZT-33IR AZT-33VM The telescope АZТ-33VM ( ∅ 1.6 m) for massive detection of NEOs at large distances is under construction near Baikal Lake. We plan to complete it in 2017. This is supported by Academy of Sciences and Roscosmos. 4 ISONISON telescopestelescopes forfor NEONEO surveyssurveys andand followfollow -- upup observationsobservations ISON (International Scientific Optical Network) – one of largest Russian networks capable to observe NEOs at near space. It is partially supported by Roscosmos. 5 ISONISON :: resultsresults -
Autonomous Spacecraft Guidance for Small-Body Proximity Missions
Autonomous Spacecraft Guidance for Small-Body Proximity Missions Antonio Canale Delft University of Technology AUTONOMOUS SPACECRAFT GUIDANCEFOR SMALL-BODY PROXIMITY MISSIONS by Antonio Canale 4522958 as part of MSc Thesis in MSc Aerospace Engineering Delft University of Technology Supervisors: Dr. Ir. Erwin Mooij Astrodynamics and Space Missions at TU Delft Prof. Maruthi Akella Aerospace Engineering at UT Austin i To Sergeant Pilot Larry Darrell ii ABSTRACT Low-thrust transfers in the proximity of a celestial body are characterized by a spiral shape, formed by many revolutions, due to the fact that the thrust to mass ratio is usually smaller than the gravity acceleration. From their use for primary purposes on board the Deep Space 1, these propulsion systems have acquired more and more importance. Due to their high specific impulse compared to chemical rockets, resulting in huge propellant mass savings, these systems have been enabling the exploration and the interaction with celestial bodies at increasing distance, up to orders of tens of light minutes. In particular, a special atten- tion has been dedicated to the so-called small-bodies, defined as all the objects in the Solar System not classifiable as planets, dwarf planets or satellites: this interest is not over yet, as confirmed by the future Lucy and Psyche missions by NASA. Although seen as intermedi- ate steps towards interplanetary manned missions, providing incremental capabilities at a low risk, the small-bodies are characterised by environments often not well-known before arrival, tiny standard gravitational parameters and irregularities in their shape, with en- hanced effects, the closer the spacecraft is to their surface. -
Russian Networks Capable to Observe Neos at Near Space
52-th Session of STSC UN COPUOS Vienna, Austria, February 3, 2015 The NEO problem: current activities in Russia V.Emel’yanenko Basic aspects of the NEO problem Major constituents of the NEO (Asteroid/Comet Impact Hazard - ACH) problem are: Detection and characterization Risk assessment Protection and mitigation We work in all areas at both national and international levels. 2 General activities (Feb 2014 – Feb 2015) Studies of the Chelyabinsk meteorite; Completion of the 1.6 m telescope for NEO detection; Work on the development of a moderate aperture telescope national network aimed to detection and monitoring of NEOs; Various projects of space based means to detect and to counteract dangerous bodies; Construction of a data-bank on impact consequences . 3 Some lessons of the Chelyabinsk event (15 Feb, 2013): Asteroids of decameter size could be very dangerous; We need to know about coming threat reasonably in advance; Day time asteroids are unobservable by any ground based facilities. 4 En route to the NEO detection AZT-33IR AZT-33VM The telescope АZТ-33VM ( ∅ 1.6 m) for the mass detection of NEOs at large distances is nearing completion. First light is expected in the fall of 2015. 5 ISON telescopes for NEO surveys and follow- up observations ISON (International Scientific Optical Network) – one of the largest Russian networks capable to observe NEOs at near space. 6 ISON : results on asteroids Hundreds of light curves were constructed for tens of NEAs (3122) Florence, (20187) Janapittichova, (25916) 2001 CP44, (162004) 1991 VE, (7888) -
(2000) Forging Asteroid-Meteorite Relationships Through Reflectance
Forging Asteroid-Meteorite Relationships through Reflectance Spectroscopy by Thomas H. Burbine Jr. B.S. Physics Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1988 M.S. Geology and Planetary Science University of Pittsburgh, 1991 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PLANETARY SCIENCES AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FEBRUARY 2000 © 2000 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of Author: Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences December 30, 1999 Certified by: Richard P. Binzel Professor of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Ronald G. Prinn MASSACHUSES INSTMUTE Professor of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Department Head JA N 0 1 2000 ARCHIVES LIBRARIES I 3 Forging Asteroid-Meteorite Relationships through Reflectance Spectroscopy by Thomas H. Burbine Jr. Submitted to the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences on December 30, 1999 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Planetary Sciences ABSTRACT Near-infrared spectra (-0.90 to ~1.65 microns) were obtained for 196 main-belt and near-Earth asteroids to determine plausible meteorite parent bodies. These spectra, when coupled with previously obtained visible data, allow for a better determination of asteroid mineralogies. Over half of the observed objects have estimated diameters less than 20 k-m. Many important results were obtained concerning the compositional structure of the asteroid belt. A number of small objects near asteroid 4 Vesta were found to have near-infrared spectra similar to the eucrite and howardite meteorites, which are believed to be derived from Vesta. -
Astronomical Observations of Volatiles on Asteroids
Astronomical Observations of Volatiles on Asteroids Andrew S. Rivkin The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Humberto Campins University of Central Florida Joshua P. Emery University of Tennessee Ellen S. Howell Arecibo Observatory/USRA Javier Licandro Instituto Astrofisica de Canarias Driss Takir Ithaca College and Planetary Science Institute Faith Vilas Planetary Science Institute We have long known that water and hydroxyl are important components in meteorites and asteroids. However, in the time since the publication of Asteroids III, evolution of astronomical instrumentation, laboratory capabilities, and theoretical models have led to great advances in our understanding of H2O/OH on small bodies, and spacecraft observations of the Moon and Vesta have important implications for our interpretations of the asteroidal population. We begin this chapter with the importance of water/OH in asteroids, after which we will discuss their spectral features throughout the visible and near-infrared. We continue with an overview of the findings in meteorites and asteroids, closing with a discussion of future opportunities, the results from which we can anticipate finding in Asteroids V. Because this topic is of broad importance to asteroids, we also point to relevant in-depth discussions elsewhere in this volume. 1 Water ice sublimation and processes that create, incorporate, or deliver volatiles to the asteroid belt 1.1 Accretion/Solar system formation The concept of the “snow line” (also known as “water-frost line”) is often used in discussing the water inventory of small bodies in our solar system. The snow line is the heliocentric distance at which water ice is stable enough to be accreted into planetesimals. -
ASPIN - ISON Asteroid Program: History, Current State and Future Prospects
ASPIN - ISON asteroid program: history, current state and future prospects L. Elenin1,2, I. Molotov1,2, V. Savanevych3, A. Bruhovetskiy4, Yu. Krugly5, V. Nevski2, Yu. Ivaschenko6, A. Yudin1,2 1. Keldysh Instute of Applied Mathemacs RAS 2. CJSC “ANC” 3. Kharkiv Naonal University of Radioelectronics 4. JSC “Hartron” Evoluon of Comet ISON. D. Peach (2013) 5. Instute of Astronomy of Kharkiv Naonal University 6. Andrushivka Astronomical Observatory ABSTRACT OBSERVATORIES OF THE ASPIN PROGRAM ASPIN (Asteroid Search and Photometry Iniave) - ISON asteroid program started in September 2003 at Andrushivka astronomical observatory (A50, Andrushivka, Ukraine). For these purposes was used Zeiss-600 telescope with small CCD camera. In 2009, telescope was upgraded by new full-format CCD camera and lens corrector, which increased FOV to 72’x72’. During first 7 years, observatory discovered more than 350 asteroids, include 2 NEAs. Unfortunately, at present me, when rivalry of surveys was growing up, Andrushivka forced to stop observaon in 2013, due to bad astroclimate and, as result, low magnitude limit. In 2014, we planning to install new, wide-field ORI-50M (0.5-m f/2.3) telescope at new site with good astroclimate condions. Aer that, survey program will resume. Next ISON observatory, which started own survey, was ISON-NM (H15, Mayhill, NM, USA). Survey work started in July 2010 and connues to this day. First telescope of this Andrushivka observatory was Centurion-18, 0.45-m f/2.8 with full-frame CCD camera. In September 2013 with telescope replaced by our new telescope Santel-400AN (0.4-m f/3) with Chuguev Khuraltogot Kislovodsk 105’x105’ FOV. -
The Minor Planet Bulletin Semi-Major Axis of 2.317 AU, Eccentricity 0.197, Inclination 7.09 (Warner Et Al., 2018)
THE MINOR PLANET BULLETIN OF THE MINOR PLANETS SECTION OF THE BULLETIN ASSOCIATION OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY OBSERVERS VOLUME 45, NUMBER 3, A.D. 2018 JULY-SEPTEMBER 215. LIGHTCURVE ANALYSIS FOR TWO NEAR-EARTH 320ʺ/min during the close approach. The eclipse was observed, ASTEROIDS ECLIPSED BY EARTH’S SHADOW within minutes of the original prediction. Preliminary rotational and eclipse lightcurves were made available soon after the close Peter Birtwhistle approach (Birtwhistle, 2012; Birtwhistle, 2013; Miles, 2013) but it Great Shefford Observatory should be noted that a possible low amplitude 8.7 h period (Miles, Phlox Cottage, Wantage Road 2013) has been discounted in this analysis. Great Shefford, Berkshire, RG17 7DA United Kingdom Several other near-Earth asteroids are known to have been [email protected] eclipsed by the Earth’s shadow, e.g. 2008 TC3 and 2014 AA (both before impacting Earth), 2012 KT42, and 2016 VA (this paper) (Received 2018 March18) but internet searches have not found any eclipse lightcurves. The asteroid lightcurve database (LCDB; Warner et al., 2009) lists a Photometry was obtained from Great Shefford reference to an unpublished result for 2012 XE54 by Pollock Observatory of near-Earth asteroids 2012 XE54 in 2012 (2013) without lightcurve details, but these have been provided on and 2016 VA in 2016 during close approaches. A request and give the rotation period as 0.02780 ± 0.00002 h, superfast rotation period has been determined for 2012 amplitude 0.33 mag derived from 101 points over a period of 30 XE54 and H-G magnitude system coefficients have been minutes for epoch 2012 Dec 10.2 UT at phase angle 19.5°, estimated for 2016 VA. -
The EURONEAR Lightcurve Survey of Near Earth Asteroids
Earth Moon Planets DOI 10.1007/s11038-017-9506-9 The EURONEAR Lightcurve Survey of Near Earth Asteroids 1,2,3 4 1 O. Vaduvescu • A. Aznar Macias • V. Tudor • 5 6 6 6 M. Predatu • A. Gala´d • Sˇ. Gajdosˇ • J. Vila´gi • 1,7 1 8 H. F. Stevance • R. Errmann • E. Unda-Sanzana • 8 8,9 10,11 10 F. Char • N. Peixinho • M. Popescu • A. Sonka • 12 12 12,13 14 R. Cornea • O. Suciu • R. Toma • P. Santos-Sanz • 14 2,3 2,3 A. Sota • J. Licandro • M. Serra-Ricart • 2,3 1,15 1,16 D. Morate • T. Mocnik • M. Diaz Alfaro • 1,17 1 1 F. Lopez-Martinez • J. McCormac • N. Humphries Received: 31 March 2017 / Accepted: 13 July 2017 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2017 Abstract This data paper presents lightcurves of 101 near Earth asteroids (NEAs) observed mostly between 2014 and 2017 as part of the EURONEAR photometric survey using 11 telescopes with diameters between 0.4 and 4.2 m located in Spain, Chile, Slo- vakia and Romania. Most targets had no published data at the time of observing, but some objects were observed in the same period mainly by B. Warner, allowing us to confirm or improve the existing results. To plan the runs and select the targets, we developed the public Long Planning tool in PHP. For preliminary data reduction and rapid follow-up planning we developed the LiDAS pipeline in Python and IRAF. For final data reduction, flux calibration, night linkage and Fourier fitting, we used mainly MPO Canopus. -
Deep Space One: Nasa’S First Deep-Space Teciinology Validation Mission
DEEP SPACE ONE: NASA’S FIRST DEEP-SPACE TECIINOLOGY VALIDATION MISSION Marc D. Rayman and David 11. Lehman Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Dr. Pasadena, CA 91109 USA Under development for launch in July 1998, Deep Space One (IX 1 ) is the first flight of NASA’s New Millennium Program, chartered to validate selected technologies required for future low-cost space science programs. Advanced technologies chosen for validation on DS 1 include solar electric propulsion, high-power solar concentrator arrays, autonomous on-board optical navigation, two low-mass science instrument packages, and several telecommunications and microelectronics devices. Throughout the two year primary mission, the technology payload will be exercised extensively to assess performance so that subsequent flight projects will not have to incur the cost and risk of being the first users of these new capabilities. An important component of the DS 1 mission is diagnosing any in-flight anomalies or failures. Although DS 1 is driven by the requirements of the technology validation, it also presents an important opportunity to conduct solar system science. During the primary mission, the spacecraft will fly by asteroid 3352 McAuliffe, Mars, and comet P/West-Kohoutek-Ikemura. The two science instruments that are being validated, an integrated visible imager and UV and IR imaging spectrometer and a plasma physics package, will be used to collect science data during the cruise and encounters. In addition, a suite of fields and particles sensors included to aid in the quantification of the effects of the solar electric propulsion on the spacecraft and near-space environment will be used for science measurements complementary to those of the plasma instrument.