Astronomical Observations of Volatiles on Asteroids
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Ice& Stone 2020
Ice & Stone 2020 WEEK 34: AUGUST 16-22 Presented by The Earthrise Institute # 34 Authored by Alan Hale This week in history AUGUST 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 AUGUST 16, 1898: DeLisle Stewart at Harvard College Observatory’s Boyden Station in Arequipa, Peru, takes photographs on which Saturn’s outer moon Phoebe is discovered, although the images of Phoebe were not noticed until the following March by William Pickering. Phoebe was the first planetary moon to be discovered via photography, and it and other small planetary moons are discussed in last week’s “Special Topics” presentation. AUGUST 16, 2009: A team of scientists led by Jamie Elsila of the Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland announces that they have detected the presence of the amino acid glycine in coma samples of Comet 81P/ Wild 2 that were returned to Earth by the Stardust mission 3½ years earlier. Glycine is utilized by life here on Earth, and the presence of it and other organic substances in the solar system’s “small bodies” is discussed in this week’s “Special Topics” presentation. AUGUST 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 AUGUST 17, 1877: Asaph Hall at the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. discovers Mars’ larger, inner moon, Phobos. Mars’ two moons, and the various small moons of the outer planets, are the subject of last week’s “Special Topics” presentation. AUGUST 17, 1989: In its monthly batch of Minor Planet Circulars (MPCs), the IAU’s Minor Planet Center issues MPC 14938, which formally numbers asteroid (4151), later named “Alanhale.” I have used this asteroid as an illustrative example throughout “Ice and Stone 2020” “Special Topics” presentations. -
Asteroid Shape and Spin Statistics from Convex Models J
Asteroid shape and spin statistics from convex models J. Torppa, V.-P. Hentunen, P. Pääkkönen, P. Kehusmaa, K. Muinonen To cite this version: J. Torppa, V.-P. Hentunen, P. Pääkkönen, P. Kehusmaa, K. Muinonen. Asteroid shape and spin statistics from convex models. Icarus, Elsevier, 2008, 198 (1), pp.91. 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.07.014. hal-00499092 HAL Id: hal-00499092 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00499092 Submitted on 9 Jul 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Accepted Manuscript Asteroid shape and spin statistics from convex models J. Torppa, V.-P. Hentunen, P. Pääkkönen, P. Kehusmaa, K. Muinonen PII: S0019-1035(08)00283-2 DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.07.014 Reference: YICAR 8734 To appear in: Icarus Received date: 18 September 2007 Revised date: 3 July 2008 Accepted date: 7 July 2008 Please cite this article as: J. Torppa, V.-P. Hentunen, P. Pääkkönen, P. Kehusmaa, K. Muinonen, Asteroid shape and spin statistics from convex models, Icarus (2008), doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.07.014 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. -
ESO's VLT Sphere and DAMIT
ESO’s VLT Sphere and DAMIT ESO’s VLT SPHERE (using adaptive optics) and Joseph Durech (DAMIT) have a program to observe asteroids and collect light curve data to develop rotating 3D models with respect to time. Up till now, due to the limitations of modelling software, only convex profiles were produced. The aim is to reconstruct reliable nonconvex models of about 40 asteroids. Below is a list of targets that will be observed by SPHERE, for which detailed nonconvex shapes will be constructed. Special request by Joseph Durech: “If some of these asteroids have in next let's say two years some favourable occultations, it would be nice to combine the occultation chords with AO and light curves to improve the models.” 2 Pallas, 7 Iris, 8 Flora, 10 Hygiea, 11 Parthenope, 13 Egeria, 15 Eunomia, 16 Psyche, 18 Melpomene, 19 Fortuna, 20 Massalia, 22 Kalliope, 24 Themis, 29 Amphitrite, 31 Euphrosyne, 40 Harmonia, 41 Daphne, 51 Nemausa, 52 Europa, 59 Elpis, 65 Cybele, 87 Sylvia, 88 Thisbe, 89 Julia, 96 Aegle, 105 Artemis, 128 Nemesis, 145 Adeona, 187 Lamberta, 211 Isolda, 324 Bamberga, 354 Eleonora, 451 Patientia, 476 Hedwig, 511 Davida, 532 Herculina, 596 Scheila, 704 Interamnia Occultation Event: Asteroid 10 Hygiea – Sun 26th Feb 16h37m UT The magnitude 11 asteroid 10 Hygiea is expected to occult the magnitude 12.5 star 2UCAC 21608371 on Sunday 26th Feb 16h37m UT (= Mon 3:37am). Magnitude drop of 0.24 will require video. DAMIT asteroid model of 10 Hygiea - Astronomy Institute of the Charles University: Josef Ďurech, Vojtěch Sidorin Hygiea is the fourth-largest asteroid (largest is Ceres ~ 945kms) in the Solar System by volume and mass, and it is located in the asteroid belt about 400 million kms away. -
Untangling the Formation and Liberation of Water in the Lunar Regolith
Untangling the formation and liberation of water in the lunar regolith Cheng Zhua,b,1, Parker B. Crandalla,b,1, Jeffrey J. Gillis-Davisc,2, Hope A. Ishiic, John P. Bradleyc, Laura M. Corleyc, and Ralf I. Kaisera,b,2 aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Hawai‘iatManoa, Honolulu, HI 96822; bW. M. Keck Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawai‘iatManoa, Honolulu, HI 96822; and cHawai‘i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai‘iatManoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 Edited by Mark H. Thiemens, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, and approved April 24, 2019 (received for review November 15, 2018) −8 −6 The source of water (H2O) and hydroxyl radicals (OH), identified between 10 and 10 torr observed either an ν(O−H) stretching − − on the lunar surface, represents a fundamental, unsolved puzzle. mode in the 2.70 μm (3,700 cm 1) to 3.33 μm (3,000 cm 1) region The interaction of solar-wind protons with silicates and oxides has exploiting infrared spectroscopy (7, 25, 26) or OH/H2Osignature been proposed as a key mechanism, but laboratory experiments using secondary-ion mass spectrometry (27) and valence electron yield conflicting results that suggest that proton implantation energy loss spectroscopy (VEEL) (28). However, contradictory alone is insufficient to generate and liberate water. Here, we dem- studies yielded no evidence of H2O/OH in proton-bombarded onstrate in laboratory simulation experiments combined with minerals in experiments performed under ultrahigh vacuum − − imaging studies that water can be efficiently generated and re- (UHV) (10 10 to 10 9 torr) (29). -
CAPTURE of TRANS-NEPTUNIAN PLANETESIMALS in the MAIN ASTEROID BELT David Vokrouhlický1, William F
The Astronomical Journal, 152:39 (20pp), 2016 August doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/39 © 2016. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. CAPTURE OF TRANS-NEPTUNIAN PLANETESIMALS IN THE MAIN ASTEROID BELT David Vokrouhlický1, William F. Bottke2, and David Nesvorný2 1 Institute of Astronomy, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, CZ–18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic; [email protected] 2 Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, 1050 Walnut Street, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302; [email protected], [email protected] Received 2016 February 9; accepted 2016 April 21; published 2016 July 26 ABSTRACT The orbital evolution of the giant planets after nebular gas was eliminated from the Solar System but before the planets reached their final configuration was driven by interactions with a vast sea of leftover planetesimals. Several variants of planetary migration with this kind of system architecture have been proposed. Here, we focus on a highly successful case, which assumes that there were once five planets in the outer Solar System in a stable configuration: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and a Neptune-like body. Beyond these planets existed a primordial disk containing thousands of Pluto-sized bodies, ∼50 million D > 100 km bodies, and a multitude of smaller bodies. This system eventually went through a dynamical instability that scattered the planetesimals and allowed the planets to encounter one another. The extra Neptune-like body was ejected via a Jupiter encounter, but not before it helped to populate stable niches with disk planetesimals across the Solar System. Here, we investigate how interactions between the fifth giant planet, Jupiter, and disk planetesimals helped to capture disk planetesimals into both the asteroid belt and first-order mean-motion resonances with Jupiter. -
Asteroid Family Ages. 2015. Icarus 257, 275-289
Icarus 257 (2015) 275–289 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Asteroid family ages ⇑ Federica Spoto a,c, , Andrea Milani a, Zoran Knezˇevic´ b a Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 5, 56127 Pisa, Italy b Astronomical Observatory, Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade 38, Serbia c SpaceDyS srl, Via Mario Giuntini 63, 56023 Navacchio di Cascina, Italy article info abstract Article history: A new family classification, based on a catalog of proper elements with 384,000 numbered asteroids Received 6 December 2014 and on new methods is available. For the 45 dynamical families with >250 members identified in this Revised 27 April 2015 classification, we present an attempt to obtain statistically significant ages: we succeeded in computing Accepted 30 April 2015 ages for 37 collisional families. Available online 14 May 2015 We used a rigorous method, including a least squares fit of the two sides of a V-shape plot in the proper semimajor axis, inverse diameter plane to determine the corresponding slopes, an advanced error model Keywords: for the uncertainties of asteroid diameters, an iterative outlier rejection scheme and quality control. The Asteroids best available Yarkovsky measurement was used to estimate a calibration of the Yarkovsky effect for each Asteroids, dynamics Impact processes family. The results are presented separately for the families originated in fragmentation or cratering events, for the young, compact families and for the truncated, one-sided families. For all the computed ages the corresponding uncertainties are provided, and the results are discussed and compared with the literature. The ages of several families have been estimated for the first time, in other cases the accu- racy has been improved. -
Occultation Newsletter Volume 8, Number 4
Volume 12, Number 1 January 2005 $5.00 North Am./$6.25 Other International Occultation Timing Association, Inc. (IOTA) In this Issue Article Page The Largest Members Of Our Solar System – 2005 . 4 Resources Page What to Send to Whom . 3 Membership and Subscription Information . 3 IOTA Publications. 3 The Offices and Officers of IOTA . .11 IOTA European Section (IOTA/ES) . .11 IOTA on the World Wide Web. Back Cover ON THE COVER: Steve Preston posted a prediction for the occultation of a 10.8-magnitude star in Orion, about 3° from Betelgeuse, by the asteroid (238) Hypatia, which had an expected diameter of 148 km. The predicted path passed over the San Francisco Bay area, and that turned out to be quite accurate, with only a small shift towards the north, enough to leave Richard Nolthenius, observing visually from the coast northwest of Santa Cruz, to have a miss. But farther north, three other observers video recorded the occultation from their homes, and they were fortuitously located to define three well- spaced chords across the asteroid to accurately measure its shape and location relative to the star, as shown in the figure. The dashed lines show the axes of the fitted ellipse, produced by Dave Herald’s WinOccult program. This demonstrates the good results that can be obtained by a few dedicated observers with a relatively faint star; a bright star and/or many observers are not always necessary to obtain solid useful observations. – David Dunham Publication Date for this issue: July 2005 Please note: The date shown on the cover is for subscription purposes only and does not reflect the actual publication date. -
(704) Interamnia from Its Occultations and Lightcurves
International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2014, 4, 91-118 Published Online March 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ijaa http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2014.41010 A 3-D Shape Model of (704) Interamnia from Its Occultations and Lightcurves Isao Satō1*, Marc Buie2, Paul D. Maley3, Hiromi Hamanowa4, Akira Tsuchikawa5, David W. Dunham6 1Astronomical Society of Japan, Yamagata, Japan 2Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, USA 3International Occultation Timing Association, Houston, USA 4Hamanowa Astronomical Observatory, Fukushima, Japan 5Yanagida Astronomical Observatory, Ishikawa, Japan 6International Occultation Timing Association, Greenbelt, USA Email: *[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Received 9 November 2013; revised 9 December 2013; accepted 17 December 2013 Copyright © 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract A 3-D shape model of the sixth largest of the main belt asteroids, (704) Interamnia, is presented. The model is reproduced from its two stellar occultation observations and six lightcurves between 1969 and 2011. The first stellar occultation was the occultation of TYC 234500183 on 1996 De- cember 17 observed from 13 sites in the USA. An elliptical cross section of (344.6 ± 9.6 km) × (306.2 ± 9.1 km), for position angle P = 73.4 ± 12.5˚ was fitted. The lightcurve around the occulta- tion shows that the peak-to-peak amplitude was 0.04 mag. and the occultation phase was just be- fore the minimum. -
Observations from Orbiting Platforms 219
Dotto et al.: Observations from Orbiting Platforms 219 Observations from Orbiting Platforms E. Dotto Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino M. A. Barucci Observatoire de Paris T. G. Müller Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik and ISO Data Centre A. D. Storrs Towson University P. Tanga Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino and Observatoire de Nice Orbiting platforms provide the opportunity to observe asteroids without limitation by Earth’s atmosphere. Several Earth-orbiting observatories have been successfully operated in the last decade, obtaining unique results on asteroid physical properties. These include the high-resolu- tion mapping of the surface of 4 Vesta and the first spectra of asteroids in the far-infrared wave- length range. In the near future other space platforms and orbiting observatories are planned. Some of them are particularly promising for asteroid science and should considerably improve our knowledge of the dynamical and physical properties of asteroids. 1. INTRODUCTION 1800 asteroids. The results have been widely presented and discussed in the IRAS Minor Planet Survey (Tedesco et al., In the last few decades the use of space platforms has 1992) and the Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey opened up new frontiers in the study of physical properties (Tedesco et al., 2002). This survey has been very important of asteroids by overcoming the limits imposed by Earth’s in the new assessment of the asteroid population: The aster- atmosphere and taking advantage of the use of new tech- oid taxonomy by Barucci et al. (1987), its recent extension nologies. (Fulchignoni et al., 2000), and an extended study of the size Earth-orbiting satellites have the advantage of observing distribution of main-belt asteroids (Cellino et al., 1991) are out of the terrestrial atmosphere; this allows them to be in just a few examples of the impact factor of this survey. -
The Minor Planet Bulletin 44 (2017) 142
THE MINOR PLANET BULLETIN OF THE MINOR PLANETS SECTION OF THE BULLETIN ASSOCIATION OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY OBSERVERS VOLUME 44, NUMBER 2, A.D. 2017 APRIL-JUNE 87. 319 LEONA AND 341 CALIFORNIA – Lightcurves from all sessions are then composited with no TWO VERY SLOWLY ROTATING ASTEROIDS adjustment of instrumental magnitudes. A search should be made for possible tumbling behavior. This is revealed whenever Frederick Pilcher successive rotational cycles show significant variation, and Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) quantified with simultaneous 2 period software. In addition, it is 4438 Organ Mesa Loop useful to obtain a small number of all-night sessions for each Las Cruces, NM 88011 USA object near opposition to look for possible small amplitude short [email protected] period variations. Lorenzo Franco Observations to obtain the data used in this paper were made at the Balzaretto Observatory (A81) Organ Mesa Observatory with a 0.35-meter Meade LX200 GPS Rome, ITALY Schmidt-Cassegrain (SCT) and SBIG STL-1001E CCD. Exposures were 60 seconds, unguided, with a clear filter. All Petr Pravec measurements were calibrated from CMC15 r’ values to Cousins Astronomical Institute R magnitudes for solar colored field stars. Photometric Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic measurement is with MPO Canopus software. To reduce the Fricova 1, CZ-25165 number of points on the lightcurves and make them easier to read, Ondrejov, CZECH REPUBLIC data points on all lightcurves constructed with MPO Canopus software have been binned in sets of 3 with a maximum time (Received: 2016 Dec 20) difference of 5 minutes between points in each bin. -
Clasificación Taxonómica De Asteroides
Clasificación Taxonómica de Asteroides Cercanos a la Tierra por Ana Victoria Ojeda Vera Tesis sometida como requisito parcial para obtener el grado de MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS EN CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA DEL ESPACIO en el Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica Agosto 2019 Tonantzintla, Puebla Bajo la supervisión de: Dr. José Ramón Valdés Parra Investigador Titular INAOE Dr. José Silviano Guichard Romero Investigador Titular INAOE c INAOE 2019 El autor otorga al INAOE el permiso de reproducir y distribuir copias parcial o totalmente de esta tesis. II Dedicatoria A mi familia, con gran cariño. A mis sobrinos Ian y Nahil, y a mi pequeña Lia. III Agradecimientos Gracias a mi familia por su apoyo incondicional. A mi mamá Tere, por enseñarme a ser perseverante y dedicada, y por sus miles de muestras de afecto. A mi hermana Fernanda, por darme el tiempo, consejos y cariño que necesitaba. A mi pareja Odi, por su amor y cariño estos tres años, por su apoyo, paciencia y muchas horas de ayuda en la maestría, pero sobre todo por darme el mejor regalo del mundo, nuestra pequeña Lia. Gracias a mis asesores Dr. José R. Valdés y Dr. José S. Guichard, promotores de esta tesis, por su paciencia, consejos y supervisión, y por enseñarme con sus clases divertidas y motivadoras todo lo que se refiere a este trabajo. A los miembros del comité, Dra. Raquel Díaz, Dr. Raúl Mújica y Dr. Sergio Camacho, por tomarse el tiempo de revisar y evaluar mi trabajo. Estoy muy agradecida con todos por sus críticas constructivas y sugerencias. -
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1,. ,-- ,-- ~XECKDING PAGE BLANK WT FIL,,q DYNAMICAL EVIDENCE REGARDING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ASTEROIDS AND METEORITES GEORGE W. WETHERILL Department of Temcltricrl kgnetism ~amregie~mtittition of Washington Washington, D. C. 20025 Meteorites are fragments of small solar system bodies (comets, asteroids and Apollo objects). Therefore they may be expected to provide valuable information regarding these bodies. How- ever, the identification of particular classes of meteorites with particular small bodies or classes of small bodies is at present uncertain. It is very unlikely that any significant quantity of meteoritic material is obtained from typical ac- tive comets. Relatively we1 1-studied dynamical mechanisms exist for transferring material into the vicinity of the Earth from the inner edge of the asteroid belt on an 210~-~year time scale. It seems likely that most iron meteorites are obtained in this way, and a significant yield of complementary differec- tiated meteoritic silicate material may be expected to accom- pany these differentiated iron meteorites. Insofar as data exist, photometric measurements support an association between Apollo objects and chondri tic meteorites. Because Apol lo ob- jects are in orbits which come close to the Earth, and also must be fragmented as they traverse the asteroid belt near aphel ion, there also must be a component of the meteorite flux derived from Apollo objects. Dynamical arguments favor the hypothesis that most Apollo objects are devolatilized comet resiaues. However, plausible dynamical , petrographic, and cosmogonical reasons are known which argue against the simple conclusion of this syllogism, uiz., that chondri tes are of cometary origin. Suggestions are given for future theoretical , observational, experimental investigations directed toward improving our understanding of this puzzling situation.