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Healthcare Functions of Cordyceps Cicadae

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Healthcare Functions of Cordyceps Cicadae ition & F tr oo u d N f S o c Hsu et al., J Nutr Food Sci 2015, 5:6 l i e a n n n n n n c c c c c r r r r r e e e e e DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000432 u u u u u s s s s s o o o o o J J J J J Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences ISSN: 2155-9600 Mini Review Open Access Healthcare Functions of Cordyceps cicadae Jui-Hsia Hsu1, Bo-Yi Jhou1, Shu-Hsing Yeh1, Yen-lien Chen1 and Chin-Chu Chen2,3,4* 1Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City 320, ROC Taiwan 2Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan 3Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shin Chien University, Taipei City, Taiwan 4Department of Applied Science, National Hsin-Chu University of Education, Hsinchu City, Taiwan Abstract Cordyceps cicadae (C. cicadae) is one of the most valued traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) and have been used for about 1,600 years in China. Both TCM works and modern pharmacological studies indicate that C. cicadae exhibits a variety of biological functions, including vision improvement and protection of renal function. There are at least five active ingredients inC. cicadae, suggesting that further exploration on bioactive metabolites of C. cicadae is expected to expand for its application scope and better exert its healthcare efficacy. Because of the shortage of wild C. cicadae, artificially cultivated is an ideal substitute. The methods we developed include fruiting body production based on wild culture matrix, cultivation based on infected nymphs, liquid fermentation of mycelium. Safety evaluation of the artificially cultivated C. cicadae is important in development of C. cicadae-related product. No toxic effect was observed in the acute toxicity test (piglet), 3 different test systems of genotoxicity test, a 90- day oral toxicity test (rats), as well as teratogenicity test of C. cicadae mycelium. C. cicadae possesses multiple pharmacological activities that offers several featured advantages such as low toxicity, low price and easy availability of raw materials from artificial cultivation, paving a broad way for functional products and supplements incorporating healthcare foods, cosmetics, biological agriculture, and pharmaceuticals. Keyword: Cordyceps cicadae; Paecilomyces cicadae; Isaria cicadae; written by Xiao Lei in the Liu Song Period of Northern and Southern Cicadae flower; Healthcare functions; Traditional chinese medicines Dynasties [6]. Its morphology was first described in Tu-Ching Pents’ao (TCM) compiled by Song Su in the Song Dynasty that horn-like protuberances occurred on the heads of Cicada in mountain. Shi-Zhen Li in the Ming Introduction Dynasty clarified in Compendium of Materia Medica that C. cicadae exhibits activities of dispelling wind and heat, relieving convulsion, Cordyceps. cicadae (C. cicadae) also known as cicadae flower, improving eyesight, removing cloudiness of eyes, and promoting Chanhua or Sandwhe, belongs to the family Clavicipitaceae and the eruption. Shi-Zhen Li also mentioned that C. cicadae were primarily genus Cordyceps, which strictly parasitize on the cicada nymph or used in treatment of infantile convulsions and morbid night crying of the larva of Cicada flammate, Platypleura kaempferi, Cryptotympana babies, palpitation and malaria. Ancient TCM works emphasized the pustulata and Patylomia pieli. The host larva were consumed as therapeutic effect of C. cicadae for various eye diseases. For example, nutrition and became a tightly packed mass of mycelium, then formed Prescriptions of the Bureau of Taiping People’s Welfare Pharmacy the flower bud-shaped stroma from the mouth, head or bottom of the (Taiping Huimin Heji Ju Fang) written by Cheng Chen during the cicada larva. It is a kind of wonderful biological complex of fungus and Song Dynasty stated that Superb C. cicadae Powder is specifically larva. The anamorph of C. cicadae is called as Isaria cidadae that was for treatment of acute conjunctivitis, chronic blepharitis, chronic originally described by Miquel in 1838, after which many scientific dacryocystitis and pterygium. names such as Isaria basili, Sphaeria sinclairi and Paecilomyces cicadae were developed [1]. Bioactivity Distribution of C. cicadae Modern pharmacological studies have indicated that C. cicadae exhibit a variety of biological functions (Table 1). Shi-Zhen Li C. cicadae is usually distributed in the tropical and subtropical claimed in Compendium of Materia Medica that C. cicadae have region with temperature ranging from 18-24 and relative humidity equivalent effect as cicada slough, so we also listed cicada slough in of >80%. C. cicadae is usually grow vertically on sunny slopes at an ℃ clinical application of C. cicadae (Tables 2 and 3). C. cicadae have altitude of 700-950 m. In China, they are most frequently seen in been used to recede nephelium of eyeball and improving vision for a Fujian, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Sichuan and Jiangsu province or river valley long time. The ideal efficacy of C. cicadae in eye treatments may be of the Yunnan-Tibet Plateau [2-4]. In Japan, C. cicadae are mainly distributed in mountain and forest region at low altitude, south of Fukushima. In South Korea, C. cicadae are found on Jeju Island. In *Corresponding author: Chin-Chu Chen PhD,. NO.60, Sec. 3, Longgang Taiwan, the fruiting body of C. cicadae is present in bamboo forest Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan (ROC.) Tel: 88634572121; Fax: of northern Taiwan Mountain. Furthermore, they are also seen in 88634572128; E-mail: [email protected] Thailand, Southeast Asia, North America and Europe [5]. Received October 20, 2015; Accepted November 05, 2015; Published November Record of C. cicadae in ancient traditional chinese medicines 09, 2015 Citation: Hsu JH, Jhou BY, Yeh SH, Chen Yl, Chen CC (2015) Healthcare Functions works of Cordyceps cicadae. J Nutr Food Sci 5: 432. doi:10.4172/2155-9600.1000432 C. cicadae are one of the most valued traditional Chinese medicines Copyright: © 2015 Hsu JH, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted (TCM) and have been used for about 1,600 years in China. It was first use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and mentioned in Lei’s Treatise on Preparing Drugs (Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun) source are credited. J Nutr Food Sci, an open access journal ISSN: 2155-9600 Volume 5 • Issue 6 • 1000432 Citation: Hsu JH, Jhou BY, Yeh SH, Chen Yl, Chen CC (2015) Healthcare Functions of Cordyceps cicadae. J Nutr Food Sci 5: 432. doi:10.4172/2155- 9600.1000432 Page 2 of 7 Year/Author Test Article Bioactivity It effectively increased the clearance rates Immunomodulation of blood and urine Creatinine, improved serum protein contents and lessened protein Cordyceps Activate Macrophages 2006 Zhou- discharge in urine. C. cicadae improved cicadae Shing Rat were intravenously injected with Hui Jin renal tubulointerstitial lesions and protected Tang Paecilomyces cicadae (500 mg/kg) resulted the renal tubular function. It also regulated in increased LDH and ACP activity of rat renal hemodynamics and triglyceride levels, Paecilomyces pulmonary macrophages and enhanced reducing the serum cholesterol level [23]. 2001 Li-Qin cicadae phagocytic capacity for neutral red of rat Jin It Inhibited the progression of mycelium alveolar macrophages. It could boost immune glomerulosclerosis and proliferation of function without affecting the membrane mesangial cells. It could block the main source Artificially permeability or destroying the cell membrane 2006 Lin of the ECM by inhibiting MsC proliferation, cultivated C. structure [10]. Wang thus suppressing the cellular proliferation and cicadae mycelia Paecilomyces cicadae polysaccharides spread of inflammation. The down-regulation Polysaccharides alleviated decline in the number of leukocytes effect on FN is similar to that of western 2008 Li-Qin of Paecilomyces induced by environmental ammonium sulfate medicine lotensin [24]. Jin cicadae in tumor-burdened mice, thus increasing Alleviate Renal Anemia mycelium numbers of leukocytes and elevating spleen index [11]. The efficacy of C. cicadae on improving renal anemia was superior to that of the mycelia of 2007 Jie-Min Mycelia of C. Promote the Phagocytosis of Macrophage C. sinensis. C. cicadae significantly increased Song cicadae Lymphatic transformation experiment, the hemoglobin content, numbers of erythrocyte erythrocyte rosette test and EA rosette test, and hematocrit in rats [25]. immunospecific rosette forming cell test (IR- Artificially Lower Blood Glucose Levels 1996 Qiu- FC), assay for phagocytosis of macrophages cultivated C. Yang Chi antibody titers in response to challenge by Water extract of wild C. cicadae significantly cicadae mycelia sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were conducted reduced blood glucose levels in mice with 2007 Jie-Min diabetes induced by alloxan in a dose- and results showed that C. cicadae could Wild C. cicadae obviously boost immune system [12]. Song dependent manner. It should be noted that C. cicadae also lowered the blood glucose levels C. cicadae C. cicadae promoted monocyte proliferation in normal mice [26]. extracted with the and human body's immunological responses, 2002 Shu- same proportion which might be attributed to the cytokines such Anti-tumor Properties Cheng Weng of water and as IL-12 and IFN-γ contained in C. cicadae Mouse Sarcoma Cell Line (S180) methanol [13]. Mice were orally administrated with C. cicadae C. cicadae It improved the humoral immune response and 1990 Kiho (20 mg/kg) resulted in 47% inhibition against 2007 Jie-Min polysaccharides Wild C. cicadae enhanced the phagocytosis of macrophage in S180 mouse sarcoma [27]. Song mice [14]. Leukemia Cell Line (U973 and K562 ) It enhanced the phagocytosis of macrophage, Paecilomyces Paecilomyces cicadae polysaccharide 2008 Jie-Zan spleen lymphocyte proliferation response as cicadae elevated proliferation of human peripheral Yang well as the ACP, LDH, and ARG activity in Paecilomyces polysaccharides 2006 Bai-Kun blood monocyts and directly retarded the spleen [15].
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