Mediastinitis and Bilateral Pleural Empyema Caused by an Odontogenic Infection
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Radiol Oncol 2007; 41(2): 57-62. doi:10.2478/v10019-007-0010-0 case report Mediastinitis and bilateral pleural empyema caused by an odontogenic infection Mirna Juretic1, Margita Belusic-Gobic1, Melita Kukuljan3, Robert Cerovic1, Vesna Golubovic2, David Gobic4 1Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology, 3Department of Radiology, 4Clinic for Internal Medicine, Clinical hospital, Rijeka, Croatia Background. Although odontogenic infections are relatively frequent in the general population, intrathoracic dissemination is a rare complication. Acute purulent mediastinitis, known as descending necrotizing mediastin- itis (DNM), causes high mortality rate, even up to 40%, despite high efficacy of antibiotic therapy and surgical interventions. In rare cases, unilateral or bilateral pleural empyema develops as a complication of DNM. Case report. This case report presents the treatment of a young, previously healthy patient with medias- tinitis and bilateral pleural empyema caused by an odontogenic infection. After a neck and pharynx re-inci- sion, and as CT confirmed propagation of the abscess to the thorax, thoracotomy was performed followed by CT-controlled thoracic drainage with continued antibiotic therapy. The patient was cured, although the recognition of these complications was relatively delayed. Conclusions. Early diagnosis of DNM can save the patient, so if this severe complication is suspected, thoracic CT should be performed. Key words: mediastinitis; empyema, pleural; periapical abscess – complications Introduction rare complication of acute mediastinitis.1-6 Clinical manifestations of mediastinitis are Acute suppurative mediastinitis is a life- frequently nonspecific. If the diagnosis of threatening infection infrequently occur- mediastinitis is suspected, thoracic CT is ring as a result of the propagation of required regardless of negative chest X-ray. odontogenic infection, and is described In the treatment of advanced mediastinitis, as descending necrotizing mediastinitis administration of antibiotic therapy alone (DNM). Pleural empyema is reported as a is ineffective unless aggressive surgical interventions including wide incisions, de- bridement, excision of necrotic tissue and Received 25 May 2007 drainage of all abscessed regions are in- Accepted 18 June 2007 cluded. Correspondence to: Belusic-Gobic Margita, MD, KBC A case of a young patient with mediastin- Rijeka, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tome Strižića 3, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia; Phone/Fax: itis and bilateral pleural empyema caused +385 51218279; E-mail: [email protected] by odontogenic infection is presented. 58 Juretic M et al. / Pleural empyema caused by an odontogenic infection Case report had severe dysphagia and a muffled voice («hot potato voice»), productive cough, A previously healthy 23-year-old man and temperature of 37.80C. Clinical ex- presented to his dentist complaining of amination of the neck showed an infected toothache in the region of the right man- induration also in the parotid region of the dibular third molar. Root trepanation was same side. Chest X-ray was again normal. performed and antibiotic therapy (amoxi- Laboratory tests revealed further increase cillin) was initiated but the patient’s con- of leucocytes (25.0 x 109 / L) and CRP (28.2 dition worsened with severe pain and mg / dL). The HIV test was negative. On marked swelling. On the 9th day after the same day re-incision was performed the occurrence of toothache, the patient extensively exploring the submandibultar was referred to the Clinic of maxillofacial triangle, parotid region, retromolar, retro- and oral surgery. Physical examination mandibular and pharyngeal spaces, and revealed trismus, a firm swelling in the the infection-causing root of the lower right submandibular and in a portion of third molar was extracted. The culture of supramandibular regions, oedema and ery- the pus content indicated the presence thema of retromolar mucosa. Due to an ex- of Streptococcus viridans and based on the tensive dental caries the crown of the tooth antibiogram cefepime 2g /12 h i.v. was was completely destroyed. The patient was given. subfebrile to 37.5 0C, had dysphagia and Two days after the second incision, tem- slightly muffled voice. On admission to perature raised to 38.30C with severe pain hospital, initial preoperative procedures below right rib arch, major dysphagia and were performed. Laboratory tests showed cough. Neck ultrasound and CT were per- signs of inflammation: (WBC 12.6 x 109/ formed then which showed a large forma- L, fibrinogen 9.09 g/l, CRP 18.9 mg/dL). tion of thick fluid content and gas distal Chest X-ray revealed no irregularities. The from the a. carotis bifurcation bilaterally. same evening under general endotracheal The thoracic CT scan revealed equal path- anaesthesia external incision was done ological formation in the mediastinum by opening the submandibular triangle to (Figures 1, 2). the mandibular periost and to the buccal Emergency posterolateral left thoracoto- region, where purulent content was found my through the fifth intercostal space was to be less than expected. A larger amount performed and about 550 cm3 of purulent of pus was obtained by a wide incision in material from the mediastinum was evacu- the retromolar space. Ciprofloxacin 400 ated. Drains were placed, one in each of the mg/12 h i.v. and metronidazole 500 mg/8 h three compartments of the mediastinum. were prescribed till the results of cultures During the same procedure wide incisions were obtained. On the 1st postoperative of the neck bilaterally were carried out, in- day the patient’s condition improved sub- cluding the carotid spaces, suprasternal, jectively, but he continued to be subfebrile, parotid and parapharyngeal regions. Wide had dysphagia accompanied by sore throat drains were placed on the neck bilaterally. and suppurative spit. Due to his private The patient was transferred to the inten- problems, he insisted on being discharged sive care unit and attached to mechanical that same day. Four days later, the patient ventilation. Thromboprophylactic therapy returned with worsened general condi- was introduced and based on the cultures, tion and local findings. He complained 1 g / 12 h + amicacin sulphate 500 mg/12 of severe buccal and retromolar pressure, h were given. In a few postoperative days, Radiol Oncol 2007; 41(2): 57-62. Juretic M et al. / Pleural empyema caused by an odontogenic infection 59 Figure 1. CT of the neck: fluid and gas collections in Figure 2. CT of the mediastinum: mediastianal the retropharingeal compartments. purulence and clear lungs. the patient was cardiocirculatory instable, and a significant lung re-expansion was ob- with abnormal coagulogram, haematogram tained. A suction drain was placed in each and hepatogram. Daily follow-up chest X- chest (Figure 4). rays were performed, and on the 7th day Antibiotic therapy was changed to vanco- after thoracotomy the follow-up chest X-ray mycin 1g /12 h + metronidazole 500 mg / 8 h showed lower transparency of lung lobes, (based on the cultures of purulent material indicating a follow-up thoracic CT was re- obtained by drains). The patient’s condition quired. The CT scan demonstrated enor- gradually improved. On the 22nd day after mous bilateral pleural empyemas, with a percutaneous drainage, chest drains were marked reduction in respiratory space and removed, and on the 25th day mechanical a paracardial purulence (Figure 3). ventilation was removed. The patient was Due to extremely worsened general con- discharged from the intensive care unit dition of the patient, percutaneous bilat- after the total stay of 37 days, without any eral thoracic CT-controlled drainage was significant consequences except slightly performed, 1800 ml of pus was evacuated muffled voice. Figure 4. CT of the thorax after drainage: bilateral Figure 3. CT of the thorax: bilateral pleural empyema. drains in the pleural space. Radiol Oncol 2007; 41(2): 57-62. 60 Juretic M et al. / Pleural empyema caused by an odontogenic infection Discussion patient’s general condition and can cause new infectious foci in residual abscesses. This case demonstrates potentially disas- Therefore, the meticulous drainage of the trous effects of odontogenic infections. abscess, coupled with antibiotics and γ- DNM is a rare result of a dental infection, globulin as supportive therapy.13,14 is man- and even more infrequently, bilateral pleu- datory. For minor infections, most authors ral empyema develops as a complication of recommend penicillin and metronidazole DNM.1,3-7 In the period 1990-2004, there per os for 7 days as the first- line therapy in were no cases of mediastinitis after oro- out-patients. For major infections, authors dental or oropharyngeal infection in our suggest penicillin G 4 million units every 6 epidemiologic centre which covers the pop- h i.v. together with metronidazole 500 mg ulation of about 400,000 people. Either due every 8 h i.v., and against gram- negative to a long period without serious complica- species additional gentamicin 3 mg/kg i.v. tions of odontogenic infections (although every 24 h.15,16,17 Maisel and Karlen rec- an average of 50 patients with odontogenic ommend simultaneous administration of abscess are admitted to hospital annually), the third generation of cephalosporin and or because the young man was previously clindamycin or metronidazole as initial an- completely healthy without a history of timicrobial coverage until the results of the