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Trade in the Black-And-White Laughingthrush Garrulax Bicolor and White-Crested Laughingthrush G

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Trade in the Black-And-White Laughingthrush Garrulax Bicolor and White-Crested Laughingthrush G BirdingASIA 8 (2007): 49–52 49 SPECIAL REPORT Trade in the Black-and-white Laughingthrush Garrulax bicolor and White-crested Laughingthrush G. leucolophus in Indonesia CHRIS R. SHEPHERD Introduction Laughingthrush is Poksai Lokal (Indonesian word The White-crested Laughingthrush Garrulax for “local”). In Jakarta both species are known as leucolophus is found from the north and north- Poksai Jambul Putih, although bird dealers state eastern Indian subcontinent, south-eastern Tibet that the Black-and-white Laughingthrush was from and south-western China, Myanmar, Thailand and Sumatra and that the White-crested Laughingthrush Sumatra (Indonesia), but is absent from central and was from Hong Kong. southern Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore. The Black-and-white Laughingthrush, endemic However, it has become a common introduced bird to the island of Sumatra, is found in mountainous in Singapore (Sodhi & Sharp 2006). Recently this regions (van Marle & Voous 1988, MacKinnon & species has been split, with the Sumatran race being Phillipps 1993). Its conservation status in Sumatra elevated to species level, the Black-and-white or is largely unknown, although it is reportedly Sumatran Laughingthrush G. bicolor (Collar 2006). becoming increasingly scarce (BirdLife While the Black-and-white Laughingthrush has International 2006, Shepherd 2006). The decline only recently been treated as a species, bird dealers in this species is due to a combination of habitat in Sumatra have always regarded it as such. The loss and, perhaps of more urgent concern, capture local name used for the White-crested for commercial trade. Laughingthrush in Medan, North Sumatra, is Poksai The keeping and trading of birds is a very large Hong Kong and that for the Black-and-white and widespread hobby and business in Indonesia Plate 1. Black-and-white or Sumatran Laughingthrush Garrulax bicolor, adult in Waddesdon Manor Aviary, Buckinghamshire, UK, March 2007. ANDREW OWEN 50 Trade in the Black-and-white Laughingthrush and White-crested Laughingthrush in Indonesia ANDREW OWEN ANDREW OWEN Plate 2. Black-and-white or Sumatran Laughingthrush Plate 3. Black-and-white or Sumatran Laughingthrush Garrulax bicolor fledgling. First ever reared in captivity. Garrulax bicolor: three nestlings being hand-reared. Waddesdon Manor Aviary, Buckinghamshire, UK, July 2005. Waddesdon Manor Aviary, Buckinghamshire, UK, March 2007. (Shepherd et al. 2004, Jepson & Ladle 2005). Forestry No. 447/Kpts-11/2003 (revised from Virtually all towns and cities in Indonesia have bird Decree of the Ministry of Forestry No. 62/Ktps-II/ markets, with hundreds of species available from 1998) requires any harvest or capture and throughout the country and international points of distribution of wild plant and animal specimens to origin. Many of the birds in these markets are not be done under licence. Sending or transporting traded in accordance with the laws in Indonesia wildlife from one location to another within (Shepherd et al. 2004, Shepherd 2006). While laws Indonesia must be covered by legal documents, and regulations in Indonesia are sufficient to according to Article 42, Chapter X of the Regulations regulate the trade and protection of wildlife, the of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia implementation and enforcement of these laws are Number 8 (1999), whether the species is protected far from effective. Many species that are legally by law or not. Collectors, middlemen and suppliers protected, or without a harvest quota (see must be registered with regional offices of the Legislation section below), continue to be openly Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA) traded in the bird markets. Illegal and unsustainable at a provincial level (Siswomartono 1998). trade, both domestic and international, is a direct Although the Black-and-white Laughingthrush threat to the conservation of many species in is not listed as a protected species in Indonesia, Indonesia (Shepherd et al. 2004). One such species there is a zero harvest quota imposed, meaning suspected to be in serious decline is the Black-and- that this species may not be removed from the wild. white Laughingthrush. This essentially is the same as if this species were Between January 1997 and December 2001, totally protected. However, neither the White- monthly surveys were carried out in the bird crested nor the Black-and-white Laughingthrush is markets of Medan, capital city of North Sumatra, listed in the Appendices of the Convention on Indonesia (Shepherd 2004). All birds observed were International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild recorded. During this time, 3,392 White-crested Fauna and Flora (CITES), and therefore Laughingthrushes were counted, making it the most international trade of this species is not regulated numerous Garrulax species observed. However, at or recorded (unless a country does so voluntarily). that time Black-and-white Laughingthrush was There are no records of export of this species from recorded as White-crested Laughingthrush, so there Indonesia, although dealers in Medan claim that are no separate figures indicating how many of the small numbers have been smuggled to Malaysia in now two species were observed. This note focuses the past (there are also a few birds in captivity in on current trade in the Black-and-white the UK: N. J. Collar in litt. 2007). Laughingthrush. Methods Legislation Recent surveys were carried out in two large Permits are required for capturing, transporting and markets in Indonesia, including the Barito bird selling birds within Indonesia as well as for market in Jakarta, Java, and the Jalan Bintang bird importing and exporting birds. Only species that market in Medan, on 1 February 2007 and 27 have an allotted harvest quota can be taken from February 2007, respectively, and one smaller bird the wild for local sale or export, and only from market in Jambi on 26 April 2007, and all Black- designated areas. The Decree of the Ministry of and-white and White-crested Laughingthrushes BirdingASIA 8 (2007) 51 were recorded. Information was gathered through Laughingthrush was the only Garrulax species semi-structured interactions with all dealers selling native to Indonesia observed in Medan in this these species in both markets, all of whom were survey. Dealers stated that imported Garrulax co-operative and willing to discuss the origins of species cost more, owing to the expenses of the birds and other relevant information regarding shipping and moving through multiple hands along the trade. All prices are reported in Indonesian the trade chain, while native species are cheap as rupiah (IDR) and converted to US dollars (USD) (1 costs are minimal. USD = 10,000 IDR). In the past, all of the Garrulax species native to Information was also obtained for this report Indonesia have been observed in trade in Medan, from both published and unpublished literature, including the Sunda Laughingthrush G. palliatus, although relatively little work has been done on Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush G. rufifrons, Black the status of the Black-and-white Laughingthrush. Laughingthrush G. lugubris and Chestnut-capped Laughingthrush G. mitratus, but the Black-and- Observations white Laughingthrush was by far the most All the bird shops in the Barito bird market (n = numerous in the markets. Non-native Garrulax 21) were surveyed. Five shops were found selling species observed during surveys carried out in 1997– White-crested Laughingthrushes, including two 2001 included the White-crested Laughingthrush, shops which also had Black-and-white Black-throated Laughingthrush, Chestnut-crowned Laughingthrushes. A total of two Black-and-white Laughingthrush G. erythrocephalus, Red-winged Laughingthrushes were observed and four White- Laughingthrush G. formosus and Hwamei. The crested. The price of each Black-and-white was IDR White-crested Laughingthrush, which then included 50,000 (USD 5.00), compared to IDR 90,000 (USD the Black-and-white Laughingthrush, was the most 9.00) for a White-crested Laughingthrush. numerous (Shepherd et al. 2004), although the All shops selling birds in the Jalan Bintang bird majority was made up of the locally captured Black- market, Medan (n = 20), were surveyed. The and-white Laughingthrush. market is far smaller than in previous years, when All shops in the bird market in Jambi (n = 5) approximately 32 shops were in business. There were surveyed and no Black-and-white were also far fewer birds in the shops and even less exotic (not native to Indonesia) species. Plate 4. Black-and-white or Sumatran Laughingthrush Garrulax According to all the dealers, the decline in the bicolor, Medan Bird Market, Sumatra, Indonesia, April 2004. number of shops and birds is due to public fear of avian influenza. Dealers are stocking fewer birds, generally of lower value, as people are currently buying far fewer birds. Since 2005, Indonesia has not permitted international trade in birds owing to the risk of avian influenza (Shepherd 2006). Of the shops that remain operational in Jalan Bintang, four were found selling Black-and-white Laughingthrush, with a total of 25 birds. One shop had 19 of these birds. Only two White-crested Laughingthrush were observed during this survey, as dealers stated that, due to the avian influenza scare, it was becoming non-viable to import birds, so more birds were being captured in Sumatra to meet the demand and fill the void caused by the threat of avian influenza. Prices between these two species varied greatly, with the Black-and-white costing IDR 80,000– 150,000 (USD 8–15.00), and the White-crested IDR 850,000 (USD 85.00). Compared with other Garrulax species available in Medan, the Black-and- white is by far the least expensive, with Black- throated Laughingthrushes G. chinensis costing IDR 750,000 (USD 75.00) and Hwamei G. canorus costing IDR 1,500,000 (USD 150.00). Only a few of these were available, with two Black-throated and three Hwamei observed. The Black-and-white CHRIS SHEPHERD 52 Trade in the Black-and-white Laughingthrush and White-crested Laughingthrush in Indonesia Laughingthrush was observed.
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