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Interstellar Issue Journal of the British Interplanetary Society VOLUME 71 NO.2 FEBRUARY 2018 Interstellar Issue SEARCHING FOR E.T. A Universal Units Proposal Eugene Terry Tatum COMPUTING THE MINIMAL CREW for a multi- generational space journey towards Proxima Centauri b Frédéric Marin & Camille Beluffi WORLDSHIP ETHICS Obligations to the Crew James S.J. Schwartz THE SOCIAL DYNAMICS OF SCIENCE, Exoplanetary Environments and the Drake Equation Douglas A. Van Belle THE GLOBAL CATASTROPHIC RISKS Connected with the Possibility of Finding Alien AI During SETI Alexey Turchin www.bis-space.com ISSN 0007-084X PUBLICATION DATE: 4 JULY 2018 Submitting Papers International Advisory Board To JBIS JBIS welcomes the submission of technical Rachel Armstrong, Newcastle University, UK papers for publication dealing with technical Peter Bainum, Howard University, USA reviews, research, technology and engineering in astronautics and related fields. Stephen Baxter, Science & Science Fiction Writer, UK James Benford, Microwave Sciences, California, USA Text should be: James Biggs, The University of Strathclyde, UK ■ As concise as the content allows – typically 5,000 to 6,000 words. Shorter papers (Technical Notes) Anu Bowman, Foundation for Enterprise Development, California, USA will also be considered; longer papers will only Gerald Cleaver, Baylor University, USA be considered in exceptional circumstances – for Charles Cockell, University of Edinburgh, UK example, in the case of a major subject review. Ian A. Crawford, Birkbeck College London, UK ■ Source references should be inserted in the text in square brackets – [1] – and then listed at the Adam Crowl, Icarus Interstellar, Australia end of the paper. Eric W. Davis, Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin, USA ■ Illustration references should be cited in Kathryn Denning, York University, Toronto, Canada numerical order in the text; those not cited in the Martyn Fogg, Probability Research Group, UK text risk omission. Raghavan Gopalaswami, Aerospace Researcher, India ■ Captions must be labelled with their Fig. number and should be as short as possible. Lamartine Guimarães, Institute for Advanced Studies, Brazil Mark Hempsell, Hempsell Astronautics Ltd, UK Illustrations should be: Takuto Ishimatsu, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA ■ Colour or mono, but should be as close to print Les Johnson, Marshall Space Flight Center, USA resolution (300 dpi) as possible. Poor-quality illustrations may compromise the acceptance of Terry Kammash, University of Michigan, USA paper for publication. Images embedded in Word Kelvin F. Long, Initiative for Interstellar Studies documents may be acceptable, but JBIS reserves Inoue Makoto, Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics Academia Sinica, Taiwan the right to request separate higher-resolution Gregory L. Matloff, City University New York, USA image files from the author prior to publication. Koichi Mori, Nagoya University, Japan ■ Responsibility for copyright clearance of images rests entirely with the author. Richard Obousy, Richard Obousy Consulting LLC, USA Robert Parkinson, BIS, Aylesbury, UK Submission of papers George Schmidt, NASA John H Glenn Research Center, Ohio, USA ■ Papers for consideration should be sent by Paul Schuch, The SETI League Inc, USA email to [email protected] as both a Word document and as a Word PDF file (in order to Tabitha Smith, Bifrost, USA check for font anomalies), together with any Andreas Tziolas, Variance Dynamical Corporation, USA separate image files. Chris Welch, The International Space University, Strasbourg, France ■ If a paper is accepted for publication, the Friedwardt Winterberg, University of Nevada, Reno, USA author will be asked to sign a License to Publish form. This can be downloaded at www.bis- space.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/ WebsiteLicense.pdf. ■ Authors will receive a complimentary copy of the issue in which their paper appears. Editor Roger Longstaff Deputy Editor Duncan Law-Green Associate Editors Stephen Ashworth, We respectfully ask authors to adhere to these Keith Cooper, Stephen Gamble, Paul Gilster, Rob Swinney, Production MP3 Media guidelines. Failure to do so will result in the Promotion Gill Norman JBIS Office British Interplanetary Society, Arthur C. Clarke House, delay of acceptable papers for publication. 27-29 South Lambeth Road, London, SW8 1SZ, United Kingdom tel +44 (0)20 7735 3160 email [email protected] www.bis-space.com Our full Guidelines for Authors can be downloaded DISTRIBUTION from www.bis-space.com JBIS is distributed worldwide by mail and may be received by annual subscription or purchase of single copies. It is available through membership of the British Interplanetary Society at much reduced rates. Subscription details for members, non-members and libraries are available from the above address. JBIS is a publication that promotes the mission of the British Interplanetary Society. Opinions expressed in signed articles are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editor or the Council of the British Interplanetary Society. Security clearance, where necessary, is the responsibility of the author. Published by the British Interplanetary Society. Registered Company No: 402498. Registered Charity No: 250556. Printed by Latimer Trend & Company Ltd, Estover Road, Plymouth, PL6 7PY, England. © 2018 British Interplanetary Society. No part of this magazine may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording by any information storage or retrieval system without prior permission from the Publishers. CONTENTS VOLUME 71 NO.2 FEBRUARY 2018 43 SEARCHING FOR E.T A Universal Units Proposal Eugene Terry Tatum 45 COMPUTING THE MINIMAL CREW for a multi- generational space journey towards Proxima Centauri b Frédéric Marin & Camille Beluffi 53 WORLDSHIP ETHICS Obligations to the Crew James S.J. Schwartz 65 THE SOCIAL DYNAMICS OF SCIENCE, Exoplanetary Environments and the Drake Equation Douglas A. Van Belle 71 THE GLOBAL CATASTROPHIC RISKS Connected with the Possibility of Finding Alien AI During SETI Alexey Turchin OUR MISSION STATEMENT The British Interplanetary Society promotes the exploration and use of space for the benefit of humanity, connecting people to create, educate and inspire, and advance knowledge in all aspects of astronautics. JBIS Vol 71 No.2 February 2018 41 42 Vol 71 No.2 February 2018 JBIS JBIS VOLUME 71 2018 PAGES 43-44 SEARCHING FOR E.T a Universal Units Proposal EUGENE TERRY TATUM, M.D. Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA email [email protected] Given the geocentric nature of mks units, scientific units used by an extraterrestrial civilization are likely to be very different from our own. The following question is posed: “Can we devise a standard set of physical units likely to be recognized by an extraterrestrial intelligent civilization?” A system of universal scientific units based upon the root mean square charge radius of the proton (Lu), rest mass of the electron (Mu) and vibration period of the super-cooled cesium atom (Tu) is proposed. This might improve recognition and understanding of any scientific numbers encoded in an intelligent signal. Keywords: SETI, Universal scientific units, Proton charge radius, Electron rest mass, Cesium vibration period, Mass-energy equivalence 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND set of physical units than our parochial and geocentric mks system. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence has been intensified since the recent discovery of exoplanets associated with most 2 A UNIVERSAL UNITS PROPOSAL stellar candidates examined to date. Whether Earthbound or alien, any civilization sufficiently advanced to send or receive As for the problem of incorporating and searching for the nu- communication signals will likely incorporate, and search for, merous scientific numbers requiring units, it is the purpose of certain number sequences. Even without the decimal point, this paper to propose a rational solution to the following ques- number streams containing 3141592653… and 2718281828… tion: should be universally recognizable as representative of nat- ural numbers pi and e, respectively. The same is true for the “Can we devise a standard set of physical units likely to be recog- dimensionless fundamental physical constants. In contrast to nized by an extraterrestrial intelligent civilization?” speed of light c or gravitational constant G, the dimensionless physical constants referred to here contain no units. However, If we were to start from scratch, we might choose units of they are also believed to be constant over time and universal in length, inertia and time that would be easily discoverable any- nature. The fine-structure constant a is perhaps the best known where in the universe. Since the visible universe is largely com- of these. It can either be expressed as 0.0072973525664(17) or, posed of atomic matter, a reasonable place to start in devising more commonly, in its reciprocal form, as 137.035999139(31). a logic-based set of universal physical units is with subatomic Mass ratios of various Standard Model particles are also with- quanta which could be easily discovered by any intelligent civ- out units and considered to be constant and universal. Perhaps ilization. In particular, quanta of the most common and basic the most widely known of these is the proton-to-electron mass universal element, hydrogen, would be reasonable and likely ratio mu, which equals 1836.15267389(17). candidates. If we look back at our own history of early discov- ery,
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