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Deep Sea Eng GUIDELINES FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING OF DARK HABITATS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA Financial support Copyright: All property rights of texts and content of different types of this publication belong to SPA/RAC. Reproduction of these texts and contents, in whole or in part, and in any form, is prohibited without prior written permission from SPA/RAC, except for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that the source is fully acknowledged. © 2018 - United Nations Environment Programme Mediterranean Action Plan Specially Protected Areas Regional Activity Centre (SPA/RAC) Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat B.P. 337 1080 Tunis Cedex - Tunisia. E-mail : [email protected] For bibliographic purposes, this document may be cited as: SPA/RAC–UN Environment/MAP, OCEANA, 2017. Guidelines for inventorying and monitoring of dark habitats in the Mediterranean Sea. By Vasilis GEROVASILEIOU, Ricardo AGUILAR, Pilar MARÍN. Ed. SPA/RAC -Deep Sea Lebanon Project, Tunis: 40 pp + Annexes The original version of this document was prepared for the Specially Protected Areas Regional Activity Centre (SPA/RAC) by Ricardo AGUILAR & Pilar MARÍN, OCEANA and Vasilis GEROVASILEIOU, SPA/ RAC Consultant with contribution from Tatjana BAkRAN PETRICIOLI, Enric BALLESTEROS, Hocein BAzAIRI, Carlo NIkE BIANCHI, Simona BUSSOTTI, Simonepietro CANESE, Pierre CHEVALDONNé, Douglas EVANS, Maïa FOURT, Jordi GRINYó, Jean Georges HARMELIN, Alain JEUDY DE GRISSAC, Vesna Mačić, Covadonga OREJAS, Maria DEL MAR OTERO, Gérard PERGENT, Donat PETRICIOLI, Alfonso A. RAMOS ESPLá, Antonietta ROSSO, Rossana SANFILIPPO, Marco TAVIANI, Leonardo TUNESI, Maurizio WüRTz. Layout: Amen Allah OUAkAJJA Cover photo credit: © Amen Allah OUAkAJJA This document has been edited within the framework of the Deep-Sea Lebanon Project with the fnancial support of MAVA Foundation. For more information: www.unepmap.org www.spa-rac.org GUIDELINES FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING OF DARK HABITATS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA CONTENT A. CONTEXT AND AIMS ................................................................................................................................ 4 I. HABITATS AND SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH MARINE CAVES .............................................................. 4 Semi-dark cave communities .................................................................................................................. 4 Dark cave communities ........................................................................................................................... 5 I.1. METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF MARINE CAVE COMMUNITIES ......................................................... 6 I.2. INVENTORYING MARINE CAVE COMMUNITIES ................................................................................. 6 I.2.a. Locating marine cave communities .............................................................................................. 6 I.2.b. Characterization of marine cave communities.............................................................................. 8 I.3. Monitoring marine cave communities according to the recommendations of the Integrated Monitorin and Assessment Programme (IMAP) ................................................................................ 8 I.4. Regional overview .............................................................................................................................. 10 II. HABITATS AND SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH SEAMOUNTS, CANYONS, APHOTIC HARD (AND SOFT) BEDS AND CHEMOSYNTHETIC PHENOMENA ................................................................................... 11 II. 1. INVENTORY: LOCATION AND CHARACTERIZATION ........................................................................ 14 Habitats dominated or formed by stony corals ................................................................................... 14 Habitats formed by black corals .......................................................................................................... 15 Habitats dominated by gorgonians ..................................................................................................... 16 Habitats dominated by pennatulaceans .............................................................................................. 18 Habitats with other anthozoans........................................................................................................... 19 Sponge grounds with demosponges ................................................................................................... 19 Sponge grounds with hexactinellids .................................................................................................... 20 Mixed habitats of sponges and corals ................................................................................................. 21 Habitats formed by crustaceans ......................................................................................................... 22 Habitats of bryozoans ......................................................................................................................... 22 Habitats of polychaetes ....................................................................................................................... 23 Habitats of mollusks ........................................................................................................................... 24 Other habitats ...................................................................................................................................... 25 Thanatocoenoses ................................................................................................................................ 26 II.2. METHODOLOGIES FOR THE STUDY OF DARK HABITATS ................................................................. 27 II.3. MONITORING: COMMON INDICATORS FOR MONITORING DARK HABITATS ................................... 29 II.4. Case Studies ..................................................................................................................................... 39 B. RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 40 C. APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................ 41 D. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 53 A. CONTEXT AND AIMS Dark habitats1 are distributed throughout the information also remains limited. This issue should Mediterranean basin from the sea surface (i.e. caves) be addressed by Contracting Parties at the earliest to the deep-sea realm. Various habitats of unique convenience in order to put in place control systems scientifc and conservation interest are included aiming at the implementation of Ecosystem Approach in this broad habitat category, such as dark caves, (EcAp) procedures, and particularly an Integrated and submarine canyons, seamounts and chemo-synthetic Monitoring Assessment (IMAP) at regional level. features supporting sensitive assemblages which require special protection. Therefore, dark habitats I. HABITATS AND SPECIES were considered under the Action Plan adopted in the Eighteenth Ordinary Meeting of the Contracting Parties ASSOCIATED WITH MARINE CAVES to the Barcelona Convention (Turkey, December 2013). Marine caves harbour a variety of sciaphilic In the context of implementation schedule of the Dark communities, usually distributed according to the Habitats Action Plan (UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA, 2015a) a following scheme: (a) a (pre-)coralligenous3 algae- set of guidelines should be identifed aiming to reduce dominated community at the entrance zone, (b) a the imminent pressures and threats affecting these semi-dark zone dominated by sessile flter-feeding vulnerable assemblages. This document aims to invertebrates (mainly sponges and anthozoans), establish guidelines for inventorying and monitoring and (c) a dark zone which is sparsely colonized Mediterranean deep-sea habitats and marine caves by sponges, serpulid polychaetes, bryozoans and in order to settle the basis for a regional-based brachiopods (Pérès, 1967). Nevertheless, there is a assessment. Furthermore, it aims at reviewing the lamentable dearth of information on the gradients of known distribution and main characteristics of these physical-chemical parameters acting on the marine ecosystems. Although the Dark Habitats Action cave biota (Gili et al., 1986; Morri et al., 1994a; Bianchi Plan covers entirely dark caves2, inventorying and et al., 1998). monitoring initiatives focusing on marine caves should A general description of the semi-dark and dark cave consider the cave habitat as a whole. Therefore, this communities which are considered in the present document presents methodologies which cover both document can be found bellow. semi-dark and dark caves. Semi-dark cave communities Although scientifc knowledge on dark habitats has increased during the last decades, there is still a Hard substrates in semi-dark caves are typically signifcant gap today. The number of human activities dominated by sessile invertebrates (sponges, an- and pressures impacting marine habitats has thozoans and bryozoans). The most frequently re- considerably increased throughout the Mediterranean, corded sponge species are Agelas oroides, Petrosia including deep-sea habitats (e.g. destructive
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