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COMMISSION G : IONOSPHERIC RADIO and PROPAGATION (Nov COMMISSION G : IONOSPHERIC RADIO AND PROPAGATION (Nov. '89 - Oct. '92) Edited by Nobuo Matuura G1. Ionospheric Techniques A computer-aided automatic ionogram processing system capable for digitization, scaling and archives of the ionograms from five Japanese ionosonde stations has been developed. The system consists of both a pre-processor connected to each ionosonde in order to archive digitized-ionograms and a data collection processor annexed to the central computer for automatic scaling [Nozaki et al., 1992]. The automatic scaling procedure and the results of a comparison between automatic and manual scalings were described [Igi et al., 1992]. A new method for extracting some ionospheric parameters from digital ionograms was presented [Igi, 1992]. The 46.5-MHz MU (middle and upper atmosphere) radar is a very unique radar capable of measuring the lower atmosphere and the ionosphere with an active phased-array system. The newly implemented capabilities and antenna pattern calibrations of this radar were given [Fukao et al., 1990]. An HF coherent radar experiment for exploring the Antarctic high-latitude ionosphere was proposed [Ogawa et al., 1990]. The experiment will start in early 1995. A plan of constructing an incoherent scatter radar at Spitsbergen was presented [Matuura and Oguti, 1991]. This radar aims at snap-shot observations of the transient structure and dynamics in the dayside cusp or polar cap ionosphere with time resolution less than a minute. A METS (microwave energy transmission in space) experiemnt was proposed [Matsumoto et al., 1990]. Two fundamental areas are addressed: one is the development of a control system for the microwave beam; the other concerns the study of nonlinear propagation effects of the beam as it passes through space plasmas. Computer experiments using a two-dimensional electromagnetic particle code were made to study the nonlinear plasma dynamics associated with electrodynamic tether system [Usui et al., 1991, 1993]. Spatial pattern and movement of the 30-MHz cosmic noise absorptions were observed by a two- dimensional multi-beam (8x8 beams) riometer in the northern polar cap [Nishino et al., 1990]. A method of analysis for the monochromatic aurora stereo TV observations was examined [Aso et al., 1990]. In this method, first, a camera model is obtained by using calibration data for the background stars, and then, an inverse problem is solved which reconstructs three-dimensional luminosity structures of photoemission from two-dimensional auroral images. This method was applied for the stereoscopic observation of a stable auroral arc. A new type of auroral imaging spectrometer was developed [Okamura and Ejiri, 1992]. This can measure spectral apparent emission rate of aurora in coordinates of wavelength and spatial field of view of 72.6 degrees with a maxium time resolution of 0.2 s. A balloon observation of auroral X-rays was carried out in Norway by using X-ray imagers [Yamagami et al., 1990]. The X-ray images were obtained by a two-dimensional 5x5 matrix array of Si(Li) semiconductor detectors with 3-s time intervals. Feasibility studies of the long- term circumpolar balloon experiment, called the Polar Patrol Balloon (PPB) project, aiming at establishing a station network in the stratosphere over the Antarctica for geophysical and astrophysical observations were reported [Hirasawa et al., 1990; Ejiri et al.,1993]. Three test flights in 1987 and 1990 at Syowa Station convinced us that PPB would come back to the launching site. The PPBs carrying auroral X-ray, electric and magnetic field detectors were launched during 1991-1993. (T. Ogawa) References Aso,T., T.Hashimoto, M.Abe, T.Ono and M.Ejiri, On the analysis of aurora stereo observation, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 42, 579-595 (1990) Ejiri,M., A.Kadokura, T.Hirasawa, N.Sato, R.Fujii, H.Miyaoka, J.Nishimura, N.Yajima, T.Yamagami, S.Kokubun, H.Fukunishi, M.Yamanaka and M.Kodama, Polar patrol balloon experiment in Antarctica, Adv. Space Res., 13, (2)127-(2)130 (1993) Fukao,S., T.Sato, T.Tsuda, M.Yamamoto, M.D.Yamanaka and S.Kato, MU radar: New capabilities and system calibrations, Radio Sci., 25, 477-485 (1990) Hirasawa,T., M.Ejiri, N.Sato, R.Fujii, H.Miyaoka, A.Kadokura, J.Nishimura, N.Yajima, T.Yamagami, S.Kokubun, H.Fukunishi, M.Yamanaka and M.Kodama, Polar patrol balloon experiment during 1991-1993, Proc. Internat. Symp. on Space Technology and Science, ISAS, Tokyo, 1593-1597 (1990) Igi,S., H.Minakoshi and M.Yoshida, Automatic ionogram processing system 2. Automatic ionogram scaling, J. Commun. Res. Lab., 39, 367-379 (1992) Igi,S., Automatic ionogram processing system 3. A new method of displaying ionospheric characteristics, J. Commun. Res. Lab., 39, 381-402 (1992) Matsumoto,H., N.Kaya and M.Nagatomo, Microwave energy transmission experiment, Space Power, 9, 113-130 (1990) Matuura,N. and T.Oguti, Japanese plans for Spitsbergen radar, Annal. Geophys., 9, 339 (1991) Nishino,M., Y.Tanaka, T.Oguti and A.Egeland, CNA observations by a multibeam riometer at Ny-Alesund in the polar cap, Eos Trans. AGU, 71, 912 (1990) Nozaki,K., N.Nagayama and H.Kato, Automatic ionogram processing system 1. Data reduction and transmission of ionogram, J. Commun. Res. Lab., 39, 357-365 (1992) Ogawa,T., T.Hirasawa, M.Ejiri, N.Sato, H.Yamagishi, R.Fujii and K.Igarashi, HF radar experiment at Syowa Station for the study of high-latitude ionosphere - 2 : A capability, Proc. NIPR Symp. Upper Atmos. Phys., 3, 91-95 (1990) Okamura,H. and M.Ejiri, A new imaging spectrometer for the auroral spectroscopic studies, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 44, 193-205 (1992) Usui,H., H.Matsumoto and Y.Omura, Electron beam injection and associated LHR wave excitation: Computer experiments of (SHUTTLE) electrodynamic tether system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 821-824 (1991) Usui,H., H.Matsumoto and Y.Omura, Plasma response to high potential satellite in electrodynamic tether system, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1531-1544 (1993) Yamagami,T., H.Miyaoka, A.Nakamoto, Y.Hirasima, S.Ohta, M.Namiki, H.Murakami, N.Sato, R.Fujii, K.Okudaira, J.Nishimura and M.Kodama, Two-dimensional auroral X-ray image observation at a balloon altitude in the northern auroral zone, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 42, 1175- 1191 (1990) G2. Ionospheric Structure and Modeling G2.1. Structure of Mid-Latitude F-Region Average structure of the mid-latitude F-region ionosphere were derived from the data with experiments using the MU radar in Shigaraki, Japan. Full-year and seasonal averages of F- region electron density and ion velocity were used to compute the neutral meridional winds [Oliver et al., 1990]. Local time/seasonal/solar cycle averages of F-region electron, ion and neutral temperatures [Oliver et al., 1991a] and local time/ seasonal averages of F-region elctron density and three components of ion velocity vector, parallel, northward perpendicular and eastward perpendicular to the geomagnetic field [Fukao et al., 1991a] were derived. G2.2. Modeling of Planetary Ionospheres The energetics of the daytime conditions in the Venus ionosphere were studied by taking into consideration of influences of heating due to charge exchange between hot oxygen atoms and thermal oxygen ions [Kim et al., 1990]. The MHD models on the interaction between the solar wind and the dayside Venus ionosphere were studied to explain the observed vertical profiles of the magnetic field [Cravens et al., 1990] and the plasma temperature [Shinagawa et al., 1991], and the observed structure of the ionopause [Cravens and Shinagawa, 1991]. A model of the interaction between the solar wind and the dayside Mars ionosphere under a weak intrinsic magnetic field were discussed [Shinagawa and Cravens, 1992]. G2.3. Ionospheric Disturbances at Mid-Latitude Anomalous enhancements of f-min on ionograms from Japanese ionosonde stations, as well as phase shifts in the Omega signals were observed on January 1990 during the DYANA campaign, and it has been suggested that the winter anomaly extended down to the latitudes of about 31deg N [Ogawa et al., 1992a]. Variations in the E-region electron density during the period of a partial solar eclipse on September 23, 1987 were observed using the MU radar at Shigaraki, Japan [Zhang et al., 1991]. A remarkable increase in the height of maximum electron density with duration of about two hours was observed with the MU radar experiments made around midnight on January 20-21, 1989, and it has been suggested that the disturbance was caused by unusually large eastward electric field at mid-latitudes associated with the onset of a substorm in the polar region [Reddy et al., 1990; Reddy et al., 1991]. Studies on spatial and temporal variations in the F-region electron density profiles during disturbed periods were made by four-beam measurements with the MU radar, and it has been found that ionospheric disturbances travel in the direction predominantly equatorward during the disturbed conditions [Takami et al., 1991]. With the four- beam experiments carried out during the geomagnetic storm of 20-23 October 1989, when the auroral display was seen in Japan, a strongly structured ionosphere with large spatial gradients in the electron density profiles was observed to stream over the radar site [Oliver et al., 1991b]. The F-region ionospheric disturbances during the two events of auroral display seen in Japan on 21 October and 17 November, 1989, were investigated with the ionograms obtained from the chain of Japanese ionosondes, and it has been suggested that the ionospheric disturbances generated at around 60deg N in the north of Japan traveled
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