DOCSLIB.ORG

Investigation of the Reflective Properties of a Left-Handed Metamaterial

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2007 Investigation of the Reflective Properties of a Left-Handed Metamaterial Amanda Durham Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the Physics Commons Repository Citation Durham, Amanda, "Investigation of the Reflective Properties of a Left-Handed Metamaterial" (2007). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 92. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/92 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INVESTIGATION OF THE REFLECTIVE PROPERTIES OF A LEFT-HANDED METAMATERIAL A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By AMANDA DURHAM B.S., Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 2004 2007 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES March 29, 2007 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Amanda Durham ENTITLED Investigation of the Reflective Properties of a Left-handed Metamaterial BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science. _______________________ Lok Lew Yan Voon, Ph.D. Thesis Advisor _______________________ Lok Lew Yan Voon, Ph.D. Department Chair Committee on Final Examination ____________________________ Lok Lew Yan Voon, Ph.D. ____________________________ Gregory Kozlowski, Ph.D. ____________________________ Douglas Petkie, Ph.D. ____________________________ Joseph F. Thomas, Jr., Ph.D. Dean, School of Graduate Studies Abstract Durham, Amanda, M.S., Department of Physics, Wright State University, 2007. Investigation of the Reflective Properties of a Left-handed Metamaterial. The purpose of this project is to investigate the reflective properties of a left-handed metamaterial (LHM) through the use of a finite element analysis software called FEMLAB. In the 1960’s, V. Veselago theorized that a material with negative permeability and negative permittivity has a negative index of refraction. In 2000, such a metamaterial was built and demonstrated at microwave frequencies. Previous work had focused on the transmission properties of the metamaterial. In our work, the reflected wave was examined for a LHM subject to an incident transverse electric wave. The different generalizations, first proposed by Veselago, of the Fresnel and Snell’s equations for LHM’s were rederived. We show that the reflectance does not distinguish between normal materials and metamaterials, and, through computational results, that FEMLAB can be used for LHM’s. iii Contents Page 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Definition of a Left-Handed Metamaterial ......................................................................................1 1.2 A Different Backwards Wave Source..............................................................................................4 1.3 Report Explanation ..........................................................................................................................5 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 7 2.1 Examples of LHM ...........................................................................................................................7 2.1.1 Split-ring resonators (SRR)...........................................................................................................8 2.1.2 Thin rod array ...............................................................................................................................8 2.2 Recent Research...............................................................................................................................9 3 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 13 3.1 Maxwell’s Equations .....................................................................................................................13 3.2 Physical Property Choices for this Report .....................................................................................14 3.2.1 LHM vs. photonic crystal ...........................................................................................................14 3.2.2 Transverse electric vs. transverse magnetic wave.......................................................................15 3.2.3 Fresnel diffraction vs. fraunhofer diffraction..............................................................................16 3.2 FEMLAB .......................................................................................................................................16 3.2.1 FEMLAB’s computational method compared to more popular methods ...................................17 3.2.2 Why FEMLAB ...........................................................................................................................19 3.2.3 Deriving single equation for FEMLAB ......................................................................................19 3.2.4 Perfectly matched layers.............................................................................................................21 3.3 Fresnel’s Equations........................................................................................................................23 3.4 Fabry-Perot Equations ...................................................................................................................29 3.4.1 Electrodynamic approach............................................................................................................29 3.4.2 Airy’s formulation ......................................................................................................................32 3.4.3 Preparing equations for LHM .....................................................................................................35 4 MODELING PROCESS ............................................................................................. 38 5 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................... 47 5.1 FEMLAB Solution Visualization Verification ..............................................................................48 5.2 FEMLAB Results Verification ......................................................................................................50 5.2.1 Expected values ..........................................................................................................................50 5.2.2 FEMLAB values.........................................................................................................................51 5.3 LHM Results..................................................................................................................................55 5.3.1 FEMLAB LHM results...............................................................................................................55 5.4 Veselago’s Theory: n vs Z .............................................................................................................64 6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 70 A: PROOF OF NO REFLECTION AT INTERFACE .............................................. 72 B: AVERAGE PEAK VALUE JUSTIFICATION ..................................................... 76 C: DETERMINING PERMITTIVITY FROM COMPELX PERMEABILITY AND INDEX OF REFRACTION ........................................................................................... 83 iv D: MATLAB ROUTINE ................................................................................................ 86 E: EXTRA NOTES AND HELPFUL HINTS.............................................................. 88 WORKS CITED.............................................................................................................. 90 v Figures Page Figure 1: Ray diagram of interface between n>0 and n<0 media....................................... 2 Figure 2: All possible combinations for ε and μ................................................................. 3 Figure 3: Example of group and phase velocities moving in opposite directions .............. 4 Figure 4: Diagram of geometry used for paper................................................................... 6 Figure 5: Coils of SRR (left) and representation current flow of a SRR (right)................. 8 Figure 6: Array of thin rods ................................................................................................ 9 Figure 7: Ray diagram of LHM ........................................................................................ 10 Figure 8: Setup used by Schurig and coworkers during cloaking experiment ................. 11 Figure 9: Diagram of cloak and electromagnetic waves................................................... 11 Figure 10: Symmetric lattice structure for a photonic crystal........................................... 14 Figure 11: Original and meshed geometry comparison.................................................... 18 Figure 12: PML used in FEMLAB runs ..........................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Chapter 1 Metamaterials and the Mathematical Science

    Chapter 1 Metamaterials and the Mathematical Science

    CHAPTER 1 METAMATERIALS AND THE MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE OF INVISIBILITY André Diatta, Sébastien Guenneau, André Nicolet, Fréderic Zolla Institut Fresnel (UMR CNRS 6133). Aix-Marseille Université 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France E-mails: [email protected];[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract. In this chapter, we review some recent developments in the field of photonics: cloaking, whereby an object becomes invisible to an observer, and mirages, whereby an object looks like another one (say, of a different shape). Such optical illusions are made possible thanks to the advent of metamaterials, which are new kinds of composites designed using the concept of transformational optics. Theoretical concepts introduced here are illustrated by finite element computations. 1 2 A. Diatta, S. Guenneau, A. Nicolet, F. Zolla 1. Introduction In the past six years, there has been a growing interest in electromagnetic metamaterials1 , which are composites structured on a subwavelength scale modeled using homogenization theories2. Metamaterials have important practical applications as they enable a markedly enhanced control of electromagnetic waves through coordinate transformations which bring anisotropic and heterogeneous3 material parameters into their governing equations, except in the ray diffraction limit whereby material parameters remain isotropic4 . Transformation3 and conformal4 optics, as they are now known, open an unprecedented avenue towards the design of such metamaterials, with the paradigms of invisibility cloaks. In this review chapter, after a brief introduction to cloaking (section 2), we would like to present a comprehensive mathematical model of metamaterials introducing some basic knowledge of differential calculus. The touchstone of our presentation is that Maxwell’s equations, the governing equations for electromagnetic waves, retain their form under coordinate changes.
  • Polarization of Light: Malus' Law, the Fresnel Equations, and Optical Activity

    Polarization of Light: Malus' Law, the Fresnel Equations, and Optical Activity

    Polarization of light: Malus' law, the Fresnel equations, and optical activity. PHYS 3330: Experiments in Optics Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Dated: Revised August 2012) In this lab you will (1) test Malus' law for the transmission of light through crossed polarizers; (2) test the Fresnel equations describing the reflection of polarized light from optical interfaces, and (3) using polarimetry to determine the unknown concentration of a sucrose and water solution. I. POLARIZATION III. PROCEDURE You will need to complete some background reading 1. Position the fixed \V" polarizer after mirror \M" before your first meeting for this lab. Please carefully to establish a vertical polarization axis for the laser study the following sections of the \Newport Projects in light. Optics" document (found in the \Reference Materials" 2. Carefully adjust the position of the photodiode so section of the course website): 0.5 \Polarization" Also the laser beam falls entirely within the central dark read chapter 6 of your text \Physics of Light and Optics," square. by Peatross and Ware. Your pre-lab quiz cover concepts presented in these materials AND in the body of this 3. Plug the photodiode into the bench top voltmeter write-up. Don't worry about memorizing equations { the and observe the voltage { it should be below 200 quiz should be elementary IF you read these materials mV; if not, you may need to attenuate the light by carefully. Please note that \taking a quick look at" these [anticipating the validity off Malus' law!] inserting materials 5 minutes before lab begins will likely NOT be the polarizer on a rotatable arm \R" upstream of adequate to do well on the quiz.
  • Plasmonic and Metamaterial Structures As Electromagnetic Absorbers

    Plasmonic and Metamaterial Structures As Electromagnetic Absorbers

    Plasmonic and Metamaterial Structures as Electromagnetic Absorbers Yanxia Cui 1,2, Yingran He1, Yi Jin1, Fei Ding1, Liu Yang1, Yuqian Ye3, Shoumin Zhong1, Yinyue Lin2, Sailing He1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China 2 Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China 3 Department of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310012, China Corresponding author: e-mail [email protected] Abstract: Electromagnetic absorbers have drawn increasing attention in many areas. A series of plasmonic and metamaterial structures can work as efficient narrow band absorbers due to the excitation of plasmonic or photonic resonances, providing a great potential for applications in designing selective thermal emitters, bio-sensing, etc. In other applications such as solar energy harvesting and photonic detection, the bandwidth of light absorbers is required to be quite broad. Under such a background, a variety of mechanisms of broadband/multiband absorption have been proposed, such as mixing multiple resonances together, exciting phase resonances, slowing down light by anisotropic metamaterials, employing high loss materials and so on. 1. Introduction physical phenomena associated with planar or localized SPPs [13,14]. Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers are devices in Metamaterials are artificial assemblies of structured which the incident radiation at the operating wavelengths elements of subwavelength size (i.e., much smaller than can be efficiently absorbed, and then transformed into the wavelength of the incident waves) [15]. They are often ohmic heat or other forms of energy.
  • Metamaterial Waveguides and Antennas

    Metamaterial Waveguides and Antennas

    12 Metamaterial Waveguides and Antennas Alexey A. Basharin, Nikolay P. Balabukha, Vladimir N. Semenenko and Nikolay L. Menshikh Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics RAS Russia 1. Introduction In 1967, Veselago (1967) predicted the realizability of materials with negative refractive index. Thirty years later, metamaterials were created by Smith et al. (2000), Lagarkov et al. (2003) and a new line in the development of the electromagnetics of continuous media started. Recently, a large number of studies related to the investigation of electrophysical properties of metamaterials and wave refraction in metamaterials as well as and development of devices on the basis of metamaterials appeared Pendry (2000), Lagarkov and Kissel (2004). Nefedov and Tretyakov (2003) analyze features of electromagnetic waves propagating in a waveguide consisting of two layers with positive and negative constitutive parameters, respectively. In review by Caloz and Itoh (2006), the problems of radiation from structures with metamaterials are analyzed. In particular, the authors of this study have demonstrated the realizability of a scanning antenna consisting of a metamaterial placed on a metal substrate and radiating in two different directions. If the refractive index of the metamaterial is negative, the antenna radiates in an angular sector ranging from –90 ° to 0°; if the refractive index is positive, the antenna radiates in an angular sector ranging from 0° to 90° . Grbic and Elefttheriades (2002) for the first time have shown the backward radiation of CPW- based NRI metamaterials. A. Alu et al.(2007), leaky modes of a tubular waveguide made of a metamaterial whose relative permittivity is close to zero are analyzed.
  • Dynamic Simulation of a Metamaterial Beam Consisting of Tunable Shape Memory Material Absorbers

    Dynamic Simulation of a Metamaterial Beam Consisting of Tunable Shape Memory Material Absorbers

    vibration Article Dynamic Simulation of a Metamaterial Beam Consisting of Tunable Shape Memory Material Absorbers Hua-Liang Hu, Ji-Wei Peng and Chun-Ying Lee * Graduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; [email protected] (H.-L.H.); [email protected] (J.-W.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-2-8773-1614 Received: 21 May 2018; Accepted: 13 July 2018; Published: 18 July 2018 Abstract: Metamaterials are materials with an artificially tailored internal structure and unusual physical and mechanical properties such as a negative refraction coefficient, negative mass inertia, and negative modulus of elasticity, etc. Due to their unique characteristics, metamaterials possess great potential in engineering applications. This study aims to develop new acoustic metamaterials for applications in semi-active vibration isolation. For the proposed state-of-the-art structural configurations in metamaterials, the geometry and mass distribution of the crafted internal structure is employed to induce the local resonance inside the material. Therefore, a stopband in the dispersion curve can be created because of the energy gap. For conventional metamaterials, the stopband is fixed and unable to be adjusted in real-time once the design is completed. Although the metamaterial with distributed resonance characteristics has been proposed in the literature to extend its working stopband, the efficacy is usually compromised. In order to increase its adaptability to time-varying disturbance, several semi-active metamaterials have been proposed. In this study, the incorporation of a tunable shape memory alloy (SMA) into the configuration of metamaterial is proposed. The repeated resonance unit consisting of SMA beams is designed and its theoretical formulation for determining the dynamic characteristics is established.
  • Fresnel Diffraction.Nb Optics 505 - James C

    Fresnel Diffraction.Nb Optics 505 - James C

    Fresnel Diffraction.nb Optics 505 - James C. Wyant 1 13 Fresnel Diffraction In this section we will look at the Fresnel diffraction for both circular apertures and rectangular apertures. To help our physical understanding we will begin our discussion by describing Fresnel zones. 13.1 Fresnel Zones In the study of Fresnel diffraction it is convenient to divide the aperture into regions called Fresnel zones. Figure 1 shows a point source, S, illuminating an aperture a distance z1away. The observation point, P, is a distance to the right of the aperture. Let the line SP be normal to the plane containing the aperture. Then we can write S r1 Q ρ z1 r2 z2 P Fig. 1. Spherical wave illuminating aperture. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2 2 2 2 SQP = r1 + r2 = z1 +r + z2 +r 1 2 1 1 = z1 + z2 + þþþþ r J þþþþþþþ + þþþþþþþN + 2 z1 z2 The aperture can be divided into regions bounded by concentric circles r = constant defined such that r1 + r2 differ by l 2 in going from one boundary to the next. These regions are called Fresnel zones or half-period zones. If z1and z2 are sufficiently large compared to the size of the aperture the higher order terms of the expan- sion can be neglected to yield the following result. l 1 2 1 1 n þþþþ = þþþþ rn J þþþþþþþ + þþþþþþþN 2 2 z1 z2 Fresnel Diffraction.nb Optics 505 - James C. Wyant 2 Solving for rn, the radius of the nth Fresnel zone, yields !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! rn = n l Lorr1 = l L, r2 = 2 l L, , where (1) 1 L = þþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþ þþþþþ1 + þþþþþ1 z1 z2 Figure 2 shows a drawing of Fresnel zones where every other zone is made dark.
  • Questions: Physical Properties and 7 Step Process

    Questions: Physical Properties and 7 Step Process

    Questions: Physical Properties and 7 Step Process 1. Why does a water-saturated sandstone typically have a higher P-wave velocity than a dry sandstone? A saturated sandstone: a. is more dense b. has a larger bulk modulus c. has a larger shear modulus d. has a higher tensile strength 2. The relative permittivity of a given rock is considered large when: a. it contains a lot of pore water b. an applied electric field results in a larger electric dipole moment c. it has a value of 30 d. b and c are correct e. a,b and c are correct 3. You measure a resistance of 16 kΩ between two parallel faces of a 2cm x 2cm x 2cm cube. Determine the resistivity. a. 320 Ωm b. 800000 Ωm c. 32000 Ωm d. 8000 Ωm 4. You are flying a gravity survey over a sedimentary basin. The flight path crosses a known dyke. What would be the expected gravity response and why? a. Gravity high over the dyke; the dyke is more dense than the background b. Gravity low over the dyke; the dyke is less dense than the background c. Gravity high over the dyke; the dyke is less dense than the background d. Gravity low over the dyke; the dyke is more dense than the background 5. You are building a road through known active Karst terrain in Ireland. Which set of physical property contrasts would be most diagnostic for locating regions where sink- holes could form? a. Karstified: low density, Limestone: high density b. Karstified: low resistivity, Limestone: high resistivity c.
  • Optics of Gaussian Beams 16

    Optics of Gaussian Beams 16

    CHAPTER SIXTEEN Optics of Gaussian Beams 16 Optics of Gaussian Beams 16.1 Introduction In this chapter we shall look from a wave standpoint at how narrow beams of light travel through optical systems. We shall see that special solutions to the electromagnetic wave equation exist that take the form of narrow beams – called Gaussian beams. These beams of light have a characteristic radial intensity profile whose width varies along the beam. Because these Gaussian beams behave somewhat like spherical waves, we can match them to the curvature of the mirror of an optical resonator to find exactly what form of beam will result from a particular resonator geometry. 16.2 Beam-Like Solutions of the Wave Equation We expect intuitively that the transverse modes of a laser system will take the form of narrow beams of light which propagate between the mirrors of the laser resonator and maintain a field distribution which remains distributed around and near the axis of the system. We shall therefore need to find solutions of the wave equation which take the form of narrow beams and then see how we can make these solutions compatible with a given laser cavity. Now, the wave equation is, for any field or potential component U0 of Beam-Like Solutions of the Wave Equation 517 an electromagnetic wave ∂2U ∇2U − µ 0 =0 (16.1) 0 r 0 ∂t2 where r is the dielectric constant, which may be a function of position. The non-plane wave solutions that we are looking for are of the form i(ωt−k(r)·r) U0 = U(x, y, z)e (16.2) We allow the wave vector k(r) to be a function of r to include situations where the medium has a non-uniform refractive index.
  • Lecture 26 – Propagation of Light Spring 2013 Semester Matthew Jones Midterm Exam

    Lecture 26 – Propagation of Light Spring 2013 Semester Matthew Jones Midterm Exam

    Physics 42200 Waves & Oscillations Lecture 26 – Propagation of Light Spring 2013 Semester Matthew Jones Midterm Exam Almost all grades have been uploaded to http://chip.physics.purdue.edu/public/422/spring2013/ These grades have not been adjusted Exam questions and solutions are available on the Physics 42200 web page . Outline for the rest of the course • Polarization • Geometric Optics • Interference • Diffraction • Review Polarization by Partial Reflection • Continuity conditions for Maxwell’s Equations at the boundary between two materials • Different conditions for the components of or parallel or perpendicular to the surface. Polarization by Partial Reflection • Continuity of electric and magnetic fields were different depending on their orientation: – Perpendicular to surface = = – Parallel to surface = = perpendicular to − cos + cos − cos = cos + cos cos = • Solve for /: − = !" + !" • Solve for /: !" = !" + !" perpendicular to cos − cos cos = cos + cos cos = • Solve for /: − = !" + !" • Solve for /: !" = !" + !" Fresnel’s Equations • In most dielectric media, = and therefore # sin = = = = # sin • After some trigonometry… sin − tan − = − = sin + tan + ) , /, /01 2 ) 45/ 2 /01 2 * = - . + * = + * )+ /01 2+32* )+ /01 2+32* 45/ 2+62* For perpendicular and parallel to plane of incidence. Application of Fresnel’s Equations • Unpolarized light in air ( # = 1) is incident
  • AC Measurement System (ACMS) Option User's Manual

    AC Measurement System (ACMS) Option User's Manual

    Physical Property Measurement System AC Measurement System (ACMS) Option User’s Manual Part Number 1084-100 C-1 Quantum Design 11578 Sorrento Valley Rd. San Diego, CA 92121-1311 USA Technical support (858) 481-4400 (800) 289-6996 Fax (858) 481-7410 Fourth edition of manual completed June 2003. Trademarks All product and company names appearing in this manual are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. U.S. Patents 4,791,788 Method for Obtaining Improved Temperature Regulation When Using Liquid Helium Cooling 4,848,093 Apparatus and Method for Regulating Temperature in a Cryogenic Test Chamber 5,311,125 Magnetic Property Characterization System Employing a Single Sensing Coil Arrangement to Measure AC Susceptibility and DC Moment of a Sample (patent licensed from Lakeshore) 5,647,228 Apparatus and Method for Regulating Temperature in Cryogenic Test Chamber 5,798,641 Torque Magnetometer Utilizing Integrated Piezoresistive Levers Foreign Patents U.K. 9713380.5 Apparatus and Method for Regulating Temperature in Cryogenic Test Chamber CONTENTS Table of Contents PREFACE Contents and Conventions ...............................................................................................................................vii P.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................vii P.2 Scope of the Manual..........................................................................................................................................vii
  • Lab 1 - Physical Properties of Minerals

    Lab 1 - Physical Properties of Minerals

    Page - Lab 1 - Physical Properties of Minerals All rocks are composed of one or more minerals. In order to be able to identify rocks you have to be able to recognize those key minerals that make of the bulk of rocks. By definition, any substance is classified as a mineral if it meets all 5 of the following criteria: - is naturally occurring (ie. not man-made); - solid (not liquid or gaseous); - inorganic (not living and never was alive); - crystalline (has an orderly, repetitive atomic structure); - a definite chemical composition (you can write a discrete chemical formula for any mineral). Identifying an unknown mineral is like identifying any group of unknowns (leaves, flowers, bugs... etc.) You begin with a box, or a pile, of unknown minerals and try to find any group features in the samples that will allow you to separate them into smaller and smaller piles, until you are down to a single mineral and a unique name. For minerals, these group features are called physical properties. Physical properties are any features that you can use your 5 senses (see, hear, feel, taste or smell) to aid in identifying an unknown mineral. Mineral physical properties are generally organized in a mineral key and the proper use of this key will allow you to name your unknown mineral sample. The major physical properties will be discussed briefly below in the order in which they are used to identify an unknown mineral sample. Luster Luster is the way that a mineral reflects light. There are two major types of luster; metallic and non-metallic luster.
  • Angular Spectrum Description of Light Propagation in Planar Diffractive Optical Elements

    Angular Spectrum Description of Light Propagation in Planar Diffractive Optical Elements

    Angular spectrum description of light propagation in planar diffractive optical elements Rosemarie Hild HTWK-Leipzig, Fachbereich Informatik, Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften D-04251 Leipzig, PF 30 11 66 Tel.: 49 341 5804429 Fax:49 341 5808416 e-mail:[email protected] Abstract The description of the light propagation in or between planar diffractive optical elements is done with the angular spec- trum method. That means, the confinement to the paraxial approximation is removed. In addition it is not necessary to make a difference between Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction as usually done by the solution of the of the Rayleigh Sommerfeld formula. The diffraction properties of slits of varying width are analysed first. The transitional phenomena between Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction will be discussed from the view point of metrology. The transition phenomena is characterised as a problem of reduced resolution or low pass filtering in free space propagation. The light distributions produced by a plane screen , including slits, line and space structures or phase varying structures are investigated in detail. Keywords: Optical Metrology in Production Engineering, Photon Management- diffractive optics, microscopy, nanotechnology 1. Introduction The knowledge of the light intensity distributions that are created by planar diffractive optical elements is very important in modern technologies like microoptics, the optical lithography or in the combination of both techniques 1. The theoretical problem consists in the description of the imaging properties of small optical elements or small diffrac- tion apertures up to the region of the wave length. In general the light intensities created in free space or optical media by such elements, are calculated with the solution of the diffraction integral.