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'Documento Del Mes' (JUNIO, 2014) EL DOCUMENTO DEL MES junio de 2014 EL DOCUMENTO DEL MES Junio 2014 Cuentas de los gastos de los Corrales de Comedias. Contiene sólo las Nóminas de los empleados del Coliseo de los Caños del Peral correspondientes a los meses de octubre, noviembre y diciembre de 1787 y enero de 1788. 1787-1788 ARCHIVO REGIONAL DE LA COMUNIDAD DE MADRID Diputación Provincial Signatura 5085/2 0 EL DOCUMENTO DEL MES junio de 2014 0 Archivo Regional de la Comunidad de Madrid C/ Ramírez de Prado, 3. 28045 Madrid AUTOBUSES DE LA EMPRESA MUNICIPAL DE TRANSPORTES (EMT) § c/ Ramírez de Prado: autobús nº 8 § Paseo de las Delicias: autobuses nº 19, 45, 59, 85, 86 y 247 METRO DE MADRID: § Línea 3, estación Delicias § Línea 6, estación Méndez Álvaro § Línea 1, estación Atocha CERCANÍAS RENFE: § Líneas C-1, C-7 y C-10, estación Delicias § Líneas C-1, C-7 y C-10, estación Méndez Álvaro § Todas las Líneas, estación Atocha ACCESO AL CENTRO Libre y gratuito previa presentación de DNI, NIE , pasaporte o documento equivalente. HORARIOS Lunes a jueves de 9:00 a 21:00 horas y viernes de 9:00 a 14:00 horas. El Centro permanecerá cerrado todos los sábados y domingos, los días festivos de ámbito nacional, regional y local según el calendario anual, y los días 24 y 31 de diciembre. Unidad de Difusión y Divulgación Subdirección General de Archivos Dirección General de Bellas Artes, del Libro y de Archivos Consejería de Empleo, Turismo y Cultura COMUNIDAD DE MADRID Telf. 91 720 89 92 Correo electrónico: difusió[email protected] 1 EL DOCUMENTO DEL MES junio de 2014 Nómina de los sueldos de los miembros de la orquesta empleados en el Coliseo los Caños del Peral en el mes de enero de 1788 2 EL DOCUMENTO DEL MES junio de 2014 Nómina de los sueldos de la Compañía de Operistas empleados en el Coliseo de los Caños del Peral en el mes de enero de 1788. 3 EL DOCUMENTO DEL MES junio de 2014 A estos eventos se asistía bien por invitación de los LOS CORRALES DE organizadores bien de forma libre y gratuita, pero luchando por encontrar un hueco en medio de la COMEDIAS muchedumbre. El nuevo teatro, como expresión de un naciente capitalismo, se desarrolló en locales cerrados a los que se accedía a través de una puerta que se franqueaba a todo el que estuviera dispuesto a abonar el precio de la entrada. El fenómeno de la configuración del Teatro Moderno se ensayó en toda Europa. Desempeñaron un papel trascendental en su evolución las compañías italianas que deambulaban de un lugar a otro. En España surgen los lugares para la representación comercial: teatros cerrados con localidades separadas para los distintos sectores de un variado público en el que estaban representados casi todos los estamentos Primitivo Corral de Comedias. Ilustración de Ramón Rodríguez sociales, desde la más alta nobleza (incluida, a veces, la (http://parnaseo.uv.es) Casa Real) hasta modestos artesanos, soldados, Durante los siglos XVI y XVII, en el conjunto de los comerciantes, mujeres del pueblo, eclesiásticos e países occidentales se experimentó en busca de un tipo intelectuales. de teatro que pudiera interesar a un público amplio y variado. El siglo XVII fue el momento de esplendor de los Corrales de Comedias, y único lugar de La creación de lo que se ha llamado el Teatro Moderno representación teatral hasta que en 1640 se no es solo la configuración de una valiosa literatura inauguró el Coliseo del Buen Retiro, y con él dramática, sino de toda una industria del espectáculo que requiere que existan actores, técnicamente una nueva etapa en la Historia del Teatro. En preparados y seleccionados con rigor, que se la ciudad de Madrid no quedan restos de constituyan compañías, con una compleja estructura ninguno de sus corrales. empresarial, que se forme un público entusiasta y crítico y que se acondicionen o construyan lugares para la representación. En Madrid, en 1565 se funda la Cofradía de la Sagrada Pasión, que regentaba un Corral de Comedias. En 1567 En la Edad Media aún no existían los teatros; los se crea la Cofradía de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, con cuentos, romances, etc… se divulgaban por calles, los mismos fines. Ambas se unen en 1568 para ejercer plazas, posadas, casas particulares, salones de palacios, el monopolio de las representaciones teatrales. incluso en los conventos. Los Corrales de Comedias fueron creados por estas Hasta las décadas finales del siglo XVI no hubo edificios Cofradías con el fin de que los ingresos sufragaran los dedicados al teatro en España. El teatro vive en los gastos de los enfermos de sus hospitales. patios universitarios, en los atrios de las iglesias o en el interior de los templos, en los palacios aristocráticos o Las Cofradías, para evitar el pago de alquileres, en las calles y plazas. construyeron sus propios teatros, el uno en la calle de la Cruz, en 1579, y el otro en la del Príncipe, abierto al Por entonces el teatro tenía mucho éxito entre todas las público en 1583, desapareciendo a la larga todos los capas sociales, aunque las representaciones teatrales demás corrales de Madrid, que eran varios. también tenían sus detractores pues algunos sectores no veían el teatro con muy buenos ojos ya que El siglo XVII fue el momento de esplendor de estos consideraban que propiciaba las malas costumbres. Pero locales, y único lugar de representación teatral hasta estaba muy arraigado en la vida cotidiana, siendo el que en 1640 se inauguró el Coliseo del Buen Retiro, y único medio de distracción de mucha gente y la excusa con él una nueva etapa en la Historia del Teatro. En la perfecta para salir de casa, lo cual facilitó que ciudad de Madrid no quedan restos de ninguno de sus sobreviviera. corrales. 4 EL DOCUMENTO DEL MES junio de 2014 Libro de asientos de productos de comedias desde el 7 de junio de 1579 hasta el año de 1586. Archivo Regional de la Comunidad de Madrid. Signatura 5084/1 Los corrales de comedias se crearon, por lo general, donde el Corral del Príncipe se trasformó en el teatro del aprovechando los patios interiores de las manzanas o Príncipe y, más tarde, en el Teatro Español. cuadras de casas. De esa forma, su coste se reducía, ya que se aprovechaban las galerías, corredores y Los corrales de comedias presentaban, en esencia, una aposentos que rodeaban el patio central. Bastaba misma estructura, aunque existieran entre ellos construir un tablado. diferencias de detalle y gran variedad de tamaños, ajustados a las necesidades de cada población: La planta era, normalmente, cuadrada, aunque, a veces, estas construcciones adoptaron una planta en forma de ü Se accedía a través de una puerta, situada debajo herradura y se llamaron coliseos o casas de comedias. de la vivienda que daba a la plaza o calle. Lo primero que encontramos es un vestíbulo o zaguán, Sólo ocasionalmente, se levantaron edificios creados ex donde estaba la alojería, una dependencia en que profeso para la representación teatral. se servían bebidas como la aloja (compuesta de agua, miel y especias aromatizantes). Los La mayor parte de estos corrales de comedias han acomodadores o alojeros, vendían en verano agua, desaparecido con el paso del tiempo. La razón de esta fruta y frutos secos. ruina es simple: se trata siempre de modestas construcciones, sin especial interés arquitectónico, ü El escenario estaba instalado en un extremo del realizadas con materiales de bajo coste. patio, contra la pared de la casa del fondo. Solía ser sencillo. Contaba con un telón decorado y con En los siglos XVIII y XIX se sustituyeron por teatros paneles para ambientar la escena. El escenario y las cerrados, a la italiana, iluminados con la luz artificial de gradas laterales estaban protegidas por un tejadillo las candilejas y con un escenario preparado para voladizo. Un toldo de tela permitía techar el corral cambiar diversas escenografías. A menudo estas salas para resguardar del sol el público del patio. Tras él se construyeron sobre el solar que ocupaba el antiguo estaba el vestuario. corral de comedias. Así ocurre, por ejemplo, en Madrid, 5 EL DOCUMENTO DEL MES junio de 2014 ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Vista transversal de un Corral de Comedias en el üque se aprecian sus partes y estructura ü ü poleas u otros mecanismos que podían usarse en la representación. ü En los huecos formados por los pies derechos y las galerías se colocaban unos paños o cortinas que podían abrirse y descubrir las apariencias (pinturas u objetos de atrezzo) que constituían una escenografía elemental. ü Para representar algunas acciones, sobre todo en comedias de santos o mitológicas, se usaban escotillones (trampillas en el tablado por las que aparecían o desaparecían los personajes), tramoyas Sección transversal del Teatro: escenario con tablados, corredores y vestuario, gradas, bancos, aposentos de ventana y balcón y desvanes. (máquinas para elevar o bajar a los actores desde las galerías superiores al escenario) o bofetones ü El tablado era, en todos los casos, de pequeñas (paneles de madera que giran sobre un eje para que dimensiones. Al fondo del tablado se levantaban, personajes u objetos aparezcan o desaparezcan sobre varios pies derechos (apoyo de madera, repentinamente ante el espectador). especie de jamba para sostener alguna bóveda, puerta, ventana, …), una galería, de unos 70 cm. de ü Frente al escenario estaba el patio descubierto, ancho, que se usaba para representar los lugares donde los hombres del pueblo, también llamados elevados.
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