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The International Development Research Centre is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to support research designed to adapt science and technology to the needs of developing countries. The Centre's activity is concentrated in six sectors: agriculture, food and nutrition sciences; health sciences; information sciences; social sciences; earth and engineering sciences; and com munications. IDRC is financed solely by the Parliament of Canada; its policies, however, are set by an international Board of Governors. The Centre's headquarters are in Ottawa, Canada. Regional offices are located in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Le Centre de recherches pour le développement international, société publique créée en 1970 par une loi du Parlement canadien, a pour mission d'appuyer des recherches visant à adapter la science et la technologie aux besoins des pays en développement; il concentre son activité dans six secteurs : agriculture, alimenta tion et nutrition; information; santé; sciences sociales; sciences de la terre et du génie et communications. Le CROI est financé entièrement par le Parlement cana dien, mais c'est un Conseil des gouverneurs international qui en détermine l'orien tation et les politiques. Établi à Ottawa (Canada), il a des bureaux régionaux en Afrique, en Asie, en Amérique latine et au Moyen-Orient. El Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo es una corporaci6n publica creada en 1970 por el Parlamento de Canada con el objeto de apoyar la investigaci6n destinada a adaptar la ciencia y la tecnologia a las necesidades de los paises en desarrollo. Su actividad se concentra en seis sectores: ciencias agri colas, alimentos y nutrici6n; ciencias de la salud; ciencias de la informaci6n; ciencias sociales; ciencias de la tierra e ingenieria; y comunicaciones. El Centro es finan ciado exclusivamente por el Parlamento de Canada; sin embargo, sus politicas son trazadas por un Consejo de Gobernadores de caracter internacional. La sede del Centro esta en Ottawa, Canada, y sus oficinas regionales en América Latina, Africa, Asia y el Medio Oriente. This series includes meeting documents, internai reports, and preliminary technical documents that may later form the basis of a formai publication. A Manuscript Report is given a small distribution to a highly specialized audience. La présente série est réservée aux documents issus de colloques, aux rapports internes et aux documents techniques susceptibles d'être publiés plus tard dans une série de publi cations plus soignées. D'un tirage restreint, le rapport manuscrit est destiné à un public très spécialisé. Esta serie incluye ponencias de reuniones, informes internos y documentos técnicos que pueden posteriormente conformar la base de una publicacion formai. El informe recibe distribucion limitada entre una audiencia altamente especializada. IDRC-MR291 e June 1991 Community-based and traditional fisheries management in Africa A selected annotated bibliography T.R. Brainerd (Compiler) IDRC consultant Material contained in this report is produced as submitted and has not been subjected to peer review or editing by IDRC Communications Division staff. Unless otherwise stated, copyright for material in this report is held by the author. Mention of a proprietary name does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii FOREWORD iii 1. Introduction 1 2. Abbreviations for Organizations and Institutions 3 3. Abbreviations for Water Bodies 4 4. Bibliography (African) 5 5. Geographic Index 32 6. Water Body Index 35 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank all those who provided assistance for the compilation of this bibliography. Special thanks go to Ms. C. Cuerden and Ms. D. Saluzzi of the FAO Fisheries Library in Rome. All responsibility for the correctness and accuracy of the entries in this bibliography rests with the author. iii FOREWORD Population expansion in Africa has led to increased pressure for employment in most economic sectors. Fisheries is a particularly attractive sector because of the generally low entry cost. Steadily increasing effort has resulted in overexploitation of many stocks. Fisheries management has thus become a crucial issued. Fisheries management is a many faceted endeavour. It is political because it concerns the exercising of a controlling, restraining and/or ordering power over users of the resource -- which immediately calls into question who should be the custodian of this power. It is social because it deals with human communities, organizations and ultimately individuals -- their customs, beliefs, ethics and aspirations. IT is economic because it should ideally attempt to maximize output benefits, minimize input costs and eliminate waste. It is biological because it deals with a complexly dynamic living resource, the fish stock, whose behaviour and yield is only approximately predictable. It is technical because there is usually a choice to be made among different fishing methods, some of whose impacts on stock vitality and sustainability are decidedly negative. It is legal because management powers and practices normally become incorporated into national legislation and/or customary law. Rational and effective fisheries management is difficult to achieve. Globally, there are many more examples of poor or ineffective fisheries management than there are of effective management. Successful management would appear to have two principal characteristics: 1) The cost of management is less than the gross benefit derived. The greater the net benefit, the more efficient the management is in an economic sense. 2) Management actions require the support of the fishery resource user group. The more active the participation of users the greater the effectiveness. Exclusion of users from management promotes a continuous low-intensity conflict between users and enforcers. Historically, many African fisheries have benefitted from direct community management, through village political structures and instruments of various types. More recent attempts to install Western type central administration fisheries management regimes have not been particularly effective. In addition, high costs have often made sustainability of operations untenable. The quest for cost effective management necessitates reassessment of "traditional" or community based fisheries management in Africa. Given a rich historical precedent, and many effective surviving examples, there exists much potential for evolving uniquely African management modalities which are acceptable to fishing communities and do not seek to disempower them. This annotated bibliography ha been prepared to provide access to literature on community-based management for fisheries administrators, iv researchers and extension workers who are concerned with improving management efficiency. Garry M. Bernacsek IDRC Fisheries Programme Officer (Africa and Middle East) 1 1. INTRODUCTION Community-based and traditional fisheries management in Africa dates back to ancient times when elders, fishworkers and other interested groups decided collectively on who should have the authority to formulate and enforce rules and guidelines for the exploitation of the fisheries resources adjacent to, or within their locality for the welfare of all concerned. Everyone was expected to adhere to the rules and guidelines. Such practices seemed to have worked well in most cases due to the participation, trust and compliance of all those concerned. In recent times, these practices have given way to more conventional (scientific) methods of fisheries management. Verious management models have been proposed and implemented for different fisheries. However, few have achieved any measure of success in Africa. Most of these models did not consider the merits of the traditional methods and were designed and implemented by officials who were for the most part, far removed from the day to day activities of the fishworkers. Many scientists, fisheries managers and policy makers now believe that fisheries management plans should have the approval and participation of the groups whose activities they are supposed to regulate. This is reflected in the recent approach of small-scale fisheries projects in West Africa, integrating and involving the various groups in all aspects of the projects' activities. As this process gathers momentum, the need to assess the merits of community-based and traditional fisheries management practices and how best they could be incorporated into more contemporary fisheries management models become crucial. The primary aim of this report is to compile a bibliographic list of community-based and traditional fisheries management in Africa. Community-based and traditional fisheries management is defined for the purpose of this bibliography, as any fisheries management measures or practices that are carried out by groups or individuals who are actually involved in the harvesting, distribution and marketing of fish to ensure that their economic and social well being, and the renewable nature of the fisheries resources are preserved. A fairly extensive literature on fisheries management in Africa currently exists and a number of bibliographies have been published. However, not much effort has been devoted to compiling a bibliographic list specifically on community-based and traditional fisheries management in Africa. It is hoped that the current list will spark off more interest in this special subject